• For example, DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase observed in E. coli and most other prokaryotes, introduces negative supercoils and decreases the linking number by 2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Along with gyrase, most prokaryotes also contain a second type IIA topoisomerase, termed topoisomerase IV. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gyrase and topoisomerase IV differ by their C-terminal domains, which is believed to dictate substrate specificity and functionality for these two enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Footprinting indicates that gyrase, which forms a 140-base-pair footprint and wraps DNA, introduces negative supercoils, while topoisomerase IV, which forms a 28-base-pair footprint, does not wrap DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Type IIA topoisomerases include the enzymes DNA gyrase, eukaryotic topoisomerase II (topo II), and bacterial topoisomerase IV (topo IV). (wikipedia.org)
  • The structures of the N-terminal ATPase domain of gyrase and yeast topoisomerase II have been solved in complex with AMPPNP (an ATP analogue), showing that two ATPase domains dimerize to form a closed conformation. (wikipedia.org)
  • eukaryotic topoisomerase I and topoisomerase V). These enzymes are primarily responsible for relaxing positively and/or negatively supercoiled DNA, except for reverse gyrase, which can introduce positive supercoils into DNA. (embl.de)
  • Gemifloxacin enters bacterial cells by diffusion through integral membrane porin pathway before targeting both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, two enzymes critical for DNA replication and repair. (illnesshacker.com)
  • Gemifloxacin acts by inhibiting DNA synthesis through the inhibition of both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are essential for bacterial growth. (illnesshacker.com)
  • Like other fluoroquinolone anti-infective agents, gemifloxacin inhibits DNA synthesis in susceptible organisms via inhibition of type II DNA topoisomerases (DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV). (illnesshacker.com)
  • However, unlike many other fluoroquinolones, gemifloxacin targets both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV in susceptible S. pneumoniae. (illnesshacker.com)
  • The response to local changes induced by fluoroquinolone antibiotics, which target DNA gyrase subunit A and/or topoisomerase IV, involves an increase in oxygen radicals which reduces cell viability, while the induction of global supercoiling changes by novobiocin (a DNA gyrase subunit B inhibitor), or by seconeolitsine (a topoisomerase I inhibitor), has revealed the existence of topological domains that specifically respond to such changes. (ucm.es)
  • The control of DNA-supercoiling in S. pneumoniae occurs mainly via the regulation of topoisomerase gene transcription: relaxation triggers the up-regulation of gyrase and the down-regulation of topoisomerases I and IV, while hypernegative supercoiling down-regulates the expression of topoisomerase I. Relaxation affects 13% of the genome, with the majority of the genes affected located in 15 domains. (ucm.es)
  • This makes better substrates for topoisomerase 4 (ParC and ParE) which is the main enzyme that unlinks newly replicated chromosomes in E.coli (PubMed:9334322). (wuxibiortus.com)
  • The enzymatic differences between E.coli gyrase and topoisomerase IV are largely due to the GyrA C-terminal domain (approximately residues 524-841) and specifically the GyrA-box (PubMed:8962066, PubMed:16332690). (wuxibiortus.com)
  • So there are many different types of topoisomerases but we'll be looking at topoisomerase II, also called DNA gyrase, and topoisomerase IV. (osmosis.org)
  • Topoisomerase II plays a role in condensing the chromosomes by making a double strand break in the DNA so that it can be more tightly wound, causing a supercoil. (osmosis.org)
  • Topoisomerase IV plays a role later on, after the chromosome has been replicated, where it causes a double strand break in the DNA so the new DNA strand can be disentangled from the original. (osmosis.org)
  • Like other fluoroquinolone anti-infectives, ciprofloxacin inhibits DNA synthesis in susceptible organisms via inhibition of the enzymatic activities of 2 members of the DNA topoisomerase class of enzymes, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV have distinct essential roles in bacterial DNA replication. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • Topoisomerase IV acts at the terminal states of DNA replication by allowing for separation of interlinked daughter chromosomes so that segregation into daughter cells can occur. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • Although all fluoroquinolones generally are active against both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, the drugs differ in their relative activities against these enzymes. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • The mechanism by which ciprofloxacin's inhibition of DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV results in death in susceptible organisms has not been fully determined. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • The only enzyme that introduces the positive supercoiling in DNA is a reverse gyrase enzyme, which is coupled with a helicase found in archaea and is a type IA topoisomerase. (excedr.com)
