Heterologous biosynthesis of peptides and proteins on ribosomes protein biosynthesis. Medical search. Frequent questions

Peptide epimerase-dehydratase complex responsible for biosynthesis of the linaridin class ribosomal peptides. (hokudai.ac.jp)
A third, independent operon is responsible for biosynthesis of the hydroxamate siderophore aerobactin, initially described in Enterobacter aerogenes . (biomedcentral.com)

13 C-tracing verified de novo biosynthesis of valine and further revealed build-up of pathway intermediate 2,3-dihydroxy-3-isovalerate. (elifesciences.org)
2011 ). Recently, two metabolic routes for de novo biosynthesis of GABA from glucose have been employed in C. glutamicum , both using its own produced Glu as precursor. (springeropen.com)

Major genomic deletions in independent eukaryotic lineages have led to repeated ancestral loss of biosynthesis pathways for nine of the twenty canonical amino acids. (elifesciences.org)
Previous studies have highlighted that EAA biosynthesis tends to be more energetically costly, raising the possibility that these pathways were lost from organisms with access to abundant EAAs. (elifesciences.org)
We designed codon-optimized biosynthesis pathways based on genes mined from Escherichia coli . (elifesciences.org)
Whole genome sequencing across the tree of life has revealed the surprising observation that nine essential amino acid (EAA) biosynthesis pathways are missing from the metazoan lineage ( Payne and Loomis, 2006 ). (elifesciences.org)
Before entering lipid synthesis pathways, different kinds of acyl-CoA transporters which acts as the major carrier of acyl-CoAs, such as fatty acid binding protein (FABP), sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) and acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP), would activate and convert fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA esters via a reaction catalyzed by fatty acyl-CoA synthetase and transported to various metabolic locations [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
During iron starvation, HapX represses iron-consuming pathways, including heme biosynthesis and respiration, to spare iron and activates synthesis of ribotoxin AspF1 and siderophores, the latter partly by ensuring supply of the precursor, ornithine. (frontiersin.org)
Ergothioneine production by Corynebacterium glutamicum harboring heterologous biosynthesis pathways. (hokudai.ac.jp)
Transcriptome and biochemical analyses demonstrated that both antioxidant enzyme-mediated oxidative stress defense system, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and nonenzymatic antioxidant system, such as glutathione, were enhanced in the presence of elastin peptide, suggesting elastin peptide relieving oxidative stresses is involved in many pathways. (biomedcentral.com)

The trimeric Sec61/SecY complex is a protein-conducting channel (PCC) for secretory and membrane proteins. (cipsm.de)
de Marcos-Lousa C, P Sideris D, Tokatlidis K. (2006) Translocation of mitochondrial inner-membrane proteins: conformation matters. (forth.gr)
Membrane proteins must be threaded co-translocationally into the lipid bilayer to become membrane-integrated, often with complex topologies and typically form hetero- or homo- oligomers. (stanford.edu)
I am a plant cell biologist and protein biochemist at Oxford Brookes University with expertise in the structure and function of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER), membrane proteins and auxin biosynthesis using biochemical techniques as well as high-resolution live cell imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)
I further investigated membrane proteins and the targeting of tail-anchored proteins at Sheffield Hallam University. (brookes.ac.uk)

2015) as well as synthesized by ribosomes with antimicrobial properties against various groups of microorganisms (Chikindas, et a., 2017).The activity of bacteriocins is influenced by temperature, pH, and composition of culture medium (Guinane et al. (bbrc.in)
Microorganisms dependent biosynthesis signifies an alternate course regarding creation of these types of generally non-renewable primarily based chemical substances. (bcl-2protein.com)

Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs) have been proposed to play roles in the light-dependent regulation of chloroplast translation. (cipsm.de)
Here we demonstrate that PSRP1 is not a bona fide ribosomal protein, but rather a functional homologue of the Escherichia coli cold-shock protein pY. (cipsm.de)
Expression of the Escherichia coli tryptophanase operon depends on ribosome stalling during translation of the upstream TnaC leader peptide, a process for which interactions between the TnaC nascent chain and the ribosomal exit tunnel are critical. (cipsm.de)
Of special interest are the translation initiation factors eIF2, a GTPase that binds methionyl-tRNA to the ribosome, and eIF5B, a second GTPase that catalyzes ribosomal subunit joining in the final step of translation initiation. (nih.gov)
The first step of protein synthesis is binding of the initiator Met-tRNA to the small ribosomal subunit by the factor eIF2, which is composed of three subunits. (nih.gov)

Western blotting was used to detect apoptosis-related proteins and PI3K-AKT pathway-related proteins. (bvsalud.org)
The results showed that Ski significantly reduced transaminase levels, liver necrosis area, oxidative stress, and apoptosis levels in mice with I/R. Ski also inhibited cell injury and apoptosis after H/R. Moreover, Ski activated phosphorylation of PI3K-AKT pathway-related proteins after liver I/R and cell H/R. Importantly, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 effectively reversed the alleviation of I/R injury caused by Ski. (bvsalud.org)
for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. (lookformedical.com)
The vast majority of proteins entering the secretory pathway are synthesized on ribosomes docked at ER translocons and are co-transationally translocated into the ER lumen. (stanford.edu)
This highly complex 'protein biogenesis' process is assisted by a diverse network of folding catalysts and protein-modifying enzymes and is scrutinized by molecular chaperones and other 'quality control' factors which ensure that only correctly folded and assembled proteins exit the ER and proceed to distal compartments of the secretory pathway. (stanford.edu)
Our goal is to elucidate the functional networks that coordinate protein synthesis and quality control in the early secretory pathway. (stanford.edu)
Over the last 15 years I have developed a research pathway in auxin biosynthesis going back to my degree and PhD work at the Technical University of Munich where I studied the nitrilase pathway in maize auxin biosynthesis and maize tryptophan synthase complex. (brookes.ac.uk)
Based on this work I won a fellowship from the Korean Federation of Science and Technology Societies to investigate the subcellular localisation of maize auxin biosynthesis at Dankook University in Seoul which lead to a publication that showed for the first time that both steps of the TAA/YUC pathway of auxin biosynthesis can be ER-localised. (brookes.ac.uk)
Program access grant to the STFC Harwell Laser Facility 'The Plant Cell Initiative: Protein interactions in the higher plant secretory pathway' 2017-2021 (approximate value of £200K). (brookes.ac.uk)
Aside from improving inherent peroxisomal essential fatty acids β-oxidation cycle, a novel heterologous cytosolic essential fatty acids β-oxidation pathway ended up being built, and this led to a heightened output of MK by simply 2-fold. (bcl-2protein.com)
Intriguingly, alterations in GmBEHL1 expression repressed the expression of genes in the BR biosynthesis pathway, including homologs of Arabidopsis Constitutive Photomorphogenesis and Dwarf and Dwarf 4. (pubchase.com)

Cosmid cloning experiments from the Blasticidin S producer Streptomyces griseochromogenes, followed by evaluation of the putative biosynthetic gene cluster via heterologous reconstitution of Blasticidin S production in Streptomyces lividans, indicated that a 20 Kbp gene cluster with 19 genes, plus possibly a peptidase outside the gene cluster that acts on the final leucylblasticidin S (LBS) intermediate, was sufficient for reconstitution of Blasticidin S biosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
However, we previously demonstrated that the grisemycin (grm) cluster contained cryptic dehydratase and epimerase genes by heterologous expression of this biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces lividans and proposed that two genes (grmH and grmL) with unknown functions catalyze dehydration and epimerization reactions. (hokudai.ac.jp)
My additional independent research on ER localisation and splicing in auxin biosynthesis showed for the first time ER-localisation for an auxin biosynthetic protein. (brookes.ac.uk)

Grisemycin, salinipeptin, and cypemycin belong to the linaridin class of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides that contain multiple dehydrobutyrine and D-amino acid residues. (hokudai.ac.jp)
The bacteriocins are very small ribosomally synthesized peptide molecules secreted by archea, gram-positive and some of gram-negative bacteria (Klaenhammer et al. (bbrc.in)

