• It is caused most often by cirrhosis (in North America), schistosomiasis (in endemic areas), or hepatic vascular abnormalities. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cirrhosis Cirrhosis is a late stage of hepatic fibrosis that has resulted in widespread distortion of normal hepatic architecture. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Varices Varices are dilated veins in the distal esophagus or proximal stomach caused by elevated pressure in the portal venous system, typically from cirrhosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Median age was 64 years, PS 0 (69%) or 1 (31%), 63% patients had cirrhosis, 29% portal vein thrombosis and 70% extra-hepatic disease. (nature.com)
  • Decreased portal vein flow velocity and reversal of the flow direction is seen in the terminal stage of hepatic cirrhosis and a few other conditions such as hepatic sinusoidal obstruction (hepatic veno-occlusive disease), arterioportal fistula, extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis, and hepatic venous outflow obstruction ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Under various etiological stimulations, such as alcohol, viruses, Western diet, endotoxins from the gut microbiota, and circulating antigens, the hepatic immune homeostasis is disrupted leading to chronic liver diseases and eventually liver cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (frontiersin.org)
  • Portal hypertension and portal vein thrombosis are the leading causes of cirrhosis-related death. (frontiersin.org)
  • The accumulation of ECM produced by HSC activation leads to increased fibrotic septa and hepatic resistance, and eventually, the development of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. (frontiersin.org)
  • Recently, LSECs, macrophage, neutrophils, sinusoidal communication, and hepatic immune response has been demonstrated to play a critical role in developing liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the hepatic immune response in liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension remain unclear. (frontiersin.org)
  • The present Research Topic aims to report the most recent advances in uncovering the immune mechanisms underlying liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. (frontiersin.org)
  • 3. Novel therapeutic targets and pharmacological regulation of hepatic immune response in liver cirrhosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Characterization of a prothrombotic phenotype using thrombin generation and thrombin activity in cirrhosis and portal hypertension. (liver.at)
  • Alcohol Abstinence Improves Prognosis Across All Stages of Portal Hypertension in Alcohol-Related Cirrhosis. (liver.at)
  • The most common cause is portal hypertension, often associated with liver cirrhosis. (thebloodproject.com)
  • Patients and Methods: This prospective study included 56 patients with clinical, laboratory and radiological evidence of liver cirrhosis and symptomatic right sided hepatic hydrothorax. (scirp.org)
  • Past medical history included hepatitis C genotype 3A related hepatic cirrhosis (Child-Pugh class A), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, portal and hepatic vein thrombosis, hypertension, and motorbike accident leading to fourth cervical vertebral fracture. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Portal vein thrombosis is a complication that occurs anytime after liver transplantation and can compromise the patient and graft survival. (qxmd.com)
  • However, postoperative thrombosis after LT is recognised and remains a life-threatening complication. (rcpjournals.org)
  • However, postoperative thrombosis remains a life-threatening complication. (rcpjournals.org)
  • Iatrogenic bilothorax is an infrequent major complication of percutaneous trans-hepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) and optimal treatment remains under-reported. (springeropen.com)
  • Hepatic hydrothorax is a complication of end stage liver disease [1], ranging from 4% to 6%, and up to 10% with advanced disease [2]. (scirp.org)
  • Portal vein thrombosis causes portal hypertension and consequent gastrointestinal bleeding from varices, usually in the lower esophagus or stomach. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Portal Hypertension Portal hypertension is elevated pressure in the portal vein. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Ascites is uncommon (10%) in pre-sinusoidal portal hypertension. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To get a full translation to our clinical research we have developed rodent models of both cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. (clinicbarcelona.org)
  • In the last decade we have been collecting information from patients with portal hypertension and have a unique collection of patients and several studies ongoing focused on natural history and prognosis. (clinicbarcelona.org)
  • Procedural complications include percutaneous hepatic puncture with bleeding, portal vein thrombosis, and portal hypertension. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Splenic venography yielded evidences of portal hypertension, degree of hepatic fibrosis and of patency or thrombosis of the splenic or portal veins. (ajtmh.org)
  • All children received left lateral hepatic segments, developed Portal vein thrombosis (n=3) and stenosis (n=1), and presented with symptoms of portal hypertension after transplantation. (qxmd.com)
  • The Sequential Application of Baveno VII Criteria and VITRO Score Improves Diagnosis of Clinically Significant Portal Hypertension. (liver.at)
  • Typically results from portal hypertension. (thebloodproject.com)
  • SUMMARY Portal vein aneurysm is a rare medical entity that can be caused by chronic hepatic diseases with portal hypertension. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
  • The diagnosis and treatment of several complications of portal hypertension are discussed. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
