Haplogroup genetic chromosomes. Medical search. Frequent questions

How is the paternal haplogroup determined? (tellmegen.com)
What genetic information is used to determine my paternal haplogroup? (tellmegen.com)
The head of the maternal or paternal haplogroup within whom the set of gene variation first occurred. (xcode.life)
Though females do not have a Y chromosome, they would share the same paternal haplogroup with another male member of the direct line (e.g father, brother). (xcode.life)

In 2002, the Y Chromosome Consortium published a single parsimony tree showing the relationships among 153 haplogroups based on 243 binary markers and devised a standardized nomenclature system to name lineages nested within this tree. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)
We describe major changes in the topology of the parsimony tree and provide names for new and rearranged lineages within the tree following the rules presented by the Y Chromosome Consortium in 2002. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)
Differential cultural adaption by populations from the North Lebanese Mountains are clearly aligned with the L1b haplotype STR haplogroup clusters, indicating pre-existing and persistent cultural barriers marked by the transmission of L1b lineages. (nature.com)
2011). Paternal lineages signal distinct genetic contributions from British Loyalists and continental Africans among different Bahamian islands. (scirp.org)
Lineages of Y-chromosome O and C haplogroups in West Asia: signatures of Mongol conquests? (binghamton.edu)
Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba. (blogspot.com)
Strikingly, no Native American lineages were found for the Y-chromosome, for which the Eurasian and African contributions were around 80% and 20%, respectively. (blogspot.com)
In human population genetics, Y-Chromosome haplogroups define the major lineages of direct paternal (male) lines back to a shared common ancestor in Africa. (unionpedia.org)
Since many Y-chromosomal lineages defined in the latest phylogenetic tree of the human Y chromosome in 2008 by the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) are distributed in Western Europe, this study examined whether the new Y-chromosome tree shows greater diversity in the male population in the West-European region of Flanders (Belgium). (ojp.gov)

Female descendants, possessing two X chromosomes, can test only their matriarchal lineage, also known as mitochondrial DNA, or mtDNA. (thenationalnews.com)
In order to investigate the demographic processes that gave rise to the current Cuban population, we analyzed the hypervariable region I (HVS-I) and five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) coding region in 245 individuals, and 40 Y-chromosome SNPs in 132 male individuals. (blogspot.com)
Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. (shakuhachi.net)
These are haplogroups and haplotypes of mitochondrial DNA, Y chromosome and autosomal genetic markers, which were used for the detection of autochthonous Canary genes. (theses.cz)
Results: To shed some light on the paternal and maternal origin of this population, Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation was surveyed in 143 Marsh Arabs and in a large sample of Iraqi controls. (hud.ac.uk)
Genetic Genealogy can trace both mitochondrial DNA and 'Y' chromosome DNA to specific origins and places in past history. (timyoho.us)
There are two kinds of haplogroups: the paternally inherited Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups, and the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups. (timyoho.us)
Hence maternal haplogroups are defined using variants in an individual's mitochondrial DNA. (xcode.life)

Seven thousand five hundred fifty-six (7556) haplotypes of 46 subclades in 17 major haplogroups were considered in terms of their base (ancestral) haplotypes and timespans to their common ancestors, for the purposes of designing of time-balanced haplogroup tree. (scirp.org)
A network analysis indicates that two closely related haplotypes account for a large proportion of Malani Y chromosomes. (bioone.org)
This thesis deals with the characteristics of the indigenous Canary Islands population from a genetic perspective based on the determination of haplogroups and haplotypes of a given geographic origin. (theses.cz)

In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). (wikipedia.org)
Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and types of mutations called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). (wikipedia.org)
The human Y-chromosome accumulates roughly two mutations per generation. (wikipedia.org)
Y-DNA haplogroups represent major branches of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree that share hundreds or even thousands of mutations unique to each haplogroup. (wikipedia.org)
M32) Haplogroup BT (M91, M42, M94, M139, M299) Haplogroup B (M60) Haplogroup CT The defining mutations separating CT (all haplogroups except for A and B) are M168 and M294. (wikipedia.org)
A haplogroup is defined by a series of markers that are shared by other men who carry the same random mutations. (kloek-genealogie.nl)
The special feature that both Y chromosomes and mtDNA display is that gene mutations can accrue along a certain segment of both molecules and these mutations remain fixed in place on the DNA. (timyoho.us)