The proteins produced from these genes enable the cells carrying them to produce proteins in the presence of blasticidin. (wikipedia.org)
M. genitalium, a humanurogenital pathogen, is the extreme manifestation of this genomicparsimony, having only 482 protein-coding genes and the smallest genomeat -580 kb of any known free-living organism capable of being grown inpure culture(13). (fullblog.com.ar)
The1999 report by some of the present inventors on the essential microbialgene for M. genitalium and its closest relative, Mycoplasma pneumoniae,mapped ~2200 transposon insertion sites in these two species, andidentified 130 putatively non-essential M. genitalium protein-codinggenes or M. pneumoniae orthologs of M. genitalium genes. (fullblog.com.ar)
1999) Science 286, 2165-9), those authors estimatedthat 265 to 3,50 of the protein-coding genes of M. genitalium areessential under laboratory growth conditions(4). (fullblog.com.ar)
Stat1 interacts with P53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN and regulates expression of GENES involved in growth control and APOPTOSIS . (lookformedical.com)
Here, we describe a platform for the heterologous expression of the four structural genes encoding a designated 3-methylbenzoylCoA reductase from the related denitrifying species Thauera chlorobenzoica (MBRTcl) in Escherichia coli This reductase represents the prototype of a distinct subclass of ATP-dependent BCRs that were proposed to be involved in the degradation of methyl-substituted BzCoA analogues. (pubchase.com)
Background and Aims: Pelota (Pelo) are evolutionarily conserved genes reported to be involved in ribosome rescue, cell cycle control and meiotic cell division. (pubchase.com)

The protease not only releases small peptides, such as the amyloid-β peptide, which drives Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, but also intracellular domains, which can have critical functions in nuclear signaling. (cipsm.de)
Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. (lookformedical.com)
To boost as well as fluxes to methyl ketone, the provision regarding precursors ended up being increased simply by executive fat metabolic process, including helping the intracellular biosynthesis associated with acyl-CoAs, worsening the intake of acyl-CoAs regarding fats storage area, as well as reinforcing account activation of free of charge Immunohistochemistry Kits essential fatty acids to acyl-CoAs. (bcl-2protein.com)

The recombinant NcACBP protein was expressed to verify the binding activities of NcACBP in vitro , and the heterologous expression of NcACBP in Δacbp yeast in vivo . (biomedcentral.com)
The NcACBP recombinant protein was able to specifically bind acyl-CoA esters in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)
The work reported here demonstrates that well-fertilized tobacco plants have a substantial degree of flexibility in protein metabolism and can accommodate considerable levels of some recombinant proteins without exhibiting deleterious mutant phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. (lookformedical.com)

We determined subnanometer-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of eukaryotic ribosome-Sec61 complexes. (cipsm.de)

Protein conformation is critically linked to function and often controlled by interactions with regulatory factors. (cipsm.de)
Here we report the selection of camelid-derived single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) that modulate the conformation and spectral properties of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). (cipsm.de)
VLPs are highly immunogenic and can induce elevated titers of neutralizing antibodies, even without adjuvants, thanks to the maintenance of the native conformation of viral proteins presenting repetitive epitopes to the host immune system cells. (nature.com)

construction of a shuttle vector for heterologous expression of a novel fungal α-amylase gene in aspergillus oryzae. (liverpool.ac.uk)
proposed a 206 protein-coding gene core of aminimal bacterial gene set based on analysis of several free-living andendosymbiotic bacterial genomes (3). (fullblog.com.ar)
Especially, the strain overexpressing the Sod1 gene achieved a malate titer of 91.85 ± 2.58 g/L in 96 h, corresponding to a productivity of 0.96 g/L/h, which performs better than elastin peptide addition. (biomedcentral.com)

