NeuronsRetinaAxon terminalSynapsesGanglion cellSynapticPhotoreceptorsBipolar cellsProcessesMorphologyCellularAdultLayerFunctionsLevelsLightNarrow fieldVisionTypeGABAergicNarrow field amacrine cellsType of amacrine cellInterneurons in the retinaPhotoreceptorProgenitor cellNeuronalInhibitoryStarburstCholine acetyltransferaseProgenitorsGlycineArborsDendriticNeurotransmitterFateOperatePatternsGABADependentBodiesDiameterConnectsTypesExpressionFindingsTotalThoughtFunctionStudiesSmall
Neurons4
- Amacrine cells are inhibitory neurons, and they project their dendritic arbors onto the inner plexiform layer (IPL), they interact with retinal ganglion cells, and bipolar cells or both of these. (wikipedia.org)
- Here, the ultrastructural features of mitochondrial transfer between inner retinal neurons discovered through retinal connectomics analysis is shown. (marclab.org)
- The combined results indicate that glycolysis is regulated by the compartmental expression of hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M1, and pyruvate kinase M2 in photoreceptors, whereas the inner retinal neurons exhibit a lower capacity for glycolysis and aerobic glycolysis. (molvis.org)
- Expression of nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondria-associated adenylate kinase, and several mitochondria-associated creatine kinase isozymes was highest in the outer retina, whereas expression of cytosolic adenylate kinase and brain creatine kinase was higher in the cones, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells indicating the diversity of ATP-buffering strategies among retinal neurons. (molvis.org)
Retina10
- Amacrine cells are interneurons in the retina. (wikipedia.org)
- Medium field amacrine cells also contribute to vertical communication in the cells of the retina, but much of their overall function is still unknown. (wikipedia.org)
- Similarly, wide field amacrine cells are hard to research and even discover because they span the entire retina so there aren't many of them. (wikipedia.org)
- In this work, we constructed computational models of healthy and degenerated (both ON and OFF-type) cone bipolar cells (CBCs) with realistic morphologies extracted from connectomes of the healthy and early-stage degenerated rabbit retina. (marclab.org)
- The results suggested that regardless of the position of the OFF CBCs in the retina model, there is not a significant difference between the membrane potential of healthy and degenerate cells when electrically stimulated. (marclab.org)
- Light responses of melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in the foetal mammalian retina. (ucsf.edu)
- Rod photoreceptors and rod-connected nerve cells through the retina are responsible for pathways concerned with night vision and increased sensitivity of our visual system under what is called scotopic conditions (conditions of very little ambient light). (utah.edu)
- Both Golgi impregnation of single rod bipolar cells (Fig. 6) and immunocytochemical staining of rod bipolar cell populations with protein kinase C (PKC) (Fig. 7) show the characteristic morphology of the rod bipolar cell type in mammalian retina (Kolb et al. (utah.edu)
- Two amacrine cells are key in the rod pathway circuitry through the mammalian retina (Fig. 10). (utah.edu)
- Our goals were twofold: 1) to characterize the gene expression, protein expression, and activity of key synthesizing and regulating enzymes of energy metabolism in the whole mouse retina, retinal compartments, and/or cells and 2) to provide an integrative analysis of the results related to function. (molvis.org)
Axon terminal2
- We examined these cells' membrane potential and axon terminal calcium current differences when subjected to electrical stimulation. (marclab.org)
- However, the healthy ON CBC axon terminal membrane potential rising time-constant is shorter (0.29 ± 0.03 ms) than the degenerated cells (0.8 ± 0.07 ms). Moreover, the ionic calcium channels at the axon terminals of the cells have a higher concentration and higher current in degenerated cells (32.24 ± 6.12 pA) than the healthy cells (13.64 ± 2.88 pA) independently of the cell's position. (marclab.org)
Synapses2
- Amacrine cells operate at inner plexiform layer (IPL), the second synaptic retinal layer where bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells form synapses. (wikipedia.org)
- Electron microscopy of the rod bipolar cell axons in the inner plexiform layer shows that they make ribbon synapses only upon amacrine cell profiles (Fig. 8). (utah.edu)
Ganglion cell2
- GABAergic amacrine cells are usually wide field amacrine cells and are found in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and the inner nuclear layer (INL). (wikipedia.org)
- Due to the fact that their dendritic arbor size is pretty similar to that of ganglion cells, they could blur the edge of the ganglion cell visual field. (wikipedia.org)
Synaptic3
- These are widely spreading amacrine cells, and they diffusely release dopamine, while still releasing GABA and carrying out all normal synaptic release. (wikipedia.org)