Here we present an extensively revised Y chromosome tree containing 311 distinct haplogroups, including two new major haplogroups (S and T), and incorporating approximately 600 binary markers. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)
DNA genealogy of major haplogroups of Y chromosome (Part 1). (scirp.org)

Markers on the non-recombining portion of the human Y chromosome continue to have applications in many fields including evolutionary biology, forensics, medical genetics, and genealogical reconstruction. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)
Genetics in general and Genetic Genealogy in particular is quite complicated and difficult to understand by most non scientists. (timyoho.us)

Subclades are defined by a terminal SNP, the SNP furthest down in the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. (wikipedia.org)
Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature is changing over time to accommodate the increasing number of SNPs being discovered and tested, and the resulting expansion of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. (wikipedia.org)
Phylogenetic tree of Y-DNA haplogroups Haplogroup A is the NRY (non-recombining Y) macrohaplogroup from which all modern paternal haplogroups descend. (wikipedia.org)
Here, a phylogenetic tree visualizes the genetic affinity between Lyme disease bacteria isolated from ticks in Binghamton region (white circles/nodes) and bacteria reported from elsewhere according to the bacteria's ospC gene DNA sequences. (binghamton.edu)

It's easily possible to interpret the evidence from modern distribution of Y- and mtDNA haplogroups as indicating the process has happened many times throughout history and prehistory. (blogspot.com)

Our findings highlight the value of uniparental haplogroups and STR haplotype data for elucidating biosocial events among these populations. (nature.com)
The Malanis are characterized by a generally low Y-chromosome haplotype diversity. (bioone.org)
The evidence from Richard III's bones is that Edward and his male-line Plantagenet descendants belonged to the male-line Y chromosome genetic haplotype G (P287) (a subgroup to which I belong as well). (anthonyadolph.co.uk)

The company declined to identify any of the men on the grounds of client privacy, but Mr Greenspan said "several samples came from men in different parts of the Arab world".Genetic testing can trace the maternal or paternal line by mapping the DNA in the sex chromosome passed on by parents. (thenationalnews.com)

A message from this study is that Y chromosome diversity within an already settled territory can indeed be wiped out. (blogspot.com)
Genetic drift and limited gene flow leading to reduced genetic diversity were important in determining the present genetic structure of the highly endogamous Malana village. (bioone.org)
our results show that this haplogroup has significantly higher diversity and coalescent time (17-28 thousand years ago) in southeast Asia, strongly supporting the first of the two hypotheses. (hud.ac.uk)

The Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) developed a system of naming major Y-DNA haplogroups with the capital letters A through T, with further subclades named using numbers and lower case letters (YCC longhand nomenclature). (wikipedia.org)
YCC shorthand nomenclature names Y-DNA haplogroups and their subclades with the first letter of the major Y-DNA haplogroup followed by a dash and the name of the defining terminal SNP. (wikipedia.org)
In such cases, however, the possibility of misidentification is considered to be relatively high and some may belong to misidentified subclades of Haplogroup GHIJK. (wikipedia.org)

In order to trace the origins and migratory patterns that may have led to the genetic isolation and autosomal clustering in some of these communities we analyzed Y-chromosome STR and SNP sample data from 6327 individuals, in addition to whole genome autosomal sample data from 609 individuals, from Mount Lebanon and other surrounding communities. (nature.com)
Studying the combination of these STR lengths in your Y Chromosome allows researchers to place you in a haplogroup, which reveals the complex migratory journeys of your ancestors. (kloek-genealogie.nl)
This usually also points to a specific geographical point since each haplogroup has a definite migratory pattern. (xcode.life)
Besides their common geography and migratory pattern haplogroups are characterized by a de novo mutation. (xcode.life)

We also analyzed 17 Y-chromosome STRs in 30 individuals to assess the paternal gene pool. (bioone.org)
The location on the Y chromosome of each of these markers is depicted in the image, with the number of repeats for each of your STRs presented to the right of the marker. (kloek-genealogie.nl)
Y-SNP: In the event that the analysis of your STRs was inconclusive, your Y chromosome was also tested for the presence of an informative Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP). (kloek-genealogie.nl)

