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Insulin, IsophaneInsulinGlucoseInsulin, Long-ActingBlood GlucoseReceptor, InsulinHypoglycemic AgentsGlucagonGluconeogenesisInsulin ResistanceLiverDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glucose Tolerance TestInsulinsHypoglycemiaInsulin Infusion SystemsGlucose Clamp TechniqueInsulin AspartIslets of LangerhansInsulin LisproFatty Acids, NonesterifiedBiphasic InsulinsFastingHyperglycemiaHyperinsulinismGlucose-6-PhosphataseHemoglobin A, GlycosylatedC-PeptideInsulin Receptor Substrate ProteinsLiver GlycogenInfusions, SubcutaneousGlycogenolysisGlycogenDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1GlucokinaseGlucose IntoleranceSomatostatinPostprandial PeriodInsulin-Secreting CellsInsulin, Regular, PorkHepatic ArteryInsulin AntibodiesDogs3-Hydroxybutyric AcidInsulin, Regular, HumanGlycerolMetforminInsulin AntagonistsLiver CirculationLactic AcidGlucose Transporter Type 4Hepatic VeinsObesityDiabetes MellitusAdipose TissueBody WeightBlood Glucose Self-MonitoringHomeostasisGlucagon-Like Peptide 1Portal VeinInfusions, IntravenousMuscle, SkeletalMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsPortal SystemSulfonylurea CompoundsGlucose Transporter Type 2FructoseLactatesRats, WistarPhosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)Time FactorsDose-Response Relationship, DrugGlucose-6-PhosphateTriglyceridesDiabetes Mellitus, ExperimentalGlycogen Phosphorylase, Liver FormSignal TransductionInsulin, Short-ActingKineticsInfusion Pumps, ImplantableEpinephrineDeoxyglucoseGlucose Transporter Type 1VenomsHepatocytesDrug Administration ScheduleCells, CulturedMice, ObeseRats, Sprague-DawleyPharmaceutic AidsAdipocytesMice, Inbred C57BLPancreasProinsulinPhosphorylationGlycogen SynthaseEnergy MetabolismRats, ZuckerGlycolysisFatty Liver

Human insulinDestruction of the pancreatic beta-cellsGlargineMetabolismSubcutaneousOnset of ActionIntermediate-actingHemoglobin A1CHyperglycemiaLevels of glucoseLisproGlycemic controlGlycogenHypoglycemiaLevel of glucoseDetemirPrandialSolubleResistancePreparationsReceptorMetabolicDiabetes MellitusLiverMedicationsMealBloodstreamTissuesInjection siteDoseOralOccurDecreaseDrugsProcessesTypeHormoneEffectivelyBlood glucoActionProfileAgentsForm

Human insulin6

• NOVOLIN 70/30 is a mixture of human insulin isophane, an intermediate-acting human insulin, and human insulin, a short-acting human insulin, indicated to improve glycemic control in adults and pediatric patients with diabetes mellitus. (nih.gov)
• 1 UNIT contains 142 g of salt-free insulin detemir, which corresponds to 1 unit of human insulin (IU). (otc-online-store.com)
• Biotransformation of insulin detemir was similar with that of human insulin preparations, all metabolites formed are inactive. (otc-online-store.com)
• Human insulin was later manufactured using recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology. (medscape.com)
• [ 52 ] Insulin glargine is a long-acting human insulin analogue approved for once-daily dosing. (medscape.com)
• Her type 1 diabetes was diagnosed while she was still in high school, and since she moved to town for a new job last year, she has been coming to the pharmacy counter every month to purchase NPH and regular human insulin, along with supplies for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and insulin syringes. (ashp.org)

Destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells1

• disease resulting from the cessation of insulin production, most often caused by the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells by a process in which the patient's own immune system reacts against them. (ashp.org)

Glargine5

• The action profile of Levemir® Flexpen® is much less variable compared with isophane insulin and insulin glargine. (otc-online-store.com)
• An intermediate-acting insulin (detemir) has a similar profile of action to isophane but is more pharmacologically predictable and is less likely to cause weight gain, whereas glargine has a relatively flat profile of action, lasting some 18-26 hours. (medscape.com)
• The FDA issued an early communication to health care practitioners regarding 4 published observational studies that described the possible association of insulin glargine (Lantus) with an increased risk of cancer. (medscape.com)
• The observational studies evaluated large patient databases, and all reported some association between insulin glargine and other insulin products with various types of cancer. (medscape.com)
• Today she has a prescription for an insulin glargine pen injector and has asked to speak to the pharmacist. (ashp.org)