A yeast complementation assay showed that heterologous expression of NcACBP rescued the phenotypic defects in Δacbp yeast, indicating of the binding activity of NcACBP in vivo . (biomedcentral.com)
Bacteriocins are powerful bactericidal peptides produced and secreted by a varied group of micro- organisms including yeast, protozoa and of course bacteria and they cause death and removal of non bacteriocin producing pathogenic bacteria. (bbrc.in)

Preexisting antivector immunity can severely compromise the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium live vaccines to induce protective CD8 T-cell frequencies after type III secretion system-mediated heterologous protein translocation in orally immunized mice. (cipsm.de)

Lipid synthesis requires bulk carbon skeleton acyl-CoAs, the transport of which depends on the acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP). (biomedcentral.com)
We study the mechanism and regulation of protein synthesis, focusing on GTPases and protein kinases that control this fundamental cellular process. (nih.gov)
While protein synthesis plays a critical role in learning and memory in model systems, human intellectual disability syndromes have not been directly associated with alterations in protein synthesis. (nih.gov)
Phosphorylation of the eIF2alpha subunit is a common mechanism for down-regulating protein synthesis under stress conditions. (nih.gov)

Hatzis P, Kyrmizi I, Talianidis I. (2006) Mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated disruption of enhancer-promoter communication inhibits hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha expression. (forth.gr)
As to effectiveness, promotor engineering strategy was employed to regulate IUP expression level, while ribosome-binding site (RBS) library of the key enzyme was constructed for screening the optimal RBS, followed by optimization of concentration of inducer and substrates, the titer of reporting production, lycopene, from 0.087 to 8.67 mg/OD600. (authorea.com)
the filamentous fungus aspergillus oryzae is a well-known expression host used to express homologous and heterologous proteins in a number of industrial applications. (liverpool.ac.uk)
The expression level of a protein is determined by transcription, translation and degradation rates, among them the beginning of transcription and translation are usually the rate-limiting steps. (springeropen.com)
Therefore, optimization of promoters and RBS sequences has been applied for protein expression in C. glutamicum . (springeropen.com)
For example, aph promoter combined with different RBS sequences were used for expression of reporter proteins in C. glutamicum (Zhang et al. (springeropen.com)
Furthermore, we show that the alterations to protein expression triggered by growth at elevated CO 2 can help rebalance endogenous protein expression and/or increase foreign protein production in chloroplast-engineered tobacco. (biomedcentral.com)
The heterologous expression platform established in this work enables the production, isolation and characterization of bacterial and archaeal BCR- and BCR-like radical enzymes, for many of which the function has remained unknown. (pubchase.com)

The mammalian genome comprises nuclear DNA (nDNA) derived from both parents and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that is maternally inherited and encodes essential proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation. (regenerativemedicine.net)

We have identified a cytosolic acyl-CoA binding protein, with highly conserved amino acid residues and a typical acyl-CoA binding domain in N. caninum . (biomedcentral.com)

Here, we demonstrate that non-infectious SARS-CoV-2 VLPs can be successfully assembled by co-expressing three important viral proteins membrane (M), envelop (E) and nucleocapsid (N) in plants. (nature.com)
Over one hundred vaccines using varied approaches including protein subunit, viral vector, RNA, DNA, inactivated virus, attenuated virus, and virus like particles (VLPs) platforms are in clinical trials. (nature.com)
These protein subunits can assemble into virus particles without viral RNA genome in mammalian cells to study virus-cell entry 2 and to develop vaccines 3 . (nature.com)
We also investigate stress-responsive protein kinases that phosphorylate eIF2alpha, viral regulators of these kinases, and how cellular phosphatases are targeted to dephosphorylate eIF2alpha. (nih.gov)
I took up a position at Oxford Brookes University in 2012 investigating the role of reticulon proteins in ER tubulation and viral trafficking in order to develop my international reputation in ER research and advanced imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)

Our research centers on the chemistry, biochemistry and genetics of the biosynthesis of these secondary metabolites. (ufl.edu)