The columns display each project member's kit number, paternal ancestry information according to project settings, the paternal tree branch (haplogroup), and actual STR marker results. (familytreedna.com)
Haplogroup R2, or R-M479, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup characterized by genetic marker M479. (shakuhachi.net)
The genetic markers that define your ancestral history reach back roughly 60,000 years to the first common marker of all non-African men, M168, and follow your lineage to present day ending with M343, the defining marker of Haplogroup R1b. (kloek-genealogie.nl)
Anybody like me who has the same genetic marker knows that they must be cousins of Richard III. (anthonyadolph.co.uk)
same genetic sequence and the same genetic marker (namely: M124). (blogspot.com)

DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. (scirp.org)
Journal of Genetic Genealogy, 5, 186-216. (scirp.org)
Journal of Genetic Genealogy, 5, 217-256. (scirp.org)
Mutation rate constants in DNA genealogy (Y chromosome). (scirp.org)
Technology Review: 2017 was the year consumer DNA testing blew up 'The number of people who have had their DNA analyzed with direct-to-consumer genetic genealogy tests more than doubled during 2017 and now exceeds 12 million, according to industry estimates. (eupedia.com)
Roberta Estes, author of the popular blog www.DNA-eXplained.com is a scientist, National Geographic Genographic affiliate researcher, Million Mito team member, and founding pioneer in the genetic genealogy field. (genealogical.com)
An avid genealogist for the past 40 years, Roberta has written over 1,500 articles about genetic genealogy, many for the Native Heritage Project at www.nativeheritageproject.com. (genealogical.com)
Discover the fascinating world of genetic genealogy! (yourgeneticgenealogist.com)

Autosomal DNA analyses suggest that the North Lebanese Mountain Maronite community possesses an ancestral Fertile Crescent genetic component distinct from other populations in the region. (nature.com)

clarification needed] Y-DNA haplogroups are defined by the presence of a series of Y-DNA SNP markers. (wikipedia.org)
A Texas laboratory says it has isolated genetic markers that may help Muslims determine whether their family tree extends back to the Prophet. (thenationalnews.com)
What's a haplogroup, and why do geneticists concentrate on the Y chromosome in their search for markers? (kloek-genealogie.nl)
This means that any of these markers can be used to determine your particular haplogroup, since every individual who has one of these markers also has the others. (kloek-genealogie.nl)
They are called Genetic Markers and can 'easily' be found in DNA analysis. (timyoho.us)
The mtDNA and Y-DNA haplogroups (mutation markers) are both named according to capitalized letters of the alphabet and numbers such as 'R1 to which we belong. (timyoho.us)
Depending on the sequence of genetic markers that they carry in their cells people can be grouped into specific ancestry DNA haplogroups. (xcode.life)

I just read an interesting post on how 23andMe reported Y haplogroup analysis in the report of a person who always knew that she is a biological woman. (eupedia.com)
Here's a link to the blog: https://mediacenter.23andme.com/press-releases/23andme-granted-first-fda-authorization-direct-consumer-genetic-test-cancer-risk/ While it seems limited at the moment, I'm sure this will open the door to testing of other variants. (eupedia.com)

Whole Y-chromosome sequence analysis of eight R1a and five R1b individuals suggests a divergence time of ∼25 000 (95% CI: 21 300-29 000) years ago and a coalescence time within R1a-M417 of ∼5800 (95% CI: 4800-6800) years. (shakuhachi.net)
When sufficient number of people carry this single base change in their DNA sequence they will together form a haplogroup. (xcode.life)

