Guanosine triphosphate cell biology microtubules. Medical search. Frequent questions

A few years later, McIntosh published a study in 1984 on how tubulin moves in mammalian cells with a focus on the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
To study the movements in tubulin in cells during mitosis and interphase, McIntosh used two imaging methods: labeled (dichlorotriazinyl-aminofluorescein or DTAF-) tubulin and fluorescence redistribution (or recovery) after photobleaching (or FRAP). (wikipedia.org)
Using the labeled tubulin, McIntosh observed how quickly the freely-added labeled tubulin was polymerized to the existing microtubule structures in the cell. (wikipedia.org)
It was noted that measuring the tubulin addition in interphase was difficult due to the lack of structures, while it was more observable in a mitotic cell. (wikipedia.org)
Overall, the redistribution or movement of the labeled tubulin in cells undergoing mitosis was much faster than the redistribution observed for cells in interphase. (wikipedia.org)
However, the FtsZ protein that plays such a vital role in prokaryotic cytokinesis is structurally and functionally very similar to tubulin, the building block of the microtubules that make up the mitotic spindle fibers that are necessary for eukaryotes. (opentextbc.ca)
FtsZ proteins can form filaments, rings, and other three-dimensional structures resembling the way tubulin forms microtubules, centrioles, and various cytoskeleton components. (opentextbc.ca)
In addition, both FtsZ and tubulin employ the same energy source, GTP (guanosine triphosphate), to rapidly assemble and disassemble complex structures. (opentextbc.ca)
Several different polycations have been found that can substitute for the microtubule-associated proteins, or tau factor, in facilitating assembly of tubulin that has been purified by ion exchange chromatography. (duke.edu)
When conditions are changed to favor assembly, the tubulin within these clusters appears to reassemble to form the double wall microtubules. (duke.edu)
The pivotal structure of the primary cilia is a microtubule that is generated via tubulin polymerization reaction that occurs in the basal body. (biomedcentral.com)
Bex1 recombinant protein shows binding capacity to guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and forms the condensate that facilitates tubulin polymerization in the reconstituted system. (biomedcentral.com)
Microtubules are polymers of the protein tubulin. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
The FtsZ protein active in prokaryote cell division is very similar to tubulin in the structures it can form and its energy source. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
Eribulin inhibits the growth phase of microtubules without affecting the shortening phase and sequesters tubulin into nonproductive aggregates. (shu.edu)
Eribulin exerts its effects via a tubulin-based antimitotic mechanism leading to G2/M cell-cycle block, disruption of mitotic spindles, and, ultimately, apoptotic cell death after prolonged mitotic blockage. (shu.edu)
The microtubule protein tubulin regulates adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase Cβ 1 (PLCβ 1 ) signaling via transactivation of the G-protein subunits Gαs, Gαi1, and Gαq. (jneurosci.org)
A specific and time-dependent association of tubulin with plasma membranes was observed when SK-N-SH cells were treated with carbachol. (jneurosci.org)
In SK-N-SH cells, carbachol induced a rapid and transient translocation of tubulin to the plasma membrane, microtubule reorganization, and a change in cell shape as demonstrated by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. (jneurosci.org)