The heterochromatin-enriched HP1 proteins play a critical role in regulation of transcription. (cipsm.de)
Recently, the sterol regulatory element binding protein SrbA was found to be essential for adaptation to iron starvation, thereby linking regulation of iron metabolism, ergosterol biosynthesis, azole drug resistance, and hypoxia adaptation. (frontiersin.org)

In genetic and biochemical studies, we found that the mutation disrupts eIF2 complex integrity, impairs general translation, alters translational control of mRNAs encoding key regulatory proteins, and reduces the fidelity of translation start codon selection. (nih.gov)

The chemical structure consists of a cytosine molecule, linked to a glucuronic acid-derived ring, linked in turn to the peptide N-methyl β-arginine. (wikipedia.org)

In parallel, transient overexpression of SmTATs in tobacco leaves revealed that all three SmTAT proteins catalyzed tyrosine to 4-HPP in vivo, with SmTAT1 exhibiting the highest enzymatic activity. (bvsalud.org)
In this study, we confirmed that both GrmH and GrmL, which were shown to constitute a protein complex by a co-purification experiment, were required to catalyze the dehydration, epimerization, and proteolytic cleavage of a precursor peptide GrmA by in vivo experiments. (hokudai.ac.jp)
Here, we describe further development of an in vivo library selection platform based on self-assembling protein nanoparticles encapsulating their own mRNA genomes (synthetic nucleocapsids or synNCs). (uw.edu)

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. (lookformedical.com)
PHOSPHORYLATION of IRF-3 causes the protein to be translocated from the CYTOPLASM to CELL NUCLEUS where it binds DNA , and activates transcription. (lookformedical.com)

functional characterization of nat/ncs2 proteins of aspergillus brasiliensis reveals a genuine xanthine-uric acid transporter and an intrinsically misfolded polypeptide. (liverpool.ac.uk)
The global demand for functional proteins is extensive, diverse, and constantly increasing. (biomedcentral.com)

Furthermore, we demonstrated that GrmH/GrmL complex accepted salinipeptin and cypemycin precursor peptides, which possess three additional amino acids. (hokudai.ac.jp)

We previously showed that, despite their structural similarity, eIF2 and EF-Tu bind to tRNA in substantially different manners, and we showed that the tRNA-binding domain III of EF-Tu has acquired a new function in eIF2gamma to bind to the ribosome. (nih.gov)
IRF proteins bind specific DNA sequences such as interferon-stimulated response elements, interferon regulatory elements, and the interferon consensus sequence. (lookformedical.com)

The co-chaperone Hep1 is required to prevent the aggregation of mitochondrial Hsp70 proteins. (cipsm.de)

These methods dramatically increase the likelihood of producing proteins that cannot fold or assemble appropriately. (cipsm.de)

I am committed to interdisciplinary research, and an example of the successes gained from this approach is the project with Prof A Nabok (Engineering Sheffield Hallam University) using total internal reflection ellipsometry to quantify protein-membrane interactions on native plant membranes and human cell lines. (brookes.ac.uk)

Structural domain analysis indicated that the SfGFAT protein consisted of one glutamine aminotransferase class 2 domain and two sugar isomerase domains. (bvsalud.org)
SARS-CoV-2 is composed of four essential structural proteins: the spike (S) glycoprotein, membrane (M) protein, envelope (E) protein, and nucleocapsid (N) protein, as well as multiple accessory and non-structural proteins 1 . (nature.com)

2006) Senseless physically interacts with proneural proteins and functions as a transcriptional co-activator. (forth.gr)

This means that cells can no longer produce new proteins through translation of mRNA. (wikipedia.org)

Further, VLPs have the advantage that, contrary to inactivated or attenuated viruses that must be prepared in mammalian cell lines, they can be produced in heterologous systems, such as bacteria, yeasts, insect cells, or plants. (nature.com)
These high-value proteins are mainly produced for such purposes using large-scale cultures of bacterial, fungal, or mammalian cells. (biomedcentral.com)

SmTAT proteins are localized in the cytoplasm. (bvsalud.org)

to facilitate higher yields of proteins of interest, we constructed the pasop vector to express heterologous proteins in a. oryzae. (liverpool.ac.uk)