- One important function of the AII amacrine cells is that they capture cellular input from rod bipolar cells and redistribute it to cone bipolar cells using the synaptic endings of cone bipolar cells as adaptors Around 15% of amacrine cells are neither GABAergic or glycinergic. (wikipedia.org)
- This allows for both divergence of the rod signal and collection (convergence) of signals from many rods and rod bipolars, by means of these amacrine cells, before synaptic output to ganglion cells. (utah.edu)
Photoreceptors3
- In retinal degenerative diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the photoreceptors become stressed and start to degenerate in the early stages of the disease. (marclab.org)
- A potential treatment option for retinal degenerative diseases in the early stages can be stimulating bipolar cells, which receive presynaptic signals from photoreceptors. (marclab.org)
- As was pointed out in a previous section, only one morphological type of bipolar cell has been found to make connections with the rod photoreceptors. (utah.edu)
Bipolar cells5
- Like horizontal cells, amacrine cells work laterally, but whereas horizontal cells are connected to the output of rod and cone cells, amacrine cells affect the output from bipolar cells, and are often more specialized. (wikipedia.org)
- We have a new manuscript from the lab in IEEE, Impact of Retinal Degeneration on Response of ON and OFF Cone Bipolar Cells to Electrical Stimulation. (marclab.org)
- 2. Rod bipolar cells. (utah.edu)
- Electron microscope investigation of Golgi-impregnated rod bipolar cells first showed that the rod bipolar dendrite penetrates into the rod spherule to make an invaginating ribbon related type of contact (Fig. 4) (Kolb, 1970). (utah.edu)
- 1994). The immunocytochemical staining and confocal microscopy is now the most illustrative way of seeing the rod bipolar cells in mammalian retinas (Cuenca personal communication) (Fig. 7). (utah.edu)
Processes1
- Most commonly the output of the rod bipolar ribbon is to a dyad of amacrine cell processes, one of which is known as AII and the other as A17, a reciprocal amacrine (Figs. 8 and 9). (utah.edu)
Morphology1
- There are at least 33 different subtypes of amacrine cells based just on their dendrite morphology and stratification. (wikipedia.org)
Cellular1
- New insights into cell-specific and compartmental ATP and GTP production, as well as utilization and buffering strategies and their relationship with known retinal and cellular functions, are discussed. (molvis.org)
Adult1
- Glutamatergic neurotransmission from melanopsin retinal ganglion cells is required for neonatal photoaversion but not adult pupillary light reflex. (ucsf.edu)
Layer1
- However, these devices provide limited visual perception as the therapeutic interventions are generally considered in the later stages of the disease when only inner retinal layer cells are left. (marclab.org)
Functions1
- These different lengths lend to different specific functions that the amacrine cells can accomplish. (wikipedia.org)
Levels1
- The immunoreactivity levels of well-characterized antibodies, for all major retinal cells and their compartments, were obtained using our established semiquantitative confocal and imaging techniques. (molvis.org)
Light1
- These are all TH expressing and these amacrine cells modulate light adaption and circadian rhythm. (wikipedia.org)
Narrow field3
- One transcription factor that was found to be selectively expressed in nGnG amacrine cells is Neurod6 Length of dendritic arbors: Based on length, spread of dendritic arbors, amacrine cells can be categorized as narrow field amacrine cells (around 70 micrometers in diameter), medium field amacrine cells (around 170 micrometers in diameter) and wide field amacrine cells (around 350 micrometers in diameter). (wikipedia.org)
- These narrow field amacrine cells and their overlap in these subunits can allow certain ganglion cells to detect small amounts of movement of a very small spot in a field of vision. (wikipedia.org)
- One type of narrow field cells that does this is the starburst amacrine cell. (wikipedia.org)
Vision1
- Retinal prosthetic devices have been developed to restore vision in patients by applying electrical stimulation to the surviving retinal cells. (marclab.org)
Type2
- Each type of amacrine cell releases one or several neurotransmitters where it connects with other cells. (wikipedia.org)
- One type of GABAergic amacrine cell that is fairly well studied is the starburst amacrine cell. (wikipedia.org)
GABAergic12
- Inhibitory synapses are generally GABAergic or glycinergic, although there are synapses that co-release both neurotransmitter types. (nih.gov)
- Recent work, however, has begun to fill this gap in knowledge, providing deeper insight into whether GABAergic and glycinergic circuit assembly and maintenance rely on common or distinct mechanisms. (nih.gov)
- Here we summarize and contrast the developmental mechanisms that regulate the selection of synaptic partners, and that promote the formation, refinement, maturation and maintenance of GABAergic and glycinergic synapses and their respective wiring patterns. (nih.gov)
