AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
DNA, SuperhelicalDNA, BacterialNucleic Acid ConformationPeptide Nucleic AcidsDNA HelicasesDNANucleic Acid HeteroduplexesRNA HelicasesDNA, CircularBase SequenceDNA Topoisomerases, Type IEscherichia coliRNADEAD-box RNA HelicasesNucleic Acid HybridizationDNA, Single-StrandedEthidiumDNA, ViralThermodynamicsOsmium TetroxidePlasmidsDNA ReplicationAdenosine TriphosphatasesMolecular Sequence DataToll-Like Receptor 9Simian virus 40Electrophoresis, Agar GelOligodeoxyribonucleotidesDnaB HelicasesDeoxyribonucleasesEndonucleasesProtein BindingDNA-Binding ProteinsColiphagesBacterial ProteinsKineticsRNA NucleotidyltransferasesNucleic Acid DenaturationPolymerase Chain ReactionCpG IslandsSingle-Strand Specific DNA and RNA EndonucleasesEscherichia coli ProteinsNucleoside-TriphosphataseModels, MolecularWerner SyndromeNovobiocinAmino Acid SequenceCentrifugation, Density GradientProtein Structure, TertiaryDNA Topoisomerases, Type IIBacterial TranslocationBinding SitesDNA PrimaseBacteriophagesCarbodiimidesHistonesMutationDeoxyribonucleoproteinsPolydeoxyribonucleotidesBromosuccinimideOsmolar ConcentrationSubstrate SpecificityBacteriaExodeoxyribonucleasesRecombination, GeneticNucleosomesBacteriophage T7OligonucleotidesMicroscopy, ElectronRNA, Ribosomal, 16SDNA RepairViral ProteinsDNA Restriction EnzymesCloning, MolecularTyrothricinSodium ChlorideChromatinNucleoproteinsDinucleoside PhosphatesCell LineAminocoumarinsDNA PrimersDeoxyribonuclease BamHIViral Nonstructural ProteinsAdenosine Triphosphate
ProteinsPromoterDouble helixSubunitsMoleculeNucleic acidsPolymeraseBindsGeneticPhosphodiesterSequencesComplexesTranscriptionProtein synthesisNucleotideStructuresFormChemicalTemplateAmino Acid SeqEnzymesReplicationStrandsMetabolismCircularStrandUnwoundEukaryoticViralGenomeEffectStructureTypePlaceTopicsCodeLinearAbilityAlternativeDoubleSingle
Proteins4
Promoter3
  • A classical view of PIC formation at the promoter involves the following steps: TATA binding protein (TBP, a subunit of TFIID) binds the promoter, creating a sharp bend in the promoter DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • TFIIE joins the growing complex and recruits TFIIH which has protein kinase activity (phosphorylates RNA polymerase II within the CTD) and DNA helicase activity (unwinds DNA at promoter). (wikipedia.org)
  • An alternative hypothesis of PIC assembly postulates the recruitment of a pre-assembled "RNA polymerase II holoenzyme" directly to the promoter (composed of all, or nearly all GTFs and RNA polymerase II and regulatory complexes), in a manner similar to the bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP). (wikipedia.org)
Double helix3
  • Today, every biology student knows about the double helix structure of DNA and how G pairs with C and A pairs with T. (rainis.pics)
  • The double helix, made up of a pair of DNA strands, has bases in its core that are joined by hydrogen bonds to form base pairs: adenine always paired with thymine and guanine always paired with cytosine. (rainis.pics)
  • DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine). (lookformedical.com)
Subunits2
  • Subunits within TFIIH that have ATPase and helicase activity create negative superhelical tension in the DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • A unique feature of mitochondria is that they possess their own genome, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which codes for subunits of the electron transport chain that eventually leads to the synthesis of the ATP molecule. (csic.es)
Molecule2
  • Two of these paired strands make up the DNA molecule, which then twists into a helix. (rainis.pics)
  • In the more common B form, the DNA helix has a repeat of 10.5 base pairs per turn, with the sugar and phosphate forming the covalent phosphodiester "backbone" of the molecule, and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine line up in the middle, where the base pairs we know today are, which look like the rungs of a ladder. (rainis.pics)
Nucleic acids2
Polymerase2
  • The preinitiation complex positions RNA polymerase II at gene transcription start sites, denatures the DNA, and positions the DNA in the RNA polymerase II active site for transcription. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. (lookformedical.com)
Binds4
  • Two apparently homologous TFAM binding sites, DNA Site-X and Site-Y, similar to and downstream from LSP, unexpectedly show distinct DNA-structure features and TFAM binds to them in opposite directions, imposing again a U-turn (Cuppari el al. (csic.es)
  • Our biochemical analyses showed that TFAM binds to DNA structures, such as G-quadruplexes (Lyonnais et al. (csic.es)
