• The hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and M2 are essential viral proteins targeted by host antibodies or antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir and rimantadine ( 4 - 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The structure of the envelope is characterized by the spike-like projections of two viral proteins, the fusion protein (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (Hn) protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • The viral genomes of most paramyxovirus serotypes encode genes for a nucleocapsid protein (N), a phosphoprotein (P), a matrix protein (M), a fusion protein (F), a hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (Hn) protein and a large polymerase protein (L). A common feature of all paramyxoviruses is the presence of two membrane-anchored glycoproteins, one required for virion attachment and one required for fusion. (wikipedia.org)
  • HA and neuraminidase are the two main surface proteins on the influenza virus. (science20.com)
  • The 1918 flu, which killed 20-40 million people worldwide, is being investigated through structural and binding studies of the 1918 viral proteins, such as the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase, as well as other the viral proteins. (scripps.edu)
  • However, trapping of the covalent enzyme intermediate of the viral neuraminidase using 3-fluorosialosyl fluorides [ 2 ] confirmed a covalent structure. (cazypedia.org)
  • N is the abbreviation for neuraminidase, a protein that is required for virus replication. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • They target and bind tightly to strain-specific regions of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins on the virus. (stjude.org)
  • Flu strains are named after their types of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface proteins, so they will be called, for example, H3N2 for type-3 hemagglutinin and type-2 neuraminidase. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • For example, if a pig was infected with a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus at the same time, an antigenic shift could occur, producing a new virus that had most of the genes from the human virus, but a hemagglutinin or neuraminidase from the avian virus. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • The resulting new virus would likely be able to infect humans and spread from person to person, but it would have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) not previously seen in influenza viruses that infect humans, and therefore to which most people have little or no immune protection. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • These proteins are called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (bcm.edu)
  • Influenza type A viruses are classified into subtypes according to the combinations of different virus surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (environmentalenergy.us)
  • So far there are 18 different hemagglutinin subtypes and 11 different neuraminidase subtypes. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on the nature of their surface proteins: hemagglutinin (H1 to H18) and neuraminidase (N1 to N11). (pasteur.fr)
  • An immunoinformatics study was conducted to determine the highly conserved antigenic epitope regions of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes in the humoral immunity and CD4+ and CD8+ T cellular immunity between 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) and seasonal H1N1 (sH1N1) viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Within each subtype, multiple hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) lineages or clades cocirculate. (cdc.gov)
  • The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
  • The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
  • An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) has recently spread to poultry in 9 Asian countries. (cdc.gov)
  • Most H5N1 isolates from humans were antigenically homogeneous and distinct from avian viruses circulating before the end of 2003. (cdc.gov)
  • An updated nonpathogenic H5N1 reference virus, lacking the polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin gene, was produced by reverse genetics in anticipation of the possible need to vaccinate humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype are circulating in eastern Asia with unprecedented epizootic and epidemic effects ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • 2) Can the relationship between human and avian H5N1 isolates help explain the source of infection? (cdc.gov)
  • Scientists have identified a small family of lab-made proteins that neutralize a broad range of influenza A viruses, including the H5N1 avian virus, the 1918 pandemic influenza virus and seasonal H1N1 flu viruses. (science20.com)
  • These human monoclonal antibodies, identical infection-fighting proteins derived from the same cell lineage, also were found to protect mice from illness caused by H5N1 and other influenza A viruses. (science20.com)
  • They scanned tens of billions of monoclonal antibodies produced in bacterial viruses, or bacteriophages, and found 10 antibodies active against the four major strains of H5N1 avian influenza viruses. (science20.com)
  • Simultaneously, Dr. Marasco's group teamed up with Robert C. Liddington, Ph.D., professor and chair of the Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center at Burnham, to determine the atomic structure of one of their monoclonal antibodies bound to the H5N1 HA. (science20.com)