Analyses of the haplogroups and sub-haplogroups observed in the Marsh Arabs revealed a prevalent autochthonous Middle Eastern component for both male and female gene pools, with weak South-West Asian and African contributions, more evident in mtDNA. (hud.ac.uk)
A higher male than female homogeneity is characteristic of the Marsh Arab gene pool, likely due to a strong male genetic drift determined by socio-cultural factors (patrilocality, polygamy, unequal male and female migration rates). (hud.ac.uk)
In mammals, the Y chromosome contains the gene SRY , which by default triggers male development. (iiab.me)
In mammals, the Y chromosome contains a gene, SRY , which triggers embryonic development as a male. (iiab.me)
Based on these data, the temporal changes of the population genetic pattern over the last centuries within Flanders were studied, and the effects of several past gene flow events were identified. (ojp.gov)
This sex chromosome is responsible for determining sex during the embryo formation process by activating the SRY gene, which will trigger a series of characteristic factors in males, such as the development of testicles during embryogenesis, among others. (tellmegen.com)
New haplogroups are formed when a gene mutation occurs in someone from a particular ancestral clan. (xcode.life)

The majority of European Y chromosomes belong to this clade. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)
Today, roughly 70 percent of the men in southern England belong to haplogroup R1b. (kloek-genealogie.nl)
It's difficult to know how many men worldwide belong to any particular haplogroup, or even how many haplogroups there are, because scientists simply don't have enough data yet. (kloek-genealogie.nl)
Using the Letter and Number Designation, R1b to which we Yoho's belong is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe, reaching over 80% of the population in Ireland, the Scottish Highlands, western Wales, the Atlantic fringe of France and the Basque country. (timyoho.us)

The haplogroups that form today will eventually be able to be traced back to the earliest known person to carry the mutation, just as today's known haplogroups can be traced back to the earliest known person to carry it in the distant past. (xcode.life)

With these various samples, we were able to identify an overlapping signature in their DNA, a common thread for all of them, which is their genetic lineage from the Prophet, if their oral tradition is accurate," said Bennett Greenspan, chief executive of Family Tree DNA, which is said to have amassed one of the largest DNA databases in the world. (thenationalnews.com)
The father passes on the Y chromosome to his son and the mother her X chromosome, so only male descendants can trace both their patriarchal and matriarchal lineage. (thenationalnews.com)

Haplogroup R1 is very common throughout all of Eurasia except East Asia and Southeast Asia. (shakuhachi.net)
Haplogroup R is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of sub-Saharan Africa. (shakuhachi.net)

By examining other bottlenecks most Eurasian men (men from populations outside of Africa) are descended from a man who lived in Africa 69,000 years ago (Haplogroup CT). (wikipedia.org)
formerly E3 Haplogroup E1b1a (V38) Haplogroup E1b1a1 (M2) Found in Africa, especially among Niger-Congo-speaking populations. (wikipedia.org)
formerly E3a Haplogroup E1b1a2 (M329) Found in Africa, especially in Ethiopia among Omotic-speaking populations. (wikipedia.org)
We found that Malanis have lost some genetic variability compared with the present-day cosmopolitan caste populations and highly mobile pastoral cultures of India. (bioone.org)

It is one of two primary descendants of Haplogroup R (R-M207), the other being R1 (R-M173). (shakuhachi.net)

Discover and connect with genetic cousins. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)
These 6 males are distant genetic cousins descended from the same forebear as the subject within the past 1,500 to 2,000 years (Heyer et al. (britam.org)

[35] This was a misnomer, as while the Magyars do have some Turkic genetic and cultural influence, including their historical social structure being of Turkic origin, [36] they still are not widely considered as part of the Turkic people . (cloudfront.net)

Ancestry DNA Haplogroups: What Do They Mean? (xcode.life)
Open access Genetic ancestry changes in Stone to Bronze Age transition in the East European plain , by Saag et al. (indo-european.eu)

We predicted Y-chromosome haplogroups and found that J2 and R1a were the most prevalent. (bioone.org)
However, it is not before many generations that enough people carry the mutation for it to spread, become prevalent to be considered as a haplogroup. (xcode.life)

The X and Y chromosomes are thought to have evolved from a pair of identical chromosomes, [11] [12] termed autosomes, when an ancestral animal developed an allelic variation, a so-called "sex locus" - simply possessing this allele caused the organism to be male. (iiab.me)
Following their arrival to the Americas, ancestral Native Americans diversified into two basal genetic branches around 13 KYA, one that is now dispersed across North and South America and the other is restricted to North America. (dna-explained.com)