  • DNA cleavage is inhibited where the ligand binds to DNA. (lookformedical.com)
  • A cytotoxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces echinatus that binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis. (lookformedical.com)
Genetic2
  • We start with DNA, the genetic information in every cell that is copied and passed from generation to generation. (rainis.pics)
  • DNA was discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 and identified as genetic material in experiments conducted by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty in the 1940s. (rainis.pics)
Phosphodiester2
  • A strand of DNA is a polymer of nucleoside monophosphates linked by phosphodiester bonds. (rainis.pics)
  • An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. (lookformedical.com)
Sequences1
Complexes1
  • 2019). In these studies we showed that TFAM/DNA complexes multimerize at higher concentrations. (csic.es)
Transcription4
  • Negative superhelical tension causes approximately one turn of DNA to unwind and form the transcription bubble. (wikipedia.org)
  • Structural basis of mitochondrial DNA transcription and compaction. (csic.es)
  • 2020), the replicative helicase Twinkle (Fernández-Millán et al, 2015), and the transcription attenuator mTERF. (csic.es)
  • The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION. (lookformedical.com)
Protein synthesis1
  • The complementary structure immediately suggested to Watson and Crick how DNA could (and does) replicate, and further explains how information from DNA is transferred to RNA for protein synthesis. (rainis.pics)
Nucleotide1
  • The term nucleotide refers to the building blocks of DNA (deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, dNTP) and RNA (ribonucleoside triphosphate, NTP). (rainis.pics)
Structures1
  • In this section, we examine the structures of DNA and RNA and how these structures relate to the functions of these molecules. (rainis.pics)
Form1
  • by James Watson and Francis Crick to form a model of DNA with which we are familiar today. (rainis.pics)
Chemical1
  • DNA footprinting utilizes a DNA damaging agent (either a chemical reagent or a nuclease) which cleaves DNA at every base pair. (lookformedical.com)
Template1
Amino Acid Seq1
  • Although the fundamental strategies to duplicate chromosomes are similar in all free-living organisms, the enzymes of the three domains of life that perform similar functions in DNA replication differ in amino acid sequence and their three-dimensional structures. (mdpi.com)
Enzymes1
  • DNA Topoisomerases, Type I enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing the superhelical turns and knotted rings in the DNA helix. (bvsalud.org)
Replication7
  • Cruciform DNA is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and has a role in DNA transcription and DNA replication, double strand repair, DNA translocation and recombination. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA replication is an essential process. (mdpi.com)
  • Molecular motors lie at the heart of biological processes from DNA replication to vesicle transport. (stanford.edu)
  • Site-specific DNA replication origins exist in all prokaryotes, their plasmids and their phage, as well as in animal and plant viruses, and all single cell eukaryotes studied to date. (nih.gov)
  • Most, if not all, eukaryotic origins initiate replication in both directions, resulting in a transition from discontinuous to continuous DNA synthesis on each template strand "origin of bi-directional replication" (OBR), Fig. 2B. (nih.gov)
  • For example, SV40 T-ag is assembled into a hexameric helicase only after binding to the SV40 replication origin. (nih.gov)
  • Early embryos undergoing rapid cell cleavage (e.g. frogs, flies, sea urchin, and fish) initiate DNA replication with no obvious requirement for any specific DNA sequences, and Drosophila ORC or human ORC can replace Xenopus ORC in frog egg extracts with the same result. (nih.gov)
Strands2
  • DNA TOPOISOMERASES that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. (bvsalud.org)
  • For the DNA unwound, among the two unsealed DNA strands acts as a layout to own complementary foot-pairing which have arriving ribonucleotides (pick Shape six-7), two of which happen to be inserted along with her because of the polymerase to begin an RNA chain. (anumanmill.com)
Metabolism2
  • BACTERIOPHAGE T4), and T6, and the phage T5 are called "autonomously virulent" because they cause cessation of all bacterial metabolism on infection. (lookformedical.com)
  • BACTERIOPHAGE T7) are called "dependent virulent" because they depend on continued bacterial metabolism during the lytic cycle. (lookformedical.com)
Circular2