  • The avian H5N1 and swine H1N1 influenza virus HA structures have been determined as well as mutations that enhance binding to human receptors that may allow the virus to cross the species barrier into humans and be transmissible. (scripps.edu)
  • Asian HPAI H5N1 influenza viruses are avian influenza A viruses that originate from Asia and that cause severe illness and death in poultry (this means the viruses are "highly pathogenic" and these viruses are called "highly pathogenic avian influenza" or "HPAI" for short). (cdc.gov)
  • In the past, some avian influenza A viruses (such as H5N1 and H7N9) have infected people, but human infections are rare. (cdc.gov)
  • Similar to H5N1 strains, this further affirms the potential of avian influenza strains capable of directly infecting human, causing severe illnesses. (springer.com)
  • Then, even more alarmingly, 34 human cases of H5N1 avian influenza-a highly pathogenic flu that has ravaged poultry stocks in several Asian countries-were confirmed in Thailand and Vietnam. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The influenza A H5N1 avian pandemic strain has a mortality rate of nearly 60 percent. (stjude.org)
  • Since the current strain of highly-pathogenic avian influenza - H5N1 - began circulating in the country in February 2022, farmers across the country have lost or had to cull more than 58 million poultry birds. (newenglandnewspress.com)
  • Human Cases of Avian Influenza A ( H5N1 ) Infection Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), China, 2003. (vadscorner.com)
  • About a decade ago, scientists and public health officials feared that we might be on the brink of a pandemic caused by the so-called avian or bird H5N1 flu that began circulating among poultry, ducks, and geese in Asia and spread to Europe and Africa. (bcm.edu)
  • Unlike the avian H5N1 flu, the H1N1 swine flu is capable of being transmitted easily from person to person. (bcm.edu)
  • Examples include avian influenza \'bird flu\' virus subtypes A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) or swine influenza \'swine flu\' virus subtypes A(H1N1) and A(H3N2). (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Researchers at Kanazawa University have studied the structure of one of the virulence factors - haemagglutinin (HA) - of avian influenza virus, H5N1. (drugtargetreview.com)
  • So Dr Richard Wong , senior author of the study, and his research team visually analysed the recombinant HA0 protein of H5N1 with the HS-AFM system developed by Kanazawa University. (drugtargetreview.com)
  • We have previously described R1a-B6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of H1N1, H5N1, H2N2, and H9N2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly conserved epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin stem region. (frontiersin.org)
  • R1a-B6-Fc fusions of both isotypes gave complete protection against lethal challenge with both pandemic A/California/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 and avian influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1). (frontiersin.org)
  • All the viral genes were of avian influenza origin, which indicates absence of reassortment with human influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Dr. Marasco, Jianhua Sui, M.D., Ph.D., and other Dana-Farber colleagues began their study with avian flu viruses. (science20.com)
  • Influenza A viruses can include any one of the 16 known subtypes of HA proteins, which fall into two groups, Group 1 and Group 2. (science20.com)
  • Their monoclonal antibodies neutralized all testable viruses containing the 10 Group 1 HAs-which include the seasonal H1 viruses, the H1 virus that caused the 1918 pandemic and the highly pathogenic avian H5 subtypes-but none of the viruses containing the six Group 2 HAs. (science20.com)
  • 3.2.1.18) that are found, along with the sialic acid-binding protein Hemagglutinin, on the surface of influenza viruses that are pathogenic to mammalian or avian species. (cazypedia.org)
  • Viruses bind to the cell surface and enter via interaction of the hemagglutinin with cell surface sialic acids. (cazypedia.org)
  • Influenza viruses carry proteins on their surface. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • The unique property of some avian H10 viruses, particularly the ability to cause severe disease in mink without prior adaptation, enabled our study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Coupled with previous experimental data and genetic characterization here we tried to investigate the possible influence of different genes on the virulence of these H10 avian influenza viruses in mink. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our study also showed that there are no genetic differences in receptor specificity or the cleavability of the haemagglutinin proteins of these viruses regardless of whether they are of low or high pathogenicity in mink. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ON mapping showed a close genomic relationship between the mink isolate (A/Mink/Sweden/3900/84) and the concomitant avian H10N4 viruses from fowl (A/fowl/Hampshire/378/85) and mallard (A/mallard/Gloucestershire/374/85) respectively, and a weaker genomic relationship with the H10 prototype [ 7 ] virus (A/chicken/Germany/N/49) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Avian influenza A viruses (i.e., bird flu viruses) primarily infect birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Avian influenza A viruses are classified as low pathogenic or highly pathogenic based on molecular characteristics of the virus and the virus' ability to cause disease and mortality in chickens in a laboratory setting. (cdc.gov)