McIntosh's research career looks at a variety of things, including different parts of mitosis, microtubules, and motor proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, McIntosh is very interested in the role of microtubules and motor proteins in this process. (wikipedia.org)
Mitotic spindles, composed of microtubules and other proteins, ensure that each of the two new cells during cell division both get one copy of every chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
Formation of the FtsZ ring triggers the accumulation of other proteins that work together to recruit new membrane and cell-wall materials to the site. (opentextbc.ca)
Its functions include energy transfer in cells (can be readily converted into ATP), genetic translation, instability in microtubule dynamics, and translocation of proteins in mitochondria. (excedr.com)
During the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle, the nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery must tirelessly zigzag between the nucleus and cytoplasm while directing other proteins to the correct subcellular compartment. (silverchair.com)
Instead, Ran and its associated proteins shift their focus from nuclear transport to the regulation of microtubule dynamics. (silverchair.com)
Together, these proteins comprise an enzymatic cycle by which Ran binds GTP, hydrolyzes it to GDP (due to the activity of Ran-GAP1), releases the GDP (due to RCC1 activity), and rebinds GTP (due to the presence of a relatively high GTP concentration in the cell). (silverchair.com)
FtsZ proteins assemble into a ring that pinches the cell in two. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
These pathways involve proteins, enzymes, and receptors to coordinate the movement of cells. (facts.net)
C-2 exhibits cytotoxic effect on bladder cancer cells, and JNK activated by C-2 triggers autophagy and up-regulates SQSTM1/p62 proteins, contributing to activation of Nrf2 pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Utilization of JNK inhibitor SP600125 or knockdown of JNK by siRNA potentiate the cytotoxicity of C-2 through down-regulation of p62 and LC3II proteins and up-regulation of active-Caspase3 proteins, enhance the cell death effect, facilitating the switch from autophagy to apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
d Active-casepase 3, PARP and CF-PARP proteins expression were detected by western blotting at a dose- and time- dependent manner in BIU87 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Such processes require membrane traffic to particular domains of the cell surface, in order to insert proteins at restricted regions of the membrane, to enlarge particular regions of the cell membrane, or to signal asymmetrically to neighboring cells. (sdbonline.org)
Within neurons, multiple pathways are known to transport proteins and transmitters to the cell surface. (sdbonline.org)
Two important pathways were examined in the current study: (1) a basic pathway of exocytosis that brings new proteins to the cell surface and permits the cell to grow, and (2) synaptic transmission, a specialized form of exocytosis, regulated by Ca 2+ entry, in which vesicles already present at synapses fuse with the membrane and recycle locally (Murthy, 2003). (sdbonline.org)
A microtubule-based process that is mediated by motor proteins and results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other particles along microtubules. (systemsbiology.net)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at millimolar levels has recently been implicated in the solubilization of cellular proteins. (waseda.jp)
Single-cell imaging of ATP-reduced yeast mutants revealed that ATP levels in these mutants underwent stochastic and transient depletion, which promoted the cytotoxic aggregation of endogenous proteins and pathogenic proteins, such as huntingtin and α-synuclein. (waseda.jp)
The 70 or so members of the Rab subfamily of proteins perform a wide range of important tasks inside cells. (elifesciences.org)

Mitosis is the process of cell division that includes distinct movements of chromosomes in the cell and formation of mitotic spindles. (wikipedia.org)
After the chromosomes are separated, then the cells are able to completely separate as well through cytokinesis. (wikipedia.org)
After that, chromosomes move towards the middle of the cell (metaphase plate) and the two copies separate during anaphase. (wikipedia.org)
The polarity of microtubules is essential to generate the force needed to separate the chromosomes during mitosis, but at the time it was difficult to determine what the polarity is. (wikipedia.org)
Some of the possible functions that McIntosh suggested kinesin may have in mitosis are that they move chromosomes down microtubules or move microtubules in different areas within the mitotic spindle. (wikipedia.org)
As the cell elongates, the growing membrane aids in the transport of the chromosomes. (opentextbc.ca)
After the chromosomes have cleared the midpoint of the elongated cell, cytoplasmic separation begins. (opentextbc.ca)
Moreover, the implication that the active form of Ran is concentrated in the vicinity of chromosomes suggests that these findings may resolve the long-standing question of how chromosomes can influence spindle assembly in the absence of microtubule-nucleating organelles (i.e., as in plant mitosis or mammalian meiosis). (silverchair.com)
The mitotic spindle separates the chromosomes and elongates the cell. (opentextbooks.org.hk)

The cytoskeleton, which is composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, provides structural support and aids in cell movement. (facts.net)
Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. (wustl.edu)