  • There are three types: type IIa (examples are DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and human topoisomerase IIɑ and II𝛃), Type IIb, and Type IIC. (excedr.com)
  • Vol. Quinolones The quinolones exert their action by binding to DNA gyrase (bacterial topoisomerase II) and inhibiting its functions. (allforexindicators.com)
  • Type II topoisomerases increase or decrease the linking number of a DNA loop by 2 units, and it promotes chromosome disentanglement. (wikipedia.org)
  • Type IIA topoisomerases consist of several key motifs: an N-terminal GHKL ATPase domain (for gyrase, Hsp, kinase and MutL), a Toprim domain (a Rossmann fold subclass), which exists in both type II topoisomerases, type IA topoisomerases, and bacterial primase (DnaG), a central DNA-binding core (which structurally forms a heart-shaped structure), and a variable C-terminal domain. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA-supercoiling is homeostatically maintained by the opposing activities of relaxing DNA topoisomerases and negative supercoil-inducing DNA gyrase. (ucm.es)
  • Now, quinolones are created to target bacterial topoisomerases, but it was soon discovered that by adding a fluorine molecule to the quinolones, they become more effective. (osmosis.org)
  • at comparable concentrations E.coli gyrase introduces more supercoils faster than M.tuberculosis gyrase, while M.tuberculosis gyrase has higher decatenation than supercoiling activity compared to E.coli (PubMed:22457352). (wuxibiortus.com)
  • Bacterial DNA gyrase introduces negative supercoils into chromosomal DNA and relaxes positive supercoils introduced by replication and transiently by transcription. (york.ac.uk)
  • They target bacterial species and effectively treat infections. (starhealth.in)
  • According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), antibiotics are compounds that are used to treat and prevent bacterial infections. (starhealth.in)
  • Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics that are used to treat various bacterial infections. (starhealth.in)
  • Cephalosporins are beta-lactam antibiotics that are used to treat gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections. (starhealth.in)
  • Cephalosporins are used to treat skin infections, meningitis and other bacterial-resistant infections. (starhealth.in)
  • The emergence of antimicrobial resistance severely threatens our ability to treat bacterial infections. (frontiersin.org)
  • LND and its oral prodrug alalevonadifloxacin have been recently approved in India for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections with concurrent bacteraemia and diabetic foot infections. (vjim.org)
  • 2nd most common bacterial STI STI Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that spread either by vaginal intercourse, anal sex, or oral sex. (lecturio.com)
  • So, in order to treat bacterial infections we can develop antimicrobials that only target prokaryotic cells while leaving our cells mostly unharmed. (osmosis.org)
  • FQs have contributed successfully to the treatment of various bacterial infections, but their widespread use and often misuse, coupled with emerging resistance, have gradually compromised their utility. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because of these advantages, FQs have been widely used against a variety of bacterial infections for about two decades. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Several structural and secreted virulence factors play a role in S. aureus infections, which are multifactorial and depend on bacterial adherence and biofilm formation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We demonstrate that at least 300 gyrase molecules are stably bound to the chromosome at any time, with ~12 enzymes enriched near each replication fork. (york.ac.uk)
  • This identifi cation of plasmid-mediated QnrS (QnrS1 and QnrS2), have been identifi ed in entero- qnr genes outside Enterobacteriaceae underlines a possi- bacterial species, sharing 41% and 60% amino acid identity ble diffusion of those resistance determinants within gram- with QnrA, respectively ( 8 - 10 ). (cdc.gov)
  • We have shown that many Vibrionaceae species may resistance are chromosomally encoded, either a modifi ca- harbor chromosome-encoded qnr -type genes ( 13 ). (cdc.gov)