  • Wild aquatic birds can be infected with avian influenza A viruses in their intestines and respiratory tract, but usually do not get sick. (cdc.gov)
  • However, avian influenza A viruses are very contagious among birds and some of these viruses - particularly highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses - can sicken and even kill certain domesticated birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Understanding and predicting host tropism of influenza proteins lay an important foundation for future work in constructing computation models capable of directly predicting interspecies transmission of influenza viruses. (springer.com)
  • A large number of influenza A viruses naturally reside in avian species where they constantly circulate and evolve. (springer.com)
  • avian influenza viruses can directly infect humans. (bionity.com)
  • The research of her team focusses on the understanding of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) emergence, their pathogenesis and the development of new vaccination strategies to cope with antigenic diversity in the context of pandemic preparedness. (erasmusmc.nl)
  • Dr. Richard and her team found subtype-specific secondary RNA structures in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza viruses that might be implicated in the emergence of HPAIV. (erasmusmc.nl)
  • RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The process hones their focus and primes them to target flu viruses based on the unique, rather than shared, surface proteins. (stjude.org)
  • Unlike antibodies, the T cells recognize flu viruses based on shared internal proteins. (stjude.org)
  • Pigs can be infected with both human and avian influenza viruses in addition to swine influenza viruses. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Because pigs are susceptible to avian, human and swine influenza viruses, they potentially may be infected with influenza viruses from different species (e.g., ducks and humans) at the same time. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
  • In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)
  • In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
  • Avian influenza or bird flu refers to the disease caused by infection with avian (bird) influenza (flu) Type A viruses. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • The agency says avian flu viruses 'usually do not infect people,' though last spring, the CDC reported the infection of one person in Colorado who had been in contact with infected poultry. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Depending on the origin host, influenza A viruses can be classified as avian influenza, swine influenza, or other types of animal influenza viruses. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Viruses that cause severe disease in poultry and result in high death rates are called highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (environmentalenergy.us)
  • Viruses that cause mild disease in poultry are called low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). (environmentalenergy.us)
  • In many patients infected by A(H5) or A(H7N9) avian influenza viruses, the disease has an aggressive clinical course. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • For human infections with avian influenza A(H7N7) and A(H9N2) viruses, disease is typically mild or subclinical. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • In terms of transmission, human infections with avian and other zoonotic influenza viruses, though rare, have been reported sporadically. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • The global surveillance network for influenza viruses is undoubtedly the oldest and best structured virological surveillance network. (pasteur.fr)
  • The modification of glycosylation sites for the 1918 and SI/06 viruses also caused changes in viral antigenicity based on cross-reactive hemagglutinin inhibition antibody titers with antisera from mice infected with wild-type or glycan mutant viruses. (health-e-nc.org)
  • Virulence and transmission characteristics of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N6 subtype avian influenza viruses possessing different internal gene constellations. (qxmd.com)
  • The humoral immune response plays an important role in the defense against these viruses, providing protection mainly by producing antibodies directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. (distantreader.org)
  • Low pathogenicity avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses, enzootic in poultry populations in Asia, are associated with fewer confirmed human infections but higher rates of seropositivity compared to A(H5) or A(H7) subtype viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Co-circulation of A(H5) and A(H7) viruses leads to the generation of reassortant viruses bearing A(H9N2) internal genes with markers of mammalian adaptation, warranting continued surveillance in both avian and human populations. (cdc.gov)
  • A nosocomial cluster induced by co-infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) and A(H1N1)pdm09 (pH1N1) viruses occurred in 2 patients at a hospital in Zhejiang Province, China, in January 2014. (blogspot.com)