Metabolism5

• a disorder of metabolism that results in elevated blood glucose levels, most often related to insufficient insulin production, inability of the cells to react to circulating insulin, or a combination of both. (ashp.org)
• impaired glucose metabolism related to pregnancy. (ashp.org)
• Most of the energy used in these processes comes from the metabolism of glucose, a sugar. (ashp.org)
• Among its major hormones are insulin and glucagon, both of which are important in glucose metabolism. (ashp.org)
• CONCLUSION: AVI improves type 2 diabetes-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle by activating the IGF1R-AMPK signaling pathway, promoting glucose uptake and energy metabolism in IR. (bvsalud.org)

Subcutaneous1

• Insulin must be given parenterally, and this effectively means subcutaneous injection. (medscape.com)

Onset of Action2

• These have the most rapid onset of action as well as a shorter duration of action than other insulin categories. (easynotecards.com)
• [ 50 ] Insulins lispro, glulisine, and aspart have a more rapid onset of action and shorter duration, making them more suitable for bolusing at mealtimes and for short-term correction of hyperglycemia. (medscape.com)

Intermediate-acting2

• The only available intermediate-acting insulin product. (easynotecards.com)
• Twice-daily combinations of short- and intermediate-acting insulin. (medscape.com)

Hemoglobin A1C1

• an estimate of blood glucose levels over an 8-12-week period that is calculated from the percentage value of hemoglobin A1C, but reported in the same units (mg/dL) as most regularly recorded blood glucose readings. (ashp.org)

Hyperglycemia1

• Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Diabetes mellitus is impaired insulin secretion and variable degrees of peripheral insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia. (msdmanuals.com)

Levels of glucose1

• A naturally occurring hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas in response to increased levels of glucose in the blood. (easynotecards.com)

Lispro1

• Combinations of isophane and regular, lispro, or aspart insulins are also available in a limited number of concentrations that vary around the world, ranging from 25:75 mixtures (ie, 25% lispro, 90% isophane) to 50:50 mixtures. (medscape.com)

Glycemic control2

• Individualize and adjust dosage based on metabolic needs, blood glucose monitoring results and glycemic control goal. (nih.gov)
• If those measures are not sufficient for glycemic control, patients may be prescribed non- insulin antihyperglycemic medications (eg, injectable glucagon -like peptide-1 [GLP-1] receptor agonists), insulin , or a combination of these medications. (msdmanuals.com)

Glycogen5

• A hormone produced by the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans that stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver. (easynotecards.com)
• The breakdown of glycogen to glucose. (easynotecards.com)
• When levels of circulating glucose are too high, insulin promotes storage of the excess as glycogen. (ashp.org)
• MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chemical characterization of BF was performed using HPLC, GCMS and UHPLC-MS. The effect of the fraction (250 mg/kg) on insulin, plasma free fatty acids, L-lactate, pyruvate, MDA, HbA1c and glycogen levels in ALX and STZ animal models was determined. (bvsalud.org)
• The fraction increased insulin levels and enhanced glycogen storage in muscles and the liver. (bvsalud.org)

Hypoglycemia2

• Profile night glucose control is more flat and smooth in the drug Levemir® Flexpen® compared to isophane insulin, which is reflected in a lower risk of developing hypoglycemia at night. (otc-online-store.com)
• A blood glucose level of less than 70 mg/dL, or above 50 mg/dL with signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia. (easynotecards.com)

Level of glucose2

• Long-term studies (ge6 months) an indicator of the level of glucose in blood plasma fasting in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 was better compared to isophane insulin, appointed in basis/bolus therapy. (otc-online-store.com)
• To function properly, the human body requires a constant level of glucose in the tissues and bloodstream-high enough to provide for the energy needs of the cells but below the level where unwanted effects will occur. (ashp.org)

Detemir3

• The prolonged action of Levemir® Flexpen® due to the pronounced self-Association of insulin detemir molecules at the injection site, and binding molecules of the drug to albumin through a connection to a side chain. (otc-online-store.com)
• Insulin detemir compared with isophane insulin to peripheral tissues-targets goes slowly. (otc-online-store.com)
• The average Vd of insulin detemir (approximately 0.1 l/kg) indicates that a high fraction of insulin detemir is circulating in the blood. (otc-online-store.com)

Prandial2

• In NOVOLIN 70/30, the proportions of short-acting and intermediate-acting insulins are fixed and do not allow for basal versus prandial dose adjustments. (nih.gov)
• Insulin replacement in type 1 diabetes should ideally mimic beta-cell function to provide basal and prandial requirements (physiologic replacement or basal-bolus dosing). (msdmanuals.com)

Soluble2

• It is a soluble analog of human basal long-acting insulin with a flat and predictable profile of activity. (otc-online-store.com)
• Regular or soluble insulin is bound to either protamine (eg, isophane) or zinc (eg, lente, ultralente) in order to prolong the duration of action. (medscape.com)