  • It is well known that expression of certain bacterial genes responds rapidly to such stimuli as exposure to toxic chemicals and physical agents. (biomedcentral.com)
  • S. dysenteriae possesses diverse virulence genes, located on both the chromosome and/or the plasmid. (researchsquare.com)
  • After integration of the T-DNA into the plant chromosomes, expression of genes of the integrated DNA results in unbalanced production of plant hormones, which leads to uncontrolled cell division and consequently to tumour formation. (u-szeged.hu)
  • Moreover, the integrated bacterial genes direct the synthesis of specific molecules, collectively called opines, in the tumour cells. (u-szeged.hu)
  • However, all the above domains overlap, suggesting that the chromosome is organized into topological domains with fixed locations. (ucm.es)
  • Gyrase catalyzes the interconversion of other topological isomers of double-stranded DNA rings, including catenanes (PubMed:22457352). (wuxibiortus.com)
  • To address how gyrase copes with these topological challenges, we used high-speed single-molecule fluorescence imaging in live Escherichia coli cells. (york.ac.uk)
  • Quinolones are broad-spectrum antibacterial agents nate from environmental gram-negative bacterial species, used in human and veterinary medicine. (cdc.gov)
  • This agent binds to the DNA/DNA-gyrase complex and inhibits the A subunits of the enzyme thereby preventing the bacterial chromosome from rejoining. (illnesshacker.com)
  • Gemifloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase, which allows the untwisting required to replicate one DNA double helix into two. (illnesshacker.com)
  • Overlapping the operator sequence, two interesting sequence features, an 18 bp alternating purine-pyrimidine sequence able to form Z-DNA, and a putative gyrase (an enzyme involved in adjusting cellular superhelicity) recognition site were found. (u-szeged.hu)
  • For gyrase, the first polypeptide is called GyrB and the second polypeptide is called GyrA. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA gyrase is a tetramer composed of 2 GyrA and 2 GyrB subunits. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • Chromosome replication is triggered when a nucleoprotein complex, termed the orisome, assembles, unwinds the duplex DNA, and recruits the proteins required to establish new replication forks. (mdpi.com)
  • Analogously, the proteins induced in bacterial cells exposed to antibiotics are believed to affect the organisms' susceptibility to these agents. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The nocR-nocP region was sequenced and sequence analysis revealed that the nocR gene encodes a putative DNA-binding regulatory protein, which belongs to the family of LysR-type bacterial activator proteins, while the nocP gene encodes a putative ABC-type transporter protein which is very likely involved in the uptake of nopaline. (u-szeged.hu)
  • Minimum bacteriocidal concentration is the concentration of the antibiotic that can reduce the bacterial density by 1000 folds at 24 hours. (starhealth.in)
  • Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and Norfloxacin are second-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic in opposition to bacterial DNA gyrase, which reduces DNA pressure all through replication. (plant-gem.org)
  • Gemifloxacin is an oral broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial agent used in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and mild-to-moderate pneumonia. (illnesshacker.com)
  • Given the urgent need for new antibiotics to combat drug-resistant bacteria, it is logical to evaluate whether or not unexploited bacterial processes, such as orisome assembly, should be more closely examined for sources of novel drug targets. (mdpi.com)
  • One of these targets is bacterial DNA, and we call these medications DNA inhibitors or nucleic acid inhibitors. (osmosis.org)
  • In the respiratory samples of the ICU-COV(+) patients, bacterial signatures including Pseudomonas and Streptococcus were found to be correlated with the length of ICU stay. (bvsalud.org)
  • bacterial pink eye) is a bacterial infection of the eye which causes inflammation or swelling of the conjunctiva, Neofloxin D eye drops is indicated for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis caused by susceptible isolates of the following microorganisms:Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mitis group, Streptococcus pneumoniae and others. (pharmacily.com)
  • When using CILOXAN eye drops one should take into account the risk of rhinopharyngeal passage which can contribute to the occurrence and the diffusion of bacterial resistance. (medicines.org.uk)
  • However, the bacterial species have developed a resistance to tetracyclines, according to data published in an NCBI article. (starhealth.in)
