• The mechanism of action of a mitogen is that it triggers signal transduction pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), leading to mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we report a role for the phylogenetically ancient mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in mouse sex determination. (plos.org)
  • This mutant, which we called boygirl ( byg ), was shown to contain an early stop codon that disrupts the autosomal gene encoding MAP3K4, a component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. (plos.org)
  • These effects required the activation of the Akt and Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways as well as IGF-I-induced Akt- and MAPK-dependent phosphorylation of paxillin, which relocated at dynamic focal adhesions and was necessary for promoting motility in bladder cancer cells. (unimib.it)
  • An activating hotspot mutation occurs at V600E and results in constitutive MAPK signalling and uncontrolled cellular growth. (hindawi.com)
  • G protein-coupled receptors can activate Erk MAPK pathways through a variety of mechanisms, including stimulation of Src, phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3-K), protein kinase C (PKC), or the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor tyrosine kinase. (aspetjournals.org)
  • SWCNTs induce fibrogenesis through reactive oxygen species-regulated phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). (cdc.gov)
  • Activation of p38 MAPK by SWCNTs led to the induction of transforming growth factor (TGF)-b1 as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). (cdc.gov)
  • The disorder is caused by a dominantly inherited FGFR3 mutation that permanently activates the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) and its downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. (medscape.com)
  • Further mechanistic studies revealed that these functions were controlled by the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) interacting protein kinase (MNK) signaling pathways, which regulate which mRNAs will be translated. (lu.se)
  • It, combined with the Ras pathway, downregulate cyclin D1, a cyclin-dependent kinase, if they are not stimulated by the presence of mitogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein kinase domain found on mitogenic receptors is often hyperactivated in cancer cells, remaining turned on even in the absence of external mitogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • One such example is HER2, a receptor tyrosine kinase that responds to the mitogen EGF. (wikipedia.org)
  • These are known as hormone-dependent breast cancers, as the kinase activation in these cancers is connected to exposure to both growth factors and estradiol. (wikipedia.org)
  • The byg mutation is an A to T transversion causing a premature stop codon in the gene encoding MAP3K4 (also known as MEKK4), a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase. (plos.org)
  • BRAF is a protein kinase and part of the MAP kinase signalling cascade which involves transduction of a growth signal from the cell membrane to the nucleus via a chain of protein kinases and is responsible for cellular proliferation and survival. (hindawi.com)
  • It is an integral component of the MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase cascade. (hindawi.com)
  • The mitogen-activated protein kinase homolog, WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 1 (WNK1), is activated downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor during decidualization. (bioone.org)
  • SP600125 inhibited interleukin-1β-induced JNK activity and activator protein-1 activation, but it did not affect the activation of extracellular-regulated kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor-κB. (aspetjournals.org)
  • We now provide evidence that two growth-regulated, nucleus- and cytoplasm-localized protein kinases, 90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase), contribute to the serum-induced phosphorylation of c-Fos. (nih.gov)
  • PDGFRb is a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor for members of the platelet-derived growth factor family. (thermofisher.com)
  • 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the vasculature, resulting in contraction. (aspetjournals.org)
  • This study is to investigate the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) in tert -butyl hydroperoxide ( t BHP)-induced apoptosis of human trabecular meshwork (iHTM) cells. (molvis.org)
  • To investigate the effect of losartan on vascular remodeling and transforming growth factor-beta and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to measure the thickness and diameter ratio of the aortic media of mice in each group, Masson staining was used to observe the content of collagen fibers in the aorta of mice in each group, elastic fibers in the aorta of mice in each group were stained, and transforming growth factor-beta and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway protein expression. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Losartan has protective effect on aortic wall of rats with aortic dissection, and the mechanism may be through inhibiting transforming growth factor-beta 1 pathway, which activates downstream phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway related proteins, and then inhibits the expansion and progression of aortic dissection. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Red wine polyphenolic compounds inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells by preventing the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. (igbmc.fr)
  • To do so, we mutated the proteolytically revealed TL sequence of rPAR 2 and examined the impact on stimulating intracellular calcium transients and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Phase II Study of Selumetinib in Children and Young Adults With Tumors Harboring Activating Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Genetic Alterations: Arm E of the NCI-COG Pediatric MATCH Trial. (cdc.gov)