The Genetic Genealogist examines the intersection of traditional genealogical techniques and modern genetic research. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)
This page concerns the genetic and genealogical connections of Richard III, whose body we saw carried in procession through Leicestershire to Leicester Cathedral on 22 March. (anthonyadolph.co.uk)
Flanders was selected for the study area since more than 1,000 Y-chromosomes from this area have previously been genotyped at the highest resolution of the 2008 YCC tree and coupled to in-depth genealogical data. (ojp.gov)

formerly E3b Haplogroup E2 (M75) The groups descending from haplogroup F are found in some 90% of the world's population, but almost exclusively outside of sub-Saharan Africa. (wikipedia.org)
The population structure revealed by multidimensional scaling analysis of standard genetic distances lends support to the AMOVA. (bioone.org)
Thus, population genetic patterns can be identified in more detail even in an already well-studied region such as Western Europe. (ojp.gov)

Written by CeCe Moore, an investigative genetic genealogist and television consultant. (yourgeneticgenealogist.com)
Like Blaine Bettinger of The Genetic Genealogist , I have been contacted by many people who were surprised by a significant prediction of Scandinavian in their "Genetic Ethnicity" results that is in conflict with their known family history. (yourgeneticgenealogist.com)

2010). Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: A paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan con- nections and the spread of Chadic languages. (scirp.org)
Haplogroup H1 is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. (shakuhachi.net)
The DNA in the human Y chromosome is composed of about 59 million base pairs. (iiab.me)
With a 30% difference between humans and chimpanzees, the Y chromosome is one of the fastest-evolving parts of the human genome . (iiab.me)

Two of those are called the sex chromosomes, the 'X' and the 'Y'. Females have two of the 'X's' while males have only one, but have the 'Y' chromosome that females lack. (timyoho.us)
Males have one Y chromosome and one X chromosome , while females have two X chromosomes. (iiab.me)
Over time, genes that were beneficial for males and harmful to (or had no effect on) females either developed on the Y chromosome or were acquired through the process of translocation . (iiab.me)
Y chromosome is found exclusively in males (with the exception of individuals with Klinefelter's syndrome). (xcode.life)

BT is a subclade of haplogroup A, more precisely of the A1b clade (A2-T in Cruciani et al. (wikipedia.org)

Haplogroup B is descended from β-haplogroup (and not from haplogroup A, from which it is very distant, and separated by as much as 123,000 years of "lat- eral" mutational evolution) likely migrated to Africa after 46,000 ybp. (scirp.org)
50% of men in Europe are affiliated with haplogroup R. Members of haplogroup R are also widespread in Western,7, 8 Central9 and Southern Asia10, 11 as well as in some parts of the Sahel region of Africa. (shakuhachi.net)

It is entirely coincidental that the Y chromosome, during mitosis, has two very short branches which can look merged under the microscope and appear as the descender of a Y-shape. (iiab.me)

Below is her "Genetic Ethnicity" prediction. (yourgeneticgenealogist.com)

A group of individuals belonging to the same haplogroup can trace their roots back to a common ancestor. (xcode.life)

We observed Y chromosome L1b Levantine STR branching that occurred around 5000 years ago. (nature.com)
It includes a family of Europeoid (Caucasoid) haplogroups from F through T that originated 58,000 ± 5000 ybp. (scirp.org)

Conclusions: Evidence of genetic stratification ascribable to the Sumerian development was provided by the Y-chromosome data where the J1-Page08 branch reveals a local expansion, almost contemporary with the Sumerian City State period that characterized Southern Mesopotamia. (hud.ac.uk)

The male Y-chromosome is handed down from father to son relatively unchanged through the generations. (familytreedna.com)
Y is normally the sex-determining chromosome in many species, since it is the presence or absence of Y that typically determines the male or female sex of offspring produced in sexual reproduction . (iiab.me)
Only at the beginning of 2015 did they finally succeed in the harder task of extracting and identifying Richard III's male line DNA, his Y chromosome. (anthonyadolph.co.uk)
Later, the geneticists might be able to find more detail in his genetic signature so people will be able to tell if they are related to him through the male line much more closely. (anthonyadolph.co.uk)

developmental language disorders are genetic and is therefore caused (at least in part) by the genes passed on from parents to children. (brookes.ac.uk)
Although there is strong evidence for the role of a genetic component in language disorder, we do not know which genes contribute to this disorder or how the inheritance of language problems work. (brookes.ac.uk)
[7] All Y-linked genes are expressed and (apart from duplicated genes) hemizygous (present on only one chromosome) except in the cases of aneuploidy such as XYY syndrome or XXYY syndrome . (iiab.me)
The Y chromosomes of humans and other mammals also contain other genes needed for normal sperm production. (iiab.me)