  • Viruses with a NA gene segment were originally derived from a wholly avian influenza virus, which entered the Eurasian swine population in 1979. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, the highly conserved antigenic epitopes sequences and the locations of HA and NA proteins, including B-cell epitopes, MHC I and MHC II epitopes between pH1N1 and sH1N1 viruses, based on immunoinformatics, were analyzed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There were compared with epitopes in the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) which contains experimentally identified epitopes in sH1N1 HA proteins, which may be helpful in design of common antigens of pH1N1 influenza and sH1N1 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we have developed a biolayer interferometry (BLI)-based assay to determine dominant binding epitopes of the HA1 in antibody response to influenza vaccines using a panel of recombinant HA1 proteins of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus with each carrying a single amino acid substitution. (cdc.gov)
  • Funk M, de Bruin ACM, Spronken MI, Gultyaev AP, Richard M . In Silico Analyses of the Role of Codon Usage at the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site in Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Genesis. (erasmusmc.nl)
  • De Bruin ACM, Spronken MI, Bestebroer TM, Fouchier RAM, Richard M . Reduced Replication of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Duck Endothelial Cells Compared to Chicken Endothelial Cells Is Associated with Stronger Antiviral Responses. (erasmusmc.nl)
  • The past decade has seen increasingly frequent and severe outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, as described in the Summary and Assessment. (nationalacademies.org)
  • We've all seen first-hand how high pathogenic avian flu has devastated domestic poultry populations, where depopulations have had to take place," said Rep. Jim Costa, a California Democrat, at an April 18 House Agriculture Committee hearing. (newenglandnewspress.com)
  • What is highly-pathogenic avian influenza? (newenglandnewspress.com)
  • Highly-pathogenic avian influenza, commonly known as HPAI, bird flu, or "high-path," is a deadly respiratory virus that affects wild birds and poultry. (newenglandnewspress.com)
  • The highly-pathogenic version of the disease was first identified in China in 1996, and has mutated several times over the last three decades through swapping genetic material with low-pathogenic avian influenza strains within wild birds. (newenglandnewspress.com)
  • However, other isolated strains of Avian metaavulavirus 2 have been isolated that contain genomes of similar, but different, lengths. (wikipedia.org)
  • Differences in pathogenicity and virulence in mink between these strains could be related to clear amino acid differences in the non structural 1 (NS1) protein. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Yet when some avian strains do acquire the ability to overcome species barrier, they might become adapted to humans, replicating efficiently and causing diseases, leading to potential pandemic. (springer.com)
  • In addition, features from all 11 proteins were used to construct a combined model to predict host tropism of influenza virus strains. (springer.com)
  • When used together as a host tropism prediction system, zoonotic strains could potentially be identified based on different protein prediction results. (springer.com)
  • The findings highlight a novel way to generate antibodies that recognize and target proteins shared by most influenza A strains rather than those unique to each strain. (stjude.org)
  • David Swayne, former director of the Agricultural Research Service's Southeast Poultry Research Lab in Athens, Georgia, said at an April 26 media briefing that 87 percent of avian influenza strains are made up of blended genetic material from other strains. (newenglandnewspress.com)
  • Due to the structure of its genome, HIV does not undergo reassortment, but it does recombine freely and via superinfection HIV can produce recombinant HIV strains that differ significantly from their ancestors. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • When two different strains of influenza infect the same cell simultaneously, their protein capsids and lipid envelopes are removed, exposing their RNA, which is then transcribed to mRNA. (influenzavirusnet.com)
  • Proteins expression for every group of vectors was examined in five strains of 1 Shot BL21 Star (DE3) (ThermoFisher), Arctic Express (Stratagene), Origami B(DE3) (Novagen), SHuffle T7(New England BioLabs), and SHuffle K12 competent AB1010 cell signaling cells (New England BioLabs). (immune-source.com)
  • By performing large-scale major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II analyses on HA proteins, the degree of T-cell cross-reactivity between sH1N1 from 1968 to 2009 and pH1N1 strains was investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The outbreak of severe respiratory disease in mink ( Mustela vison) in 1984 was linked to an avian influenza virus of subtype H10N4. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since 1988, the HA- and NA-producing genes of avian influenza subtype H7N9 have been deposited in GenBank 12 times, mainly representing isolates collected from wild bird hosts. (cdc.gov)
  • So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
  • Three dimensional crystallographic structures have been described for neuraminidases of all subtypes of Influenza A (N1-N10) and B (see Structures section of CAZy for PDBs). (cazypedia.org)
  • Avian flu outbreaks caused by non-human infecting subtypes occur quite often. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Over a dozen subtypes of hemagglutinin are known. (rcsb.org)