  • Venous complications occur less often compared with arterial complications, and include thrombosis or stenosis of the portal vein, hepatic vein, or vena cava. (wikipedia.org)
  • Background and Aim: Hepatic hydrothorax is one of the complications encountered in end stage liver disease. (scirp.org)
  • Ultraselective conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE), defined as cTACE at the most distal portion of the subsubsegmental hepatic artery, is mainly performed for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ≤5 cm. (koreamed.org)
  • Background There is strong evidence that portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) is associated with poor survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (uni-koeln.de)
  • Guidelines recommend that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) and/or hepatic vein tumor thrombosis (HVTT) should undergo systemic therapy. (stanford.edu)
  • It also has good sensitivity and specificity in the evaluation of malignant lesions, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma (ICC), and malignant portal vein thrombosis [ 10 , 12 - 14 ]. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • Aetna considers percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) medically necessary for the treatment of hepatocellular cancers (HCC) without extra-hepatic spread. (aetna.com)
  • In the United States, 80%-90% of primary hepatic tumors are hepatocellular carcinomas and 10%-15% are cholangiocarcinomas (CCA), both with high mortality rate, particularly CCA, which portends a worse prognosis. (wjgnet.com)
  • Hepatic ultrasonograph on the second day after admission showed totally reversed direction of portal venous blood flow away from the liver ( Figure , panel A), becoming bidirectional on the following day and, finally, reverting to normal direction (although with low velocity) 3 days later ( Figure , panel B). Despite improved hemodynamic status, progressive encephalopathy and gastrointestinal bleeding developed and were unresponsive to treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • The patients with encephalopathy, ascites, variceal bleeding, previous splenectomy and small liver had significantly higher incidences of portal vein thrombosis than the others. (nih.gov)
  • Detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: normalization and optimization of the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score. (google.lt)
  • Pleural drainage carries the risk of massive protein and electrolyte depletion as well as the risk of bleeding and hepatic encephalopathy. (scirp.org)
  • Portal vein obstruction after liver transplantation in children treated by simultaneous minilaparotomy and transhepatic approaches: initial experience. (qxmd.com)
  • Grade 1 was thrombosis of intrahepatic portal vein branches, grade 2 was thrombosis of the right or left portal branch or at the bifurcation, grade 3 was partial obstruction of the portal vein trunk, and grade 4 was complete obstruction of the portal vein trunk. (nih.gov)
  • Budd-Chiari Syndrome (BCS) is a disorder resulting from the obstruction of hepatic veins at the level of junction with the vena cava inferior because of the disruption of venous drainage of the liver from various reasons. (tgv.org.tr)
  • The abnormal hepatic immune response and disturbed immune homeostasis might lead to HSC activation and dysfunctional sinusoidal communication. (frontiersin.org)
  • Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma (PHL) is a rare malignant tumor, which originates from smooth muscles. (koreamed.org)
  • However, data regarding the clinical significance of hepatic vein tumor thrombosis (HVTT) is rare, particularly in Western patients. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Secondary Budd-Chiari syndrome, which is very rare compared to the primary variant, is due to compression of the hepatic vein by an outside structure (such as a tumor or polycystic kidney disease ). (wikipedia.org)
  • The image demonstrates the typical rounded tardus parvus waveform morphology, which is indicative of upstream arterial thrombosis or severe stenosis. (medscape.com)
  • Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography can distinguish bland from malignant portal vein thrombi. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • Portal Doppler ultrasonography revealed hepatic vein thrombosis, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and hypertrophy of caudate lobe, and the patient was accepted as BCS. (tgv.org.tr)
  • Ultrasonography (US), CT, MRI, cholangiography, angiography and scintigraphy are the most common radiological modalities used to evaluate the hepatic graft. (medscape.com)
  • The triad of hemolytic anemia, pancytopenia, and thrombosis makes PNH a unique clinical syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Transjugular portography demonstrates extensive portal vein thrombus in the whole-liver allograft of a 40-year-old woman whose clinical condition rapidly deteriorated on postoperative day 39. (medscape.com)
  • None of the information obtained through use of the search portal should in any way be used in clinical care without consulting a physician or licensed health professional. (who.int)
  • A self-expandable 8 × 80 mm metal stent (Bard, E-Luminexx, Angiomed GmbH & Co., Karlsruhe, Germany) was deployed with the proximal end at the hepatic bifurcation and the distal end in the 2nd portion of the duodenum. (springeropen.com)
  • Furthermore, sometimes the inferior vena cava and the hepatic vein system may be affected. (rcpjournals.org)
  • The other three children had the portal flow reestablished and followed with Doppler US studies. (qxmd.com)
  • Portal doppler US'de hepatik ven trombozu, splenomegali, hepatomegali ve kaudat lob hipertrofisi saptanan olgu BCS olarak kabul edildi. (tgv.org.tr)
  • Spectral Doppler ultrasonographic waveform of the right hepatic artery in a 60-year-old man, 8 years after orthotopic liver transplantation. (medscape.com)
  • Iatrogenic bilothorax after percutaneous trans-hepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is rare and only sporadically reported in case reports. (springeropen.com)