The formation of the primary cilium starts with the migration of centrioles to the cell surface. (biomedcentral.com)
The centrioles contain nine microtubule triplets and mature into a centrosome that is referred to as a basal body in the context of ciliogenesis [ 22 , 23 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Besides acting as a building block in DNA replication, dGTP also acts as a metabolite in several biological processes and an essential raw material in molecular biology, biochemistry, and biotechnology laboratories to perform in vitro biochemical reactions, such as PCR . (excedr.com)

Kinesin, a motor protein found to move around vesicles in the cell, was recently discovered on another paper published the same year. (wikipedia.org)
a The expression levels of C-2-induced autophagy related protein Beclin-1, LC3, p62, ATG3, ATG5 and ATG7 were detected by western blotting in BIU87 and EJ cells at the indicated concentrations or treated with 4 μM of C-2 at the indicated time points. (biomedcentral.com)
b The expression levels of C-2-induced autophagy related protein Beclin-1, p62 and LC3 were detected by western blotting in EJ cells at the indicated concentrations. (biomedcentral.com)
Another distinction that has been drawn contrasts the constitutive and the regulated pathways to distinguish the ongoing transport of protein and lipid to the cell surface from the ability to secrete hormones and transmitters in response to specific stimuli. (sdbonline.org)
This family consists of cell division protein FtsZ, a GTPase found in. (systemsbiology.net)

The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. (lookformedical.com)

Messenger RNA (mRNA) regulates cell proliferation. (biosyn.com)
Binding of one molecule of eribulin to two microtubules can inhibit cell proliferation by 50%, and such binding is reversible. (shu.edu)
Estrogens stimulate the proliferation and the differentiation of breast epithelial cells through the activation of downstream mitogenic signaling pathways, namely via the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ. (scirp.org)
Substantial expression levels of class I HDACs correlated with tumour dedifferentiation and increased proliferative fractions in urothelial carcinoma, that is in line with in vitro scientific studies showing that large HDAC activity leads to tumour dedifferentiation and enhanced tumour cell proliferation. (narturalproduct.com)

Because eribulin selectively binds with highly affinity to only microtubule plus ends, a small number of molecules can exert antitumor effect through microtubule inhibition. (shu.edu)
It reveals a series of molecular mechanisms about SP600125 potentiate the cytotoxicity and tumor inhibition of C-2 in bladder cancer cells through promoting C-2-induced apoptosis, expecting it provides research basis and theoretical support for new drugs development. (biomedcentral.com)

The single, circular DNA chromosome of bacteria is not enclosed in a nucleus, but instead occupies a specific location, the nucleoid, within the cell. (opentextbc.ca)
As the chromosome is replicated, the two copies move to opposite ends of the cell by an unknown mechanism. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
The centrosome cycle (1 or 2 MTOC indicates microtubule organizing centers) is shown to be coordinated with the DNA/chromosome cycle (2N or 4N DNA content). (shu.edu)

One of McIntosh's earlier studies in the field of cell biology is in 1974, where his team published a paper on the structures of flagella of Pyrsonympha, an organism found in termites. (wikipedia.org)
Cells possess cilia, which are hair-like structures that modulate and sense the extracellular environment. (biomedcentral.com)
Recent findings by several groups have shown that the GTP-bound form of Ran is necessary for the nucleation and organization of microtubule structures during M phase. (silverchair.com)
02 Cytoskeletal structures are key players in cell motility. (facts.net)
During embryogenesis, cells move and migrate to establish tissue layers and form complex structures. (facts.net)
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. (systemsbiology.net)

On the other hand, regulation of mitochondrial dynamics is essential for CNS health maintenance and leading to the induction of IL-10 and reduction of TNF-α secretion, increased cell viability and diminished cell injury in addition to reduced oxidative stress. (frontiersin.org)
Disturbances in mitochondrial dynamics may influence many cellular and molecular pathways, as calcium-dependent immune activation, transcription factors phosphorylation, cytokine secretion, organelle transference and even cell death. (frontiersin.org)
HALAVEN contains eribulin mesylate, a microtubule dynamics inhibitor. (shu.edu)

the cytoplasmic contents must also be divided to give both new cells the machinery to sustain life. (opentextbc.ca)
How does the cytoplasmic microtubule-based motor dynein move? (biosyn.com)