  • Other subtypes, such as H5, attack proteins in the digestive system of birds. (rcsb.org)
  • Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
  • Of the eighteen hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes (H1-H18) that have been identified in bats and aquatic birds, many HA subtypes have been structurally characterized. (cdc.gov)
  • The diversity of these responses, and their resulting outcomes, offer important lessons for the control of future avian flu outbreaks-a key protection against a human pandemic. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The hemagglutinin shown here is taken from an actual virus of the pandemic that killed so many people in 1918. (rcsb.org)
  • PandemicFlu.gov - The official U.S. government Web site for information on pandemic flu and avian influenza. (vadscorner.com)
  • To date, the avian flu virus has not acquired to ability to spread easily from person to person - a necessary step in order for a virus to cause a pandemic. (bcm.edu)
  • Expression and Purification of Human Bcl-2 Residues 1-218 of the Bcl-2 gene (UniProt entry "type":"entrez-protein","attrs":"text":"P10415″,"term_id":"231632″P10415) were optimized for expression in (GeneArt, Life Technologies) and cloned into a pET28a vector with an N-terminal His6-MBP solubility tag with a TEV cleavage site to remove the tag. (immune-source.com)
  • The US11 protein expresses at late times during HSV-1 infection and is one of the late genes of HSV-1 [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
  • As of January 4, 2016, a novel avian influenza A virus, A(H7N9), first identified in China in March 2013 ( 1 ), had caused 676 laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza in humans and 275 influenza-associated deaths in mainland China (Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, unpub. (blogspot.com)
  • citation needed] Avian metaavulavirus 2 has been known to cause disease, specifically mild respiratory infections in domestic poultry, including turkeys and chickens, and has many economic effects on egg production and poultry industries. (wikipedia.org)
  • The structure of the hemagglutinin, or HA, protein in the virus and the lack of reports of severe disease in poultry indicate that the virus exhibits characteristics of low pathogenicity in birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Since the avian flu began circulating last year, there have been outbreaks at poultry operations in 47 states. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • The full-length US11 gene, which is composed of 459 bp (base pairs) and predicted to encode a protein of 152 amino acids, was amplified successfully from the HSV-1 (strain F) genome (Figure 1 , lane 1). (biomedcentral.com)
  • If someone is infected with an avian influenza strain, the illness is unusually aggressive. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Even if the strain does not infect humans, avian flu is can be disastrous: outbreaks kill thousands of animals at a time and impacts the livelihoods of many people, local and national economies and international trade. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Finally, we estimate the sample size necessary to detect this low pathogenicity strain of avian influenza virus in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Inhibiting mTOR disrupted generation of the antibodies that target specific regions of the HA proteins that are unique to each flu strain. (stjude.org)
  • The specificity, and thus the danger, of each strain of influenza virus depends on the particular type hemagglutinin that it carries. (rcsb.org)
  • These rare mAbs bind to functionally conserved epitopes such as those in the hemagglutinin (HA) stem, thereby providing strain independent protection. (frontiersin.org)
  • After purification by nickel affinity chromatography and refolding, the recombinant protein was used to raise the anti-US11 polyclonal antibody. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the present study, we obtained a high-level expression of the recombinant US11 protein as well as high titers of rabbit polyclonal antibody specially against US11 protein in HSV-1 infected cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here in this study, we prepared the recombinant PrsA protein and found that pyroptosis and necroptosis were involved in cell death stimulated by PrsA. (qxmd.com)
  • Over 250 crystal structures of monoclonal Fab fragments and complexes with a variety of antigens, such as peptides, steroids, cocaine, and proteins, including HIV-1, gp120 and gp41, have led to significant insights into antibody-antigen recognition, virus neutralization, and vaccine design for HIV-1. (scripps.edu)
  • Key to their research, Dr. Marasco and his colleagues discovered and described the atomic structure of an obscure but genetically stable region of the influenza virus to which their monoclonal antibodies bind. (science20.com)
  • We have also determined structures of almost all of the rare, broadly neutralizing antibodies against the HIV-1 envelope proteins, gp120 and gp41, in order to elucidate the sites of vulnerability that can be used for HIV-1 vaccine design. (scripps.edu)
  • A very exciting project on broadly neutralizing antibodies with influenza virus has revealed novel epitopes that are of great value for structure-assisted vaccine development. (scripps.edu)
  • This study also advanced understanding of the role a protein named mTOR plays in generating the highly specific antibodies. (stjude.org)