- GABAergic, glycinergic, or neither: Amacrine cells can be either GABAergic, glycinergic or neither depending on what inhibitory neurotransmitter they express (GABA, glycine, or neither). (wikipedia.org)
- GABAergic amacrine cells are usually wide field amacrine cells and are found in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and the inner nuclear layer (INL). (wikipedia.org)
- One type of GABAergic amacrine cell that is fairly well studied is the starburst amacrine cell. (wikipedia.org)
- Another subtype of GABAergic amacrine cells are those that are dopaminergic. (wikipedia.org)
- Many other divisions of GABAergic amacrine cells have been noted, but those listed above are some of the most extensively researched and discussed. (wikipedia.org)
- Glycinergic amacrine cells aren't as extensively characterized as GABAergic amacrine cells. (wikipedia.org)
- One important function of the AII amacrine cells is that they capture cellular input from rod bipolar cells and redistribute it to cone bipolar cells using the synaptic endings of cone bipolar cells as adaptors Around 15% of amacrine cells are neither GABAergic or glycinergic. (wikipedia.org)
- 19. Ptf1a is essential for the differentiation of GABAergic and glycinergic amacrine cells and horizontal cells in the mouse retina. (nih.gov)
- GABAergic/glycinergic) amacrine cells [1] , which make up the majority of amacrine cells, though it is unclear if this holds for all amacrine cells. (eyewire.org)
Narrow field amacrine cells4
- One transcription factor that was found to be selectively expressed in nGnG amacrine cells is Neurod6 Length of dendritic arbors: Based on length, spread of dendritic arbors, amacrine cells can be categorized as narrow field amacrine cells (around 70 micrometers in diameter), medium field amacrine cells (around 170 micrometers in diameter) and wide field amacrine cells (around 350 micrometers in diameter). (wikipedia.org)
- Narrow field amacrine cells allow vertical communication among different retinal levels. (wikipedia.org)
- These narrow field amacrine cells and their overlap in these subunits can allow certain ganglion cells to detect small amounts of movement of a very small spot in a field of vision. (wikipedia.org)
- Different subtypes of amacrine cells project differently in the inner plexiform layer [3] , as shown in the figure to the right depicting different types of narrow-field amacrine cells. (eyewire.org)
Type of amacrine cell2
- Each type of amacrine cell releases one or several neurotransmitters where it connects with other cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Each type of amacrine cell connects with a particular type of bipolar cell , and generally has a particular type of neurotransmitter. (eyewire.org)
Interneurons in the retina1
- Amacrine cells are interneurons in the retina. (wikipedia.org)
Photoreceptor1
- 3. Reprogramming amacrine and photoreceptor progenitors into retinal ganglion cells by replacing Neurod1 with Atoh7. (nih.gov)
Progenitor cell2
- In vivo BrdU (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine) pulse-labeling and Ki67 labeling of isolated cells from developing mice showed that GLE increased and prolonged retinal progenitor cell proliferation. (nih.gov)
- 2. A gene network downstream of transcription factor Math5 regulates retinal progenitor cell competence and ganglion cell fate. (nih.gov)
Neuronal4
- Our findings suggest two spatiotemporal components mediated by dysregulation of different extrinsic/intrinsic factors: increased and prolonged cell proliferation and increased neuronal (but not glial) cell fate. (nih.gov)
- 7. Overlapping spatiotemporal patterns of regulatory gene expression are required for neuronal progenitors to specify retinal ganglion cell fate. (nih.gov)
- CFP expression was characterized using morphometric methods and immunohistochemistry with antibodies to neurofilament light (NF-L), neuronal nuclei (NeuN), POU-domain protein (Brn3a) and calretinin, which immunolabel ganglion cells, and syntaxin 1 (HPC-1), glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD 67 ), GABA plasma membrane transporter-1 (GAT-1), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), which immunolabel amacrine cells. (molvis.org)
- Classically, neuronal subclasses in the retina have been identified and categorized based on their position within the retinal matrix, morphology, physiology, and neurochemistry. (molvis.org)
Inhibitory1
- Amacrine cells are inhibitory neurons, and they project their dendritic arbors onto the inner plexiform layer (IPL), they interact with retinal ganglion cells, and bipolar cells or both of these. (wikipedia.org)
Starburst2
- One type of narrow field cells that does this is the starburst amacrine cell. (wikipedia.org)
- Starburst amacrine cells exhibit very strange biophysics. (eyewire.org)
Choline acetyltransferase1
- These amacrine cells are usually characterised by their expression of choline acetyltransferase, or ChAT, and are known to play a role in direction selectivity and detection of directional motion. (wikipedia.org)
Progenitors2