With the aim of revealing the molecular machinery underlying juvenile-predominant capacities, we identified juvenility-associated genes (JAGs) as genes that are selectively highly expressed in juvenile cells [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The antimicrobial wasp Polybia-MP1 peptide selectively kills bacterial cells! (biosyn.com)
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with GTP, guanosine triphosphate. (systemsbiology.net)

In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the outcome of cell reproduction is a pair of daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. (opentextbc.ca)

Microfilaments form a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell in two. (opentextbooks.org.hk)

Most of McIntosh's work focuses on the process of mitosis in the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Lastly, in telophase, the cell is wrapping up the stages of mitosis with creating a new nuclear envelope. (wikipedia.org)
Prokaryotic cells, on the other hand, do not undergo mitosis and therefore have no need for a mitotic spindle. (opentextbc.ca)
Similar to these drugs, eribulin is a microtubule inhibitor that induces apoptosis of cancer cells by stopping mitosis in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle . (shu.edu)

Because eribulin strongly binds only to this unique site involved in microtubule polymerization, eribulin produces antitumor activity at much lower drug concentrations than conventional microtubule inhibitors. (shu.edu)
Therefore, compound 7 g was selected and given chemical name of C-2 to further research autophagy mechanism and its effect on bladder cancer cells and to evaluate its antitumor activities in this study. (biomedcentral.com)
Among these derivatives, 8a exhibited more than 10-fold antiproliferation activity in several tumor cells than KX01 and significantly improved in vivo antitumor effects. (mirnainhibitors.com)

FtsZ is a GTPase that is similar to the eukaryotic tubulins and is essential for cell division in. (systemsbiology.net)

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or assembly within or outside a cell. (systemsbiology.net)

More importantly, the cells rely on fetuin-A-TLR4 signaling network for growth and invasion because the specific TLR4 inhibitor CLI-095 (resatorvid) abrogates fetuin-A mediated growth and invasion. (preprints.org)
BRD4 inhibitor expanded CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations and reduced the population of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs). (preprints.org)

It has been implicated in host defense and cancer biology, but signaling mechanisms downstream of CD38 remain unclear. (bvsalud.org)
During recovery, counterregulatory mechanisms take place, and the activated cells return to the homeostatic state. (frontiersin.org)
Conversely, these mechanisms demand high energy consumption, promoting important metabolic changes in the cell. (frontiersin.org)
Cell motility can occur through various mechanisms, including crawling, swimming, and amoeboid-like movements. (facts.net)
Cell motility is a fascinating area of study that continues to unravel the intricate mechanisms behind the movement of cells. (facts.net)
Through intricate mechanisms and molecular machinery, cells are able to move and navigate their environments in order to perform crucial functions. (facts.net)
The underlying mechanisms and anticancer effect of C-2 in bladder cancer cells were investigated by MTT, western blotting, immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays. (biomedcentral.com)
The Teaching Resource Centre (TRC) Pharmacology Database is a teaching website for a better understanding of drug mechanisms, primarily focussing on (bio)medical or students Biopharmaceutical Sciences. (trc-p.nl)

In this article, we will cover the functions of dGTP, how it performs those functions, its structural characteristics, and how it is different from GTP (guanosine triphosphate). (excedr.com)

C-2 significantly reduced the viabilities of human bladder cancer cells and induced apoptosis associated with the mitochondrial pathway. (biomedcentral.com)

Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire. (wustl.edu)

J. Richard McIntosh is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology at the University of Colorado Boulder. (wikipedia.org)

J Cell Biol (1999) 146 (6): 1205-1210. (silverchair.com)
A role for the complex in mammalian synapse formation and neurite outgrowth has been suggested by the early presence of Sec6/Sec8 immunoreactivity at sites of synaptogenesis in culture (Hazuka, 1999) and the impairment of neurite outgrowth with dominant-negative forms of sec10 and sec8 in PC12 cells (Vega, 2001). (sdbonline.org)