  • Existing studies have shown that there is crossover between Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAAS) signaling pathway and TGF-β pathway, but little is known about whether ARB drug losartan can block Angiotensin-II (Ang-II) signaling pathway, inhibit the activation of Transforming Growth Factor- Beta (TGF-β) pathway, and regulate vascular remodeling. (ijpsonline.com)
  • The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway has been implicated in articular cartilage repair. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a secreted endothelial cell-specific mitogen. (jci.org)
  • VEGF-As are endothelial cell-specific mitogens with angiogenic and vascular permeability-inducing properties. (genscript.com)
  • This is not true for all growth factors, as some growth factors instead appear to cause mitogenic effects like growth indirectly by triggering other mitogens to be released, as evidenced by their lack of mitogenic activity in vitro, which VEGF has. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patterns of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors in mice suggest a role in hormonally regulated angiogenesis. (jci.org)
  • We propose that excessive expression of VEGF during gonadotropin-induced ovulation may contribute to the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndromes by virtue of the vascular permeabilization activity of this factor. (jci.org)
  • VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. (dovepress.com)
  • Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A164 (VEGF-A164), a member of the cysteine knot growth factor, is one of major isoforms of VEGF-As. (genscript.com)
  • VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGFA, VEGF-A), a dimeric ligand, is among the most potent angiogenic mitogens. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • VEGF is a highly specific mitogen for vascular endothelial cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • VEGF, a homodimeric glycoprotein of relative molecular mass 45,000, is the only mitogen that specifically acts on endothelial cells. (ihcworld.com)
  • Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces remodeling and enhances TH2-mediated sensitization and inflammation in the lung. (ihcworld.com)
  • Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. (ihcworld.com)
  • ABSTRACT Allergic contact dermatitis to cement is a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in which cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may be involved in persisting erythema and oedema. (who.int)
  • VEGF pour vascular endothelial growth factor) peuvent être impliqués dans des érythèmes ou des oedèmes persistants. (who.int)
  • Growth inhibition was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and apoptosis was assayed by ELISA. (aacrjournals.org)
  • 0.05) erlotinib-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in BxPC-3, CAPAN-2, and AsPC-1 cells. (aacrjournals.org)
  • In the HPAC and MIAPaCa cell line, no potentiation of the effects of erlotinib by genistein on cell growth or inhibition of the EGFR/Akt/NF-κB was observed. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Genistein potentiated growth inhibition and apoptosis of the gemcitabine and erlotinib combination in COLO-357 cell line. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Genistein potentiates the growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by erlotinib and gemcitabine in certain pancreatic cancer cells. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Excessive proliferation of smooth muscle cells is a common phenomenon in diseases such as atherosclerosis, but the role of growth factors in the mechanism which modulate this process has yet to be clarified. (torvergata.it)
  • Aim of the present study was to investigate the possible involvement of ANF on rat aortic smooth muscle (RASM) cells proliferation induced by known mitogens and the mechanism involved. (torvergata.it)
  • SP600125 inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation, inducible monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production, and serum-induced type I collagen production. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is produced by stromal and mesenchymal cells, and it stimulates epithelial cell proliferation, motility, morphogenesis and angiogenesis in various organs via tyrosine phosphorylation of its cognate receptor, Met. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Inhibits follicle proliferation, if induced by mitogens. (cdc.gov)
  • While in vitro administration of glucocorticoids may inhibit concanavalin A (Con A)- and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced T-cell proliferation, pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-driven B-cell mitogenesis is relatively resistant to glucocorticoids. (karger.com)
  • Several growth factors seem to be key players in regulating the proliferation of keratinocytes in healing wounds. (dentistryiq.com)
  • The protein may contribute to the control of cell growth and proliferation through the selective translation of particular classes of mRNA. (genetex.com)
  • IGF-1 is a member of a family of growth factors that are structurally closely related to pro-insulin and can promote chondrocyte proliferation, enhance matrix production, and inhibit chondrocyte apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite the proposed role for nerve growth factor (NGF) in this sprouting, we observed no change in NGF mRNA or protein at several postlesion time points. (jneurosci.org)
  • The majority of studies has investigated the function of nerve growth factor (NGF), the best-characterized member of the neurotrophin family of trophic molecules ( Korsching, 1993 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Cancer cells may lose their dependence on external mitogens by a variety of pathways. (wikipedia.org)