- These amacrine cells are sometimes known as nGnG amacrine cells, and it is thought that transcription factors that act on progenitors decide the fate of amacrine cells. (wikipedia.org)
- 5. Math5 determines the competence state of retinal ganglion cell progenitors. (nih.gov)
Glycine1
- All glycinergic amacrine cells though, are marked by the glycine transporter GlyT1. (wikipedia.org)
Arbors1
- Most amacrine cells can be classified according to the diameter of their projection arborization: "narrow-field" cells have arbors less than 125 µm in diameter, "medium-field" cell arbors range from 125 to 400 µm in diameter, and "wide-field" cell arbors are larger than 400 µm. (eyewire.org)
Dendritic1
- Due to the fact that their dendritic arbor size is pretty similar to that of ganglion cells, they could blur the edge of the ganglion cell visual field. (wikipedia.org)
Neurotransmitter1
- There are about 40 different types of amacrine cells and are classified by the width of their field of connection, which layer(s) of the stratum in the IPL they are in, and by neurotransmitter type. (eyewire.org)
Fate5
- 1. Rewiring the retinal ganglion cell gene regulatory network: Neurod1 promotes retinal ganglion cell fate in the absence of Math5. (nih.gov)
- 4. The role of combinational coding by homeodomain and bHLH transcription factors in retinal cell fate specification. (nih.gov)
- 6. Regulation of retinal cell fate specification by multiple transcription factors. (nih.gov)
- 15. Msx2 alters the timing of retinal ganglion cells fate commitment and differentiation. (nih.gov)
- 20. POU domain factor Brn-3b is essential for retinal ganglion cell differentiation and survival but not for initial cell fate specification. (nih.gov)
Operate1
- Amacrine cells are interesting biophysically in that they operate using both sodium-mediated action potentials and sodium-independent graded potential changes. (eyewire.org)
Patterns1
- 10. Math5 promotes retinal ganglion cell expression patterns in retinal progenitor cells. (nih.gov)
GABA1
- These are widely spreading amacrine cells, and they diffusely release dopamine, while still releasing GABA and carrying out all normal synaptic release. (wikipedia.org)
Dependent3
- The phenotype of retinal alterations is markedly dependent on the developmental exposure period. (nih.gov)
- 9. Pushing the envelope of retinal ganglion cell genesis: context dependent function of Math5 (Atoh7). (nih.gov)
- 12. Transcriptome of Atoh7 retinal progenitor cells identifies new Atoh7-dependent regulatory genes for retinal ganglion cell formation. (nih.gov)
Bodies1
- Amacrine cells send projections from their cell bodies into the inner plexiform layer. (eyewire.org)
Diameter1
- CFP-containing somata in the GCL ranged from 6 to 20 μm in diameter, and they had a density of 2636±347 cells/mm 2 at 1.5 mm from the optic nerve head. (molvis.org)
Connects1
- It connects rod bipolar cell output with cone bipolar cell input, and from there the signal can travel to the respective ganglion cells . (eyewire.org)
Types2
- As mentioned above, there are several different ways to divide the many different types of amacrine cells into subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
- the type with most frequency is observed only 13% of total population, and the remainders are distributed among many types of cell, each making up 5% or less of the total amacrine cell population. (eyewire.org)
Expression1
- 16. Molecular heterogeneity of developing retinal ganglion and amacrine cells revealed through single cell gene expression profiling. (nih.gov)
Findings2
- These findings have relevance for neurotoxicology, pediatrics, public health, risk assessment, and retinal cell biology because they occurred at clinically relevant [BPb] and correspond with the ERG phenotype. (nih.gov)
- Together these findings suggest that most ganglion cells in the thy1 -CFP mouse line 23 express CFP. (molvis.org)
Total1
- The total number and density of CFP-fluorescent cells in the GCL were within the range of previous estimates of the total number of ganglion cells in the C57BL/6J line. (molvis.org)
Thought1
- [2] SAC dendrite-specific direction selectivity is thought to underlie the direction selectivity of on/off direction-selective ganglion cells [2] , but the mechanism by which this direction selectivity is generated in SAC dendrites remains unknown. (eyewire.org)
Function1
- Acetylcholine is also released from these amacrine cells, but its function is not completely understood. (wikipedia.org)
Studies3
- TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) and confocal studies revealed that GLE did not alter developmental apoptosis or produce retinal injury. (nih.gov)
- Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated colocalization of CFP with the ganglion cell markers NF-L, NeuN, Brn3a, and calretinin. (molvis.org)
- In conclusion, the thy1 -CFP mouse line is highly useful for studies requiring the identification of ganglion cells. (molvis.org)
Small1
- Immunohistochemistry with antibodies to HPC-1, GAD 67 , GAT-1, and ChAT indicated that the small, weakly fluorescent CFP cells in the INL and GCL were cholinergic amacrine cells. (molvis.org)