The cell division process of prokaryotes, called binary fission, is a less complicated and much quicker process than cell division in eukaryotes. (opentextbc.ca)
A survey of cell-division machinery in present-day unicellular eukaryotes reveals crucial intermediary steps to the complex mitotic machinery of multicellular eukaryotes. (opentextbc.ca)
Table 6.1 Mitotic Spindle Evolution The mitotic spindle fibers of eukaryotes are composed of microtubules. (opentextbooks.org.hk)

More than just power houses of the cells ( 10 ), the role of mitochondria have been remarkably appreciated and revisited. (frontiersin.org)

The same phenomenon was observed with membranes from Sf9 cells, expressing a recombinant PLCβ 1 cascade. (jneurosci.org)

Cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of C-2 for 24 h and 4 μM of C-2 at indicated time points. (biomedcentral.com)
BIU87 cells were treated with vehicle control or varying concentrations of C-2 for 24 h. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, the role of a new autophagy inducer Jaspine B derivative C-2 in suppressing bladder cancer cells was researched in vitro and in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
And in that article, another compound 7 g (Fig. 1 a, Fig. 2 ) also has significant cytotoxicity and could induce cell autophagy, due to the efficiency of Jaspine B derivatives was investigated in bladder cancer cells rarely, and the specific autophagy effect of compound 7f in PC3 cells had not been investigated deeply. (biomedcentral.com)
b The effect of C-2 in reducing cell viabilities of bladder cancer cells (BIU87, EJ and 5637) measured by MTT assay. (biomedcentral.com)
C-2 induced autophagy of bladder cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Despite the growth inhibi tory effects of HDAC i demonstrated in many cell lines such as bladder cancer cells, a broad expression ana lysis of this beautiful target hasn't been carried out yet. (narturalproduct.com)

The Kds of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), GMP, and cap derivatives interactions with eIF4E were determined. (biosyn.com)
Our previous study reported that a new series of Jaspine B derivatives were designed and synthesized, among them, compound 7f was discovered as an autophagy inducer is associated with the up-regulation of LC3 and Beclin-1, and showed the best overall cytotoxicity on PC-3 cells [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Subsequently, further distinctions in trafficking pathways have been invoked to explain different forms of regulation and fusion at different domains of the cell. (sdbonline.org)

Such cells are described as disseminated tumor cells (DTC) (Sosa et al. (biomedcentral.com)
2014 ) or sometimes as circulating tumor cells (CTC) (Kim et al. (biomedcentral.com)

Taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel) bind to the inner surface of microtubules and promote microtubule lengthening (polymerization), while inhibiting microtubule shortening (depolymerization). (shu.edu)
Vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine, etc.) bind to microtubule plus ends and the outer surface of microtubules, inhibiting microtubule lengthening (polymerization) as well as shortening (depolymerization) (Figure 2B). (shu.edu)
In contrast, eribulin binds to only microtubule plus ends and inhibits only microtubule lengthening (polymerization), without affecting shortening (depolymerization). (shu.edu)

Under conditions favorable to microtubule assembly the entire pellet is seen by electron microscopy to consist of 'double wall microtubules', which are essentially identical to normal microtubules in subunit structure and arrangement. (duke.edu)
Malignant tumors consist of cancer cells and tumor-associated host cells, both participating in invasion and distant metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)

For unicellular organisms, cell division is the only method to produce new individuals. (opentextbc.ca)
In unicellular organisms, daughter cells are individuals. (opentextbc.ca)
dGTP is a nucleoside triphosphate having extensive roles and uses in organisms and in vitro lab workflows. (excedr.com)
Cell motility enables the proper formation of organs and organisms, ensuring normal development. (facts.net)
Thus, the exocyst complex in yeast may provide a model for the directed membrane traffic of developing cells in higher organisms (Murthy, 2004 and references therein). (sdbonline.org)