  • The use of Roux-en-Y biliary reconstruction was associated with VCs (HAT and PVT). (duke.edu)
  • Hendriquez R, Keihanian T, Goyal J, Abraham RR, Mishra R, Girotra M. Radiofrequency ablation in the management of primary hepatic and biliary tumors. (wjgnet.com)
  • There was moderate right-sided biliary dilatation and left hepatic lobe metastases. (springeropen.com)
  • If rash or symptoms or signs of hepatitis or allergic reaction develop, hepatic laboratory parameters should be monitored and discontinuation of treatment should be considered. (drugs.com)
  • Ultrasonograph images from patients with liver failure caused by acetaminophen poisoning or hepatitis B indicate increased portal vein flow and normal flow velocity to the damaged liver ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Other reported hepatic reactions include hepatitis, increases in liver enzymes, and hyperbilirubinemia. (medlibrary.org)
  • Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the most common condition associated with hypercoagulable disorders, with blood clots most frequently forming in the deep veins of the legs (DVT) causing redness, pain and swelling particularly at the back of legs. (labtestsonline.org.uk)
  • In a series of 50 cases of hepatic fibrosis associated with bilharzial mansoni infection, hematemesis occurred in 14 per cent, esophageal varicosities in 30 per cent, and collateral veins in the anterior abdominal wall in 54 per cent. (ajtmh.org)
  • Neovascular glaucoma is a secondary glaucoma occurring as a result of severely reduced blood flow to the eye as may be observed in central retinal vein occlusion or with severe diabetic retinopathy. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Subsequent angiography confirmed occlusion at the hepatic arterial anastomosis. (medscape.com)
  • Magnetic resonance angiogram of the recipient celiac axis depicts complete occlusion of the hepatic artery. (medscape.com)
  • Among the 849 patients without previous portosystemic shunt, 14 patients (1.6%) had grade 1, 27 patients (3.2%) had grade 2, 27 patients (3.2%) had grade 3 and 49 patients (5.8%) had grade 4 portal vein thrombosis. (nih.gov)
  • The total incidence of portal vein thrombosis among the 36 patients with previous portosystemic shunt was 38.9%, which was significantly higher than that (13.8%) of those without shunt. (nih.gov)
  • In one patient, the recanalization was unsuccessful because of an extensive portomesenteric thrombosis. (qxmd.com)
  • Aetna considers intra-hepatic chemotherapy (infusion) medically necessary for members with liver metastases from colorectal cancer. (aetna.com)
  • Intra-hepatic chemotherapy for other indications not listed above, including treatment of liver primaries or metastases from other primaries (e.g., breast) besides colorectal cancer. (aetna.com)
  • Intra-hepatic microspheres for metastases from esophageal cancer, gallbladder cancer, uveal melanom a, liver metastases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and other indications not listed above. (aetna.com)
  • There is inadequate information to document the effectiveness of PEI as an alternative to surgical resection for the treatment of hepatic metastases. (aetna.com)
  • Treatment involves control of variceal bleeding (usually with endoscopic banding, IV octreotide , or both), prevention of recurrence using beta-blockers, and sometimes surgical shunts and thrombolysis for acute thrombosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Occasionally, a hepatic hydrothorax may be present in the absence of ascites [3]. (scirp.org)
  • Traditional treatment of hepatic hydrothorax in a patient who failed medical management of ascites remains problematic and controversial and no guideline for an ideal method is available at the present [8]. (scirp.org)
  • Three patients underwent a successful portal recanalization and stent placement with the combined technique. (qxmd.com)
  • We analysed the medical records of all patients who underwent LT at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 2017 to April 2019 to identify the risk factors for post-transplant thrombosis. (rcpjournals.org)
  • Some patients have more than one form of inherited thrombophilia or more than one form of acquired thrombophilia and appear to be at even greater risk for thrombosis (see 'Multiple inherited thrombotic defects' below) [ 5 ]. (medilib.ir)
  • This study aimed to show that blood loss during LT is a predictor of postoperative thrombosis and to establish a predictive model. (rcpjournals.org)
  • Blood loss during LT of ≥31.25 mL/kg can predict postoperative thrombosis, and the nomogram achieved an accurate prediction. (rcpjournals.org)
  • Given the linear relationship between blood loss, blood products requirements and, subsequently, thromboembolic events, we hypothesised that the intraoperative blood loss during LT may be a factor relevant to postoperative thrombosis. (rcpjournals.org)
  • the latter is mainly used in Asia, and has high persistence in the liver, being specific for the hepatic parenchyma Kupffer phase [ 2 ]. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • After mixing with saline, a microbubble suspension is obtained, which is then injected into a peripheral vein as a bolus (generally 2.4 mL, using a 20-gauge catheter and a three-way stopcock), in a direction close to parallel to the vessel, followed by a saline injection (10 mL). (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • This venous drainage does not enter the portal vein instantly but seems to have its own portal venous pathway to the liver parenchyma. (ehd.org)
  • Laboratory Tests of the Liver and Gallbladder Laboratory tests are generally effective for the following: Detecting hepatic dysfunction Assessing the severity of liver injury Monitoring the course of liver diseases and the response to treatment. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Devara J, Iyer VN , Warad DM, Brinjikji W, Aljobeh A, Lanzino G, Demirel N. Acute thrombosis of a giant perimedullary arteriovenous fistula in a pediatric HHT patient. (mayo.edu)