Antimicrobials used in food industries, bio-preservatives or antibacterial peptides like Nisins, pediocin, mersacidin, mutacin and lactacin have proved to be active against Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci and Methecillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, have instance of potential therapeutic strategy to kill bacterial infections and multidrug-resistant bacteria (Papagianni and Anastasiadou, 2009, Nishie et al. (bbrc.in)

While these high yields are promising for commercial applications, accumulating a non-native protein to that degree can have unforeseen impacts on the GE plant's metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)

Discovered in 1995, the enzyme from the denitrifying bacterium Thauera aromatica (BCRTar) has so far remained the only isolated and biochemically accessible BCR, mainly because BCRs are extremely labile and their heterologous production has largely failed, so far. (pubchase.com)

GmBEHL1, a BES1/BZR1 family protein, negatively regulates soybean nodulation. (pubchase.com)

Most of thegenes containing transposon insertions encoded either hypotheticalproteins or other proteins not expected to be essential. (fullblog.com.ar)

Chloroplast-engineered plants, like tobacco, have the potential to produce large quantities of high-value proteins, but often result in engineered plants with mutant phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
The biomass of nitrogen-limited TetC- cel6 A plants was found to be as much as 40% lower than wildtype (WT) tobacco, although heterologous cellulase production was not greatly reduced compared to well-fertilized TetC- cel6 A plants. (biomedcentral.com)

Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. (lookformedical.com)
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. (lookformedical.com)

Here, we show that a previously developed Nicotiana tabacum line, TetC- cel6 A, can produce an industrial cellulase at levels of up to 28% of total soluble protein (TSP) with a slight dwarf phenotype but no loss in biomass. (biomedcentral.com)

catalyzed peptide exchange, a process that shapes T cell responses, is reported for 12 different MHC class II variants. (fu-berlin.de)
Medicine, agriculture, and industrial manufacturing all rely on high-quality proteins as major active components or process additives. (biomedcentral.com)

Well-established crop cultivation techniques coupled with new advancements in genetic engineering may offer a cheaper and more versatile protein production platform. (biomedcentral.com)
While most GE plants used in commercial applications are generated by manipulation of the nuclear genome, transformation of the chloroplast genome for protein production has several key advantages. (biomedcentral.com)

It works by inhibiting termination step of translation and peptide bond formation (to lesser extent) by the ribosome. (wikipedia.org)

The ER is the 'port of entry' for proteins destined for the cell surface and beyond. (stanford.edu)

N-Formimidoylation/-iminoacetylation modification in aminoglycosides requires FAD-dependent and ligand-protein NOS bridge dual chemistry. (hokudai.ac.jp)

Moreover, VLPs offer interesting biotechnological advantages as they can serve as scaffolds for presenting heterologous antigens capable of inducing immune responses against other infectious diseases. (nature.com)

Bacterial siderophores are small molecules with unmatched capacity to scavenge iron from proteins and the extracellular milieu, where it mostly occurs as insoluble Fe 3+ . (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy25

Organisms13

Chemicals and Drugs123

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment33

Phenomena and Processes66

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Health Care1

Responsible for biosynthesis2

Novo biosynthesis2

Pathways8

Membrane proteins5

Microorganisms2

Ribosomal5

Pathway11

Biosynthetic3

Ribosomally synthesized2

Genes7

Intracellular3

Recombinant4

Eukaryotic1

Conformation3

Gene3

Yeast2

Translocation1

Synthesis4

Expression8

Oxidative1

Cytosolic1

Viral5

Biochemistry1

Regulation2

Biochemical1

Methyl1

Vivo3

Phosphorylation2

Functional2

Amino acids1

Bind2

Mitochondrial1

Assemble1

Interactions1

Structural2

Interacts1

MRNA1

Mammalian2

Cytoplasm1

Facilitate1

Bacteria1

Yields1

Enzyme1

Regulates1

Essential1

Tobacco2

Cells2

Dwarf1

Process2

Production2

Translation1

Cell1

Chemistry1

Advantages1

Small1