Cell movement is not a static event but rather a dynamic process that involves continuous changes in cell shape, adhesion, and cytoskeletal rearrangement. (facts.net)

The overexpression of eIF4E leads to accelerated cell division and malignant transformation. (biosyn.com)

When it comes to the fascinating world of biology, one topic that never fails to intrigue scientists and researchers alike is cell motility. (facts.net)
In this article, we will delve into the exciting realm of cell motility and explore 10 fascinating facts that shed light on this captivating subject. (facts.net)
From the intricate machinery involved in cell movement to the different types of motility exhibited by various cell types, prepare to be amazed by the incredible complexity and versatility of biological locomotion. (facts.net)
01 Cell motility is essential for wound healing. (facts.net)
03 Cell motility is crucial for embryonic development. (facts.net)
04 Cells use different modes of motility. (facts.net)
05 Cell motility is regulated by signaling pathways. (facts.net)
06 Cell motility is crucial for immune response. (facts.net)
07 Cell motility plays a role in cancer metastasis. (facts.net)
08 Cell motility is influenced by extracellular factors. (facts.net)
09 Cell motility can be studied using advanced imaging techniques. (facts.net)
10 Cell motility is a dynamic process. (facts.net)
Through cell motility, these cells are able to close the wound and facilitate tissue regeneration, ensuring proper healing. (facts.net)
These dynamic filaments undergo continuous reorganization to drive cell motility. (facts.net)
Each mode of motility is tailored to the specific needs and environment of the cells. (facts.net)
Intricate signaling pathways control cell motility, allowing cells to respond to external cues and communicate with neighboring cells. (facts.net)
White blood cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, rely on cell motility to reach the site of infection or injury. (facts.net)
Cancer cells gain the ability to migrate and invade surrounding tissues through altered cell motility. (facts.net)
The extracellular matrix, neighboring cells, and chemical gradients in the environment all impact cell motility. (facts.net)
Scientists employ cutting-edge imaging technologies, such as live-cell microscopy and high-resolution microscopy, to visualize and study the intricate details of cell motility at a microscopic level. (facts.net)
The 10 fascinating facts about cell motility presented here merely scratch the surface of this captivating field. (facts.net)
Cell motility is a fascinating and essential process in biology. (facts.net)

Additionally, in many of the works outlined below, McIntosh commonly uses electron tomography to image and study the cells. (wikipedia.org)

This illustration shows the proposed relative location of the 2 known cell cycle arrest points in cells with MTD (microtubule damage). (shu.edu)
LKB1 is a serine/threonine kinase mutated in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), implicated in many cellular processes including energy metabolism, cell polarization and cell cycle arrest and has also been shown to play an essential role as a tumor suppressor gene by negatively regulating the mTOR pathway. (scirp.org)

To achieve the outcome of identical daughter cells, some steps are essential. (opentextbc.ca)

These 11 genes are involved in several different cellular processes, including sugar transport, salt signaling, cell wall organization, and hormone signaling. (biomedcentral.com)

As the new double strands are formed, each origin point moves away from the cell-wall attachment toward opposite ends of the cell. (opentextbc.ca)

CD38 is a cell surface receptor capable of generating calcium-mobilizing second messengers. (bvsalud.org)
This was studied in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells, which possess a muscarinic receptor-regulated PLCβ 1 -signaling pathway. (jneurosci.org)
Our data suggest that fetuin-A overexpression significantly enhances the invasive potential of the cells and also the expression of Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) on these cells. (preprints.org)

The reason is because many immune-related receptors and molecules are extensively produced by these cells, not only during disease but also during physiological processes ( 3 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
The identification, therefore, of the molecules required for directed membrane traffic will be important for understanding organismal development and cell-cell signaling (Murthy, 2004). (sdbonline.org)