  • It is plausible that the unreasonable antibiotics usage can induce the development of bacterial resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2020. Microorganisms 8(6): Next-Generation Sequencing of the Whole Bacterial Genome for Tracking Molecular Insight into the Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Resistance of Helicobacter pylori Clinical Isolates from the Democratic Republic of Congo. (mcmaster.ca)
  • In prokaryotes, gyrase is an antibacterial target. (wikipedia.org)
  • The MORC family contains a combination of a gyrase, histidine kinase, and MutL (GHKL) and S5 domains that together constitute a catalytically active ATPase module. (beds.ac.uk)
  • It is widely used against bacterial species like gram-positive cocci, gram-positive rods and gram-negative cocci. (starhealth.in)
  • Among 46 MAGs retrieved, 18 bacterial species were identified, including one novel genus/species combination ( Kalamiella piersonii ) and one novel bacterial species ( Methylobacterium ajmalii ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phylogenetic analyses of five bacterial species showed ISS-specific evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because of its non-basic side chain, LND remains in the unionised form in acidic pH, which facilitates its entry into the bacterial cell. (vjim.org)
  • DNA gyrase also facilitates DNA replication by removing positive super helical twists. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • The main difference between plasmid and transposon is that plasmid transfer genetic material between genomes whereas transposon transfer genetic material between chromosomes within the same genome . (pediaa.com)
  • A plasmid refers to a genetic element that replicates independently of the chromosomes. (pediaa.com)
  • All bacterial cells must duplicate their genomes prior to dividing into two identical daughter cells. (mdpi.com)
  • The recommended duration of treatment with TYGACIL for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia is to 14 days. (drugcentral.org)
  • Due to the presence of just one replication origin in bacterial DNA, only two replication forks are generated during replication. (microbiologynote.com)
  • His research focuses on how multi-subunit assemblies use adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for transferring energy within the chromosome and controlling the flow of genetic information. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Plasmids and transposons are two types of mobile genetic elements, which are involved in the transfer of genetic material between genomes and chromosomes respectively. (pediaa.com)
  • Its examples are bacterial toxins MccB17, ParE, and YacG. (excedr.com)
  • Obviously, the initiation of chromosome replication is essential to bacterial reproduction, but this process is not inhibited by any of the currently-used antimicrobial agents. (mdpi.com)
  • We analyzed the bacterial and fungal taxonomic profiles and loads of 232 gut and respiratory samples and we measured the blood levels of Interleukin 6, IgG, and IgM in COVID-19 patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • During their ICU stay, the patients experienced increased bacterial and fungal loads, drastic decreased bacterial richness, and progressive changes in bacterial and fungal taxonomic profiles. (bvsalud.org)
  • Additionally, in a phylogenetic tree versions from the same bacterial lineage (e.g. proteobacteria) often do not group together. (beds.ac.uk)
  • The antibiotics function by inhibiting cell reproduction, destroying bacterial cells, or altering a necessary cellular function within the cell. (starhealth.in)
  • Self-replication in bacterial cells c. (testfellow.com)
  • Dwell times of ~2 s were observed for the dispersed gyrase molecules, which we propose maintain steady-state levels of negative supercoiling of the chromosome. (york.ac.uk)
  • Condensin, an SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) protein complex, extrudes DNA loops using an ATP-dependent mechanism that remains to be elucidated. (bvsalud.org)
  • They are developing atomic-level models that explain how chemical energy is transduced into force and motion, and how dynamic assemblies control DNA replication, gene expression, chromosome superstructure, and other essential nucleic-acid transactions. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The ccd B gene is incorporated into the cloning site of Zero Background vectors.The CcdB protein poisons bacterial gyrase, causing degradation of the hose chromosome and cell death. (thermofisher.com)
  • It is used in adults and in children aged 6 months and older to treat Otitis media (infection of the middle Eye & Ear) with draining Eye & Ear tubes (tympanostomy tubes) of bacterial origin. (pharmacily.com)