Resistance4

• AIM OF THE STUDY: To explore the underlying mechanisms and regulatory role of Akebia saponin D (ASD/AVI) on high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. (bvsalud.org)
• MATERIALS AND METHODS: C2C12 cells were used to explore the best concentration in the skeletal muscle insulin resistance model in an in vitro experiment. (bvsalud.org)
• The protective effect of AVI on insulin resistance and the corresponding signaling pathway were detected by glucose content measurement, quantitative PCR, and Western blot. (bvsalud.org)
• A high-fat diet STZ-induced insulin resistance mice model was used to evaluate the protective function of AVI in vivo. (bvsalud.org)

Preparations1

• To achieve this, different preparations of insulin and methods of administration can be used. (msdmanuals.com)

Receptor1

• Interacts with the specific receptor zitoplazmaticescoy external cell membrane of cells to form insulin-receptor complex stimulates intracellular processes, including synthesis of several key enzymes (geksokinazoj, pyruvate kinase, glikogensintetaza). (otc-online-store.com)

Metabolic1

• Despite their apparent advantages over traditional insulins, no evidence suggests a long-term advantage of the analogue insulins in terms of metabolic control or complication rates. (medscape.com)

Diabetes Mellitus2

• Insulin is always required to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus. (medscape.com)
• Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus are treated with insulin and also benefit from diet and exercise. (msdmanuals.com)

Liver1

• The decrease in the content glucose in the blood due to its increase of intracellular transport, increased assimilation of tissues, stimulation of lipogenesis, glikogenogeneza, a decrease in the rate of glucose production by the liver. (otc-online-store.com)

Medications1

• Review the therapeutic effects of insulin and other medications used in the treatment of diabetes and list their most common side effects and adverse reactions. (ashp.org)

Meal1

• concentration of glucose (sugar) in the bloodstream 8 or more hours after the last meal or snack. (ashp.org)

Bloodstream1

• higher than normal levels of circulating glucose (sugar) in the bloodstream. (ashp.org)

Tissues1

• After four weeks of treatment, ITT, OGTT, and treadmill tests were applied to examine insulin sensitivity and their serum and skeletal muscle tissues were collected for further analysis. (bvsalud.org)

Injection site1

• Make changes to a patient's insulin regimen (e.g., insulin strength, manufacturer, type, injection site or method of administration) under close medical supervision with increased frequency of blood glucose monitoring. (nih.gov)

Dose1

• Both strategies require close attention to diet and exercise as well as to insulin timing and dose. (msdmanuals.com)

Oral1

• The disease may be controlled by lifestyle modifications, oral drug therapy, and/or insulin, but patients are not necessarily dependent on insulin therapy. (easynotecards.com)

Occur1

• Accidental mix-ups between insulin products can occur. (nih.gov)

Decrease1

• decrease in the ability of cells to react to circulating insulin. (ashp.org)

Drugs1

• Interindividual variability in absorption is lower in the Levemir® Flexpen® compared to other drugs basal insulin. (otc-online-store.com)

Processes1

• Insulin, produced by the beta cells in sections of the pancreas known as the islets of Langerhans, is the hormone that allows glucose to enter body cells to be used for the energy to power cell processes. (ashp.org)

Type2

• The anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody teplizumab can delay progression to symptomatic type 1 diabetes in patients who are presymptomatic and have mild glucose elevations and autoantibodies. (msdmanuals.com)
• Insulin is also used in the management of many patients with type 2 diabetes. (msdmanuals.com)

Hormone1

• form of diabetes in which patients generally still produce some insulin, but it is insufficient to regulate their blood sugar levels, either because they are producing smaller amounts, or because their cells have developed an insensitivity to this hormone (or even a combination of reduced production and reduced sensitivity). (ashp.org)

Effectively2

• RESULTS: AVI effectively reduced body weight, blood glucose levels and calorie intake in insulin-resistant mice, and reduced lipid accumulation and in their muscle tissue. (bvsalud.org)
• Our experiments further confirmed that AVI specifically targets the IGF1R, thereby more effectively regulating the insulin signaling pathway. (bvsalud.org)

Blood gluco1

• A fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher or a nonfasting blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL or higher. (easynotecards.com)

Action1

• These combined mechanisms of delayed distribution gives a more reproducible profile of the adsorption and action of the drug Levemir® Flexpen® compared to isophane insulin. (otc-online-store.com)

Profile1

• The following image illustrates the activity profile of various insulins. (medscape.com)

Agents1

• agents that cause reductions in circulating blood glucose. (ashp.org)

Form1

• Alternatives to injecting insulin have been constantly sought, including an inhaled form of insulin. (medscape.com)