In prophase, the DNA starts to package itself for division and microtubules reorganize to prepare to form the mitotic spindle. (wikipedia.org)
Each of the deoxynucleoside triphosphates, including dGTP, forms a phosphodiester bond to form new strands of DNA, using DNA polymerase enzyme and energy. (excedr.com)
These cells form ecosystems at the primary and at the metastatic site, mutually communicating with one another and with stem cell-generating organs such as the bone marrow. (biomedcentral.com)
Metastatic cancer cells are released from the primary tumor or from other metastases, at an undefined moment of its development, to arrive in the circulation and home at distant sites, where the ecosystem permits them to survive and either remain dormant as micro-metastases or grow to form macro-metastases (Mareel et al. (biomedcentral.com)

Such treatment was associated with upregulation of invasion- and inflammation-promoting soluble factors, such as matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), its activator MMP14, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), the latter two being linked to the recruitment of the monocytic cells. (biomedcentral.com)

A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. (lookformedical.com)

McIntosh's team uses basal bodies and HeLa cells to study how protofilaments 'hook' onto them-either in right-handedness or left-handedness-in vitro to determine polarity. (wikipedia.org)

Bex1 shows cell density-dependent accumulation as a condensate either in nucleoli at a low cell density or at the apical cell surface at a high cell density. (biomedcentral.com)
While the bud is growing, there is almost no increase in the surface area of the mother cell, indicating that all membrane addition occurs at the bud tip. (sdbonline.org)

Directed membrane traffic is essential for many developmental processes, including cell growth, cytokinesis and signaling between cells. (sdbonline.org)
[2] Enzyme inhibitors also control essential enzymes such as proteases or nucleases that, if left unchecked, may damage a cell. (wikipedia.org)

The expression of eIF4E influences cell growth and phenotype. (biosyn.com)
In vivo study, C-2 suppresses tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model of EJ cells without observed toxicity. (biomedcentral.com)
Recruitment of CD11b + CD11c + myelomonocytic cells to the metastatic site was also found after whole thorax irradiation at a dose of 15 Gy of mice that significantly enhanced seeding and metastatic growth of intravenously injected cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Yeast cells use an anisotropic secretory apparatus for polarized growth at a selected bud site. (sdbonline.org)
The present studies were undertaken to address the role of fetuin-A in the growth and invasion potential in a triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, MDA-MB-468. (preprints.org)
We also determined the adhesion and growth potential of the cells in the presence of only fetuin-A in serum free medium and also in complete medium. (preprints.org)

The ability of cells to move is a fundamental process that plays a crucial role in various biological phenomena, such as organ development, immune response, wound healing, and even cancer metastasis. (facts.net)
Enzyme inhibitors play an important role in all cells, since they are generally specific to one enzyme each and serve to control that enzyme's activity. (wikipedia.org)

therefore, the process of cell division is simplified. (opentextbc.ca)
When we get injured, the process of wound healing involves the migration of cells to the site of injury. (facts.net)
They associate with microtubule bundles (MICROTUBULES) and are believed to produce mechanical force via a process linked to GTP hydrolysis. (lookformedical.com)

Anatomy40

Organisms18

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs112

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes52

Disciplines and Occupations11

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Humanities2

Information Science5

Health Care2

Tubulin19

Proteins20

Chromosomes9

Cytoskeleton2

Centrioles2

Molecular biology1

Protein5

Signal transduction1

Proliferation4

Inhibition2

Chromosome3

Structures6

Dynamics3

Cytoplasmic2

Selectively3

Eukaryotic cells1

Microfilaments1

Mitosis4

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FtsZ1

Molecule1

Inhibitor2

Mechanisms8

Structural1

Apoptosis1

Biochemistry1

Developmental Biology1

19992

Eukaryotes3

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Concentrations2

Bladder cancer cells5

Derivatives2

Regulation1

Tumor cells2

Polymerization3

Consist2

Organisms5

Cytoskeletal1

Malignant1

Motility22

Electron1

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Identical1

Organization1

Opposite ends of the cell1

Receptor3

Molecules2

Form4

Monocytic1

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Basal1

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Essential2

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Role2

Process3