  • The globular head domain of influenza virus surface protein hemagglutinin (HA1) is the major target of neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, an avian H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in an animal shelter in New York that led to one human case 11 . (nature.com)
  • H stands for hemagglutinin, it binds the virus to cells in the respiratory tract, for example. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Amongst these, the autophagy regulator TBC1 domain family member 5 (TBC1D5), which binds Rab7 to enable fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, was found to control IAV replication in vitro and in vivo and to promote lysosomal targeting of IAV M2 protein. (bvsalud.org)
  • When they find the proper one, hemagglutinin binds to the cell and the orange chains initiate the attack, as shown on the next page. (rcsb.org)
  • These proteins have been implicated in control of viral transcription and may possibly serve as the "glue" that binds the nucleocapsid to the appropriate membrane site during viral budding from the host cell. (lookformedical.com)
  • Avian metaavulavirus 2 is a negative sense RNA virus with a monopartite genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Avian paramyxoviruses contain a viral envelope that encapsulates a spherical viral capsid containing the negative-sense RNA genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The members of the Paramyxoviridae family, including Avian metaavulavirus 2, follow the 'rule of six,' having a genome length that is a multiple of six. (wikipedia.org)
  • Avian metaavulavirus 2 has a negative-sense RNA genome that upon entry into the cell, must be transcribed into a positive-sense mRNA in order to produce viral proteins and to replicate the genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has been hypothesized by electron microscopy, that the genome assumes a left-handed helical structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • The genome encodes six viral proteins that are separated from each other via intergenic regions that are between 3-23 nucleotides long. (wikipedia.org)
  • The arteriviruses are highly species specific, but share many biological and molecular properties, including virion morphology, a unique set of structural proteins, genome organization and replication strategy, and the ability to establish prolonged or true persistent infection in their natural hosts. (bionity.com)
  • Both viral and cellular proteins are required for replication and transcription. (bionity.com)
  • The blue chains are the targeting mechanism: they search for specific sugar chains on our cellular proteins. (rcsb.org)
  • It is hypothesized that interactions between the Hn and F proteins cause conformational changes in the respective proteins controlling the attachment and fusion of the viral capsid with the host cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conformational changes in hemagglutinin that lead to membrane fusion. (rcsb.org)
  • When conformational changes of haemagglutinin were measured in real-time using HS-AFM, the team found that its area was larger, and its height shorter. (drugtargetreview.com)
  • In poly I:C stimulated mink lung cells the NS1 protein of influenza A virus showing high pathogenicity in mink down regulated the type I interferon promoter activity to a greater extent than the NS1 protein of the virus showing low pathogenicity in mink. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Avian influenza viral nucleocapsid and hemagglutinin proteins induce chicken CD8 + memory T lymphocytes. (southernbiotech.com)
  • This special polyclonal antibody provides a good tool for further studying structural and functional characterization of HSV-1 US11 protein. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The 3 viral envelope proteins of influenza A virus are most medically relevant. (cdc.gov)
  • The NA forms knoblike structures on the surface of virus particles and catalyzes their release from infected cells, allowing virus spread. (cdc.gov)
  • Avian metaavulavirus 2, formerly Avian paramyxovirus 2, is a species of virus belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Metaavulavirus. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is believed that the F and Hn proteins present on the outer envelope of the virus assist in entry of the virus into the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • The fusion protein (F) is an integral membrane protein, sharing many features similar to other viral fusion proteins and is directly involved in virus fusion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ribbon diagram of the influenza virus H5 hemagglutinin (HA) surface protein bound by the F10 monoclonal antibody (red). (science20.com)
  • The hidden part of the influenza virus is in the neck below the peanut-shaped head of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. (science20.com)
  • Their detailed picture shows one arm of the antibody inserted into a genetically stable pocket in the neck of the HA protein, an interaction that blocks the shape change required for membrane fusion and virus entry into the cell. (science20.com)
  • The US11 protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a small, highly basic phosphoprotein expressed at late times during infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A protein on the surface of an influenza (flu) virus that can stimulate an immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • Cell macromolecular synthesis may be controlled after CoV infection by locating some virus proteins in the host cell nucleus. (bionity.com)