  • Correspondingly, the ability of Rad54 to hydrolyze ATP and introduce superhelical tension into covalently closed circular plasmid DNA is stimulated by Rad51. (nih.gov)
  • A prototype of the small virulent DNA coliphages, it is composed of a single strand of supercoiled circular DNA, which on infection, is converted to a double-stranded replicative form by a host enzyme. (lookformedical.com)
Strand4
  • These inverted repeats contain a sequence of DNA in one strand that is repeated in the opposite direction on the other strand. (wikipedia.org)
  • Folded cruciform structures are characterized by the formation of acute angles between adjacent arms and main strand DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, the stems form acute angles with the main DNA strand instead of sharing 90° between them. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pursuing the RNA polymerase attach tightly on promoter DNA during the like that, it opens up the double helix to reveal a primary increase regarding nucleotides on every strand (2 for the Figure 6-10). (anumanmill.com)
Unwound1
  • ORC), and an easily unwound sequence "DNA unwinding element" (DUE). (nih.gov)
Eukaryotic1
  • Rad51, the eukaryotic counterpart of the bacterial RecA recombinase, forms filaments on single-stranded DNA that are capable of pairing the bound DNA with a homologous double-stranded donor to yield joint molecules. (nih.gov)
Viral1
  • Viral origins contain a specific core DNA sequence that is required for initiation to proceed efficiently, whereas the requirement for specific DNA sequences is greatly diminished in single cell eukaryotes and virtually absent in multicellular eukaryotes. (nih.gov)
Genome1
  • The virion has a segmented genome consisting of three pieces of doubled-stranded DNA and also a unique lipid-containing envelope. (lookformedical.com)
Effect2
  • Rad54 enhances the homologous DNA pairing reaction, and this stimulatory effect involves a physical interaction with Rad51. (nih.gov)
  • In place of a great DNA helicase effect (come across Profile 5-15), which limited opening of the helix does not require the ability off ATP hydrolysis. (anumanmill.com)
Structure2
  • Cruciform DNA is a form of non-B DNA, or an alternative DNA structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cruciform DNA structures require at least a six nucleotide sequence of inverted repeats to form a structure consisting of a stem, branch point and loop in the shape of a cruciform, stabilized by negative DNA supercoiling. (wikipedia.org)
Type2
  • Two mechanisms for the formation of cruciform DNA have been described: C-type and S-type. (wikipedia.org)
  • C-type cruciform formation is marked by a large initial opening in the double-stranded DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Place1
  • The T-even phages contain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in place of ordinary cytosine in their DNA. (lookformedical.com)
Topics1
  • Broad topics of current interest include torque generation by DNA-associated ATPases and mechanical adaptations of unconventional myosins. (stanford.edu)
Code1
  • Strings elongation continues (at the a speed of approximately 50 nucleotides/sec getting bacterial RNA polymerases) until the chemical experiences an additional code regarding the DNA, new terminator (explained lower than), where polymerase halts and you can launches both DNA layout and you may brand new neat and tidy RNA strings (Step eight in the Profile six-10). (anumanmill.com)
Linear4
  • The formation of cruciform structures in linear DNA is thermodynamically unfavorable due to the possibility of base unstacking at junction points and open regions at loops. (wikipedia.org)
  • Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant and circularly permuted. (lookformedical.com)
  • Its VIRION contains linear double-stranded DNA with single-stranded 12-base 5' sticky ends. (lookformedical.com)
  • It consists of linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and non-permuted. (lookformedical.com)
Ability1
  • The CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease has been widely repurposed as a molecular and cell biology tool for its ability to programmably target and cleave DNA. (stanford.edu)
Alternative1
  • As an alternative, the polymerase and you can DNA both undergo reversible structural changes that impact in a very energetically good condition. (anumanmill.com)
Double1
  • The mechanism of cruciform extrusion occurs through the opening of double stranded DNA to allow for intrastrand base pairing. (wikipedia.org)
Single1
  • DNA unwinding begins within the DUE, followed by DNA synthesis on each of the resulting single-stranded DNA templates. (nih.gov)