It was found that African haplogroup A (originated 132,000 ± 12,000 years before present) is very remote time-wise from all other haplogroups, which have a separate common ancestor, named β-haplogroup, and originated 64,000 ± 6000 ybp. (scirp.org)

Working closely with other collaborators active in this field, we aim to identify specific genetic variants that cause this predisposition and to investigate the kinds of biological processes that they take part in. (brookes.ac.uk)

[41] These tribes, who arrived in the region of Morocco around the 12th-13th centuries, and later the Ma'qil in the 14th century, contributed to a more extensive ethnic, genetic, cultural, and linguistic Arabization of Morocco over time, [42] especially beyond the major urban centres and the northern regions which were the main sites of Arabization up to that point. (wikipedia.org)
Each maternal haplogroup traces back to a single mutation at a specific location and time. (xcode.life)

One exception is the Y chromosome, which is passed directly from father to son, unchanged, from generation to generation. (kloek-genealogie.nl)
The nucleus of every cell with the exception of mature red blood corpuscles have 46 chromosomes. (timyoho.us)

Haplogroup G (M201) originated some 48,000 years ago and its most recent common ancestor likely lived 26,000 years ago in the Middle East. (wikipedia.org)
A downstream common ancestor for haplogroup A and β-haplogroup, coined the α-haplogroup emerged 160,000 ± 12,000 ybp. (scirp.org)
Where is haplogroup R most common? (shakuhachi.net)
How common is haplogroup R? (shakuhachi.net)

She realized that the previous idea of Clarence Erwin McClung, that the X chromosome determines sex, was wrong and that sex determination is, in fact, due to the presence or absence of the Y chromosome. (iiab.me)

Evaluation оf the сonvergence оf sets in STR phylogeny and analysis оf the haplogroup R1a1 tree. (scirp.org)
The DNA signature of Marie Antoinette is also said to have been determined, meaning anyone suspecting a genetic link to the former queen of France can confirm their royal roots by testing their mtDNA.Such analysis can create controversy. (thenationalnews.com)
Above are results from the laboratory analysis of your Y-chromosome. (kloek-genealogie.nl)
Since Earl and Gerald's DNA analysis used the 'Y' chromosome, I will focus on that mainly. (timyoho.us)

We also present demography-independent age estimates for 11 of the major clades in the new Y chromosome tree. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)

2009) estimate the age of haplogroup R to 66.8±14.2 kya (95% CI), that is, between roughly 80,000 and 50,000 years ago, with a most likely age near about 65,000 years. (shakuhachi.net)

Anatomy60

Organisms6

Diseases24

Chemicals and Drugs17

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes148

Disciplines and Occupations4

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena8

Humanities2

Information Science6

Named Groups8

Health Care7

Geographicals25

Paternal haplogroup4

Lineages9

Mitochondrial8

Haplotypes3

Mutations7

Major haplogroups2

Genetics2

Phylogenetic tree4

MtDNA haplogroups1

Haplotype3

Maternal or paternal1

Diversity3

Subclades3

Migratory4

STRs3

Marker5

Genealogy8

Autosomal1

Markers7

23andMe2

Sequence2

Gene7

Belong4

Today's1

Lineage2

Eurasia2

Populations4

M1731

Cousins2

Origin1

Ancestry2

Prevalent2

Ancestral2

Genealogical3

Population3

Genealogist2

Human4

Males4

Clade1

Africa2

Branches1

Prediction1

Trace1

50002

Reveals1

Male4

Genes4

Found1

Variants1

Time2

Exception2

Common4

Determination1

Analysis4

Tree1

Roughly1