  • Hemagglutinin is one of the reasons that influenza virus is so effective. (rcsb.org)
  • It is a spike-shaped protein that extends from the surface of the virus. (rcsb.org)
  • The name hemagglutinin refers to the ability of influenza to agglutinate red blood cells: the virus is covered with many hemagglutinin molecules, which together can glue many red blood cells together into a visible clump. (rcsb.org)
  • The protein is tethered to the virus membrane by a short segment of protein that is not seen in the crystal structure and is shown schematically here at the bottom. (rcsb.org)
  • The most important protective antigen on the surface of influenza virus is HA, whose structure can be divided in two distinct regions: the globular head, responsible for the binding to the sialic acid, and the stem region that contains the fusion peptide and the membrane anchor domain. (distantreader.org)
  • Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)
  • We show that ApoBDs generated from IAV-infected monocytes contained IAV mRNA, protein and virions and consequently, could facilitate viral propagation in vitro and in vivo, and induce a robust antiviral immune response. (nature.com)
  • ApoBDs generated by IAV-infected monocytes contained a series of IAV components, including IAV mRNA, proteins, and infectious virions. (nature.com)
  • One crucial determinant of host tropism is hemagglutinin (HA) receptor specificity, in particular, preference of specific species of sialic acid on host cells. (springer.com)
  • Her team is developing innovative culture methods for avian primary epithelial and endothelial cells to study the understanding of the host species-specificity of HPAIVs genesis. (erasmusmc.nl)
  • Therefore, it is clear that US11 is a multifunctional protein involved in HSV-1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A limited subset of ISGs were found to control viral infection, including endosomal factors inhibiting viral entry, RNA binding proteins suppressing viral RNA synthesis, and a highly enriched cluster of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi-resident ISGs inhibiting viral assembly/egress. (bvsalud.org)
  • Avian metaavulavirus 2 is one of nine species belonging to the genus Metaavulavirus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The latest CDC data shows the avian flu has been detected in a range of species, including black vultures and geese. (environmentalenergy.us)
  • It is believed that two heptad repeat regions (HR1) and (HR2) form a six-helix bundle structure that helps to induce fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • The DNA encoding this hemagglutinin was isolated from preserved samples, and the hemagglutinin was made in the laboratory according to this genetic information. (rcsb.org)
  • I also directed the Joint Center for Structural Genomics (2000-2016) that pioneers new high throughput methodologies and technologies for protein production, structure determination and functional analysis in order to investigate the Expanding Protein Universe and the human gut microbiome and other high-value targets in the regulation of stem cells and T cells. (scripps.edu)
  • That approach requires developing and administering a new flu vaccine each year to keep up with changes in those unique and highly variable HA and NA proteins. (stjude.org)
  • Their simple modular structure and single open reading frame format are highly amenable to gene therapy-mediated delivery. (frontiersin.org)
  • The cell surface sialic acids they cleave are linked α(2,3) or α(2,6) to galactose or N -acetyl galactosamine residues that terminate glycolipid or glycoprotein structures. (cazypedia.org)
  • The matrix protein (M) is believed to form the inner layer of the envelope and interacts with the F and Hn proteins on the outside of the viral envelope during viral entry. (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteins associated with the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope. (lookformedical.com)
  • The encoded polymerase consists of two proteins, a large subunit responsible for RNA synthesis and capping, and the encoded protein phosphoprotein (P) which acts as a cofactor. (wikipedia.org)
  • This process occurs concomitantly with the inhibition of cellular protein synthesis, caused by the expression of viral proteases. (bionity.com)
  • CoV N protein is required for coronavirus RNA synthesis, and has RNA chaperone activity that may be involved in template switch. (bionity.com)
  • Our results provide evidence for the molecular mechanism utilised by IAV M2 protein to escape lysosomal degradation and traffic to the cell membrane, where it supports IAV budding and growth. (bvsalud.org)
  • The portion spanning the membrane is not included in the structure and is shown schematically. (rcsb.org)
  • The Hn protein is made up of a stalk and a globular head that contains receptor-binding capabilities that bind to sialic acid receptors located on cells in the upper respiratory tract of the host. (wikipedia.org)
  • removal of glycosylation sites from SI/06 HA imposed constraints on the theoretical structure surrounding the glycan receptor binding sites, which in turn led to distinct glycan receptor binding properties. (health-e-nc.org)
  • Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
  • These reactions can occur among persons who are allergic to something that is in the vaccine, such as egg protein or other ingredients. (flutalk.net)
  • One increasingly worrying situation is the possible antigenic shift between avian influenza and human influenza. (influenzavirusnet.com)