  • Growth factors and their signaling pathways have recently attracted much attention in cartilage repair for OA treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mitogens act primarily by influencing a set of proteins which are involved in the restriction of progression through the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fibroblast growth factor homologous factors are intracellular signaling proteins. (nih.gov)
  • Transforming growth factor family proteins like TGFß1 can oppose these effects. (medscape.com)
  • Proteins containing CCCH Znf domains include Znf proteins from eukaryotes involved in cell cycle or growth phase-related regulation, e.g. human TIS11B (butyrate response factor 1), a probable regulatory protein involved in regulating the response to growth factors, and the mouse TTP growth factor-inducible nuclear protein, which has the same function. (embl.de)
  • Tristetraprolin (TTP), the prototype of a class of CCCH zinc finger proteins, is a phosphoprotein that is rapidly and transiently induced by growth factors and serum in fibroblasts. (embl.de)
  • Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family. (bvsalud.org)
  • Various growth factors, cytokines, and prostaglandins upregulate HGF gene expression, including basic fibroblast growth factor, oncostatin M, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Among the important functions of the clot are its role as a reservoir of growth factors and cytokines that are released by the degranulation of activated platelets. (dentistryiq.com)
  • The growth factors and cytokines present in the fibrin clot provide some of the start signals for wound repair. (dentistryiq.com)
  • Macrophages continue cleansing the wound and releasing cytokines and growth factors. (dentistryiq.com)
  • It is a reservoir of cytokines and growth factors, as well as signaling molecules, mitogens, and chemotactic factors. (dentistryiq.com)
  • Upon stimulation by growth factors, cytokines, neurotransmitters, or other signals, receptor tyrosine kinases on the cell surface will be autophosphorylated. (biolegend.com)
  • Bedaiwy MA, Burlingame JM, Hussein M, Flyckt R, Assad R, Falcone T. Assessment of vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor levels in amniotic fluid. (medscape.com)
  • Basic fibroblast growth factor (Fgf2) is required for the generation of founder cells within the dorsal pseudostratified ventricular epithelium, which will generate the cerebral cortex, but the ganglionic eminences are not affected. (jneurosci.org)
  • Prognostic and Predictive Value of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Alterations in High-grade Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Treated with and Without Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Immunotherapy. (cdc.gov)
  • This abrogated expression of the decidual marker genes, insulin like growth factor binding protein 1 ( IGFBP1 ) and prolactin ( PRL ), and prevented adoption of decidual cell morphology. (bioone.org)
  • Despite the requirement for a number of transcription factors and secreted signalling molecules in sex determination, intracellular signalling components functioning in this process have not been defined. (plos.org)
  • Although activation of the IGF-IR did not appreciably affect their growth, it did promote migration and stimulate in vitro wound closure and invasion. (unimib.it)
  • Activation of transcription factors was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. (aspetjournals.org)
  • EGFR blockade alone may not be sufficient for the control of growth and invasion of human pancreas cancer because of the independent activation of Akt and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). (aacrjournals.org)
  • These TAMs further stimulate activation of cytotoxic T cells that kill tumor cells, resulting in suppression of tumor growth. (lu.se)
  • Interleukin-1β activated both 46- and 54-kDa JNK, whereas platelet-derived growth factor-BB activated only 46-kDa JNK. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The synthesis of specific extracellular matrix molecules by fibroblasts in the wound is regulated by transforming growth factor-b1 and other factors such as insulin-like growth factor, interleukin 1a and 1b, interleukin-4, and vascular endothelial growth factor. (dentistryiq.com)
  • Ras activated by this mechanism drives the PI3K pathway to initiate expression of cell growth genes. (biolegend.com)
  • A mitogen is a small bioactive protein or peptide that induces a cell to begin cell division, or enhances the rate of division (mitosis). (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent evidence suggests that a physiological function of TTP is to inhibit tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion from macrophages by binding to and destabilizing its mRNA (Carballo, E., Lai, W.S., Blackshear, P.J., 1998. (embl.de)
  • This pathway can potentially be deleterious, however: expressing Nrg1 in the absence of heart damage causes uncontrolled growth of heart cells, creating an enlarged heart. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is usually a combination of two abnormalities: first, cancer cells lose their dependence on mitogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Second, cancer cells are resistant to anti-mitogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rather than requiring endogenous or external mitogens to continue the cell cycle, cancer cells are able to grow, survive, and replicate without mitogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • First, cancer cells can produce their own mitogens, a term called autocrine stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • This can result in a deadly positive feedback loop - tumor cells produce their own mitogens, which stimulate more tumor cells to replicate, which can then produce even more mitogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Second, cancer cells can have mutated cell-surface receptors for mitogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • With this mutation, cells are stimulated to divide by abnormally low levels of mitogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) is thought to be the earliest embryologic marker associated with cells committed to pulmonary development. (medscape.com)
  • The insulin-like growth factor receptor I (IGF-IR) plays an essential role in transformation by promoting cell growth and protecting cancer cells from apoptosis. (unimib.it)
  • HGF was cloned as a growth factor for hepatocytes ( 1 , 2 ), is identical to scatter factor (SF) and was originally discovered as a fibroblast-derived cell motility factor for epithelial cells ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • These growth factors are mitogens for cells of mesenchymal origin. (thermofisher.com)
  • Vascular endothelial growth factor is a mitogen primarily for vascular endothelial cells. (ihcworld.com)
  • function of proliferative responses provoked in the induction cell products favor immediate type hypersensitivity reactions, phase of contact allergy, the murine local lymph node assay serving as growth and differentiation factors for mast cells and (LLNA), has been accepted as a stand-alone method for skin eosinophils, the cellular effectors of the clinical manifestations of sensitization testing (NIH, 1999). (cdc.gov)
  • By targeting these mechanisms, the overarching aim is to reprogram pro-tumoral TAMs into an anti-tumoral state, affecting various components of the non-cancer cells residing in the tumor microenvironment, ultimately inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis ( Figure 1 ). (lu.se)
  • This ultimately results in the translocation of ERK to the nucleus where it phosphorylates and activates a number of transcription factors like Elk1, initiating expression of genes that promote cell survival and growth. (biolegend.com)
  • Our interest in mechanisms of neural injury and repair prompted us to investigate the role of trophic factor interactions in a well characterized model of collateral sprouting in the adult rat hippocampus. (jneurosci.org)
  • In vitro methods for producing antibodies are amenable to large-scale production, meaning antibody availability is unlikely to become a limiting factor. (cellsignal.com)
  • This inhibits chondrocyte differentiation, and growth plate function is severely compromised. (medscape.com)
  • While animals produce internal signals that can drive the cell cycle forward, external mitogens can cause it to progress without these signals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inhibits growth of hair and follicle. (cdc.gov)
  • Inhibits growth. (cdc.gov)
  • Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a member of a family of growth factors that are structurally closely related to pro-insulin, has shown profound effects on chondrocyte biological behavior and fundamentally regulates cartilage matrix metabolism during cartilage repair. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, IGF-1 is the crucial factor in serum and synovial fluid that promotes cartilage matrix anabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By contrast, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 was demonstrated to markedly downregulate HGF gene expression ( 10 , 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Furthermore, such approaches allow for predicting the Transforming Growth Factor b (TGF-b) pathway in quantities not yet measured. (lu.se)
  • Analysis of XY byg/byg gonads at 11.5 d post coitum reveals a growth deficit and a failure to support mesonephric cell migration, both early cellular processes normally associated with testis development. (plos.org)
  • Although much evidence supports the role of endogenous NGF in promoting neuronal survival in vivo ( Barde, 1989 ), less is known about its ability to influence axonal growth. (jneurosci.org)
  • however, it may be involved in directing certain types of axonal growth in the adult. (jneurosci.org)
  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms of cholinergic sprouting in the hippocampus after removal of entorhinal cortical inputs, we evaluated trophic factor gene expression in the denervated hippocampus. (jneurosci.org)
  • The potential antimitogenic role of ANF on the cell growth induced by growth factors appears very intriguing. (torvergata.it)
  • Another protein containing this domain is the human splicing factor U2AF 35kDa subunit, which plays a critical role in both constitutive and enhancer-dependent splicing by mediating essential protein-protein interactions and protein-RNA interactions required for 3' splice site selection. (embl.de)
  • Studies in sheep have demonstrated that tracheal ligation and therefore increased lung distension, accelerates lung growth whereas chronic tracheal fluid drainage has the opposite effect. (medscape.com)
  • Accelerates growth of hair and follicle. (cdc.gov)
  • Dephosphorylation occurs at growth arrest. (genetex.com)
  • Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a polypeptide able to affect cardiovascular home-ostasis exhibiting diuretic, natriuretic, and vasorelaxant activities. (torvergata.it)
  • A family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for HEPARIN, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. (bvsalud.org)
  • The G1 checkpoint is controlled most directly by mitogens: further cell cycle progression does not need mitogens to continue. (wikipedia.org)
  • The point where mitogens are no longer needed to move the cell cycle forward is called the "restriction point" and depends on cyclins to be passed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Endogenous mitogens function to control cell division is a normal and necessary part of the life cycle of multicellular organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, are also capable of directly acting as mitogens, causing growth by directly inducing cell replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mitogens are important in cancer research due to their effects on the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • This causes adaptor protein GRB2 to recruit SOS, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, which then facilitates binding of GTP to Ras. (biolegend.com)