• Some possible effects on lipid biochemistry of differences in the distribution on glycerol of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in the fats of marine fish and marine mammals. (springer.com)
  • Enzymatic hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids by phospholipases produces these lipid second messengers, as well as soluble second messengers such as inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, and also other molecules such as choline (Cho) that are released to the extracellular medium. (jneurosci.org)
  • Another type of lipid, phospholipids, is an important structural feature of biological membranes. (jove.com)
  • Although sometimes ambiguous, the term "minor components" refers to non-TAG lipid molecules that are present in CB at levels of ~3% or less, and include monoacylglycerols (MAGs), diacylglycerols (DAGs), free fatty acids (FFAs), and phospholipids 1 . (nature.com)
  • Nevertheless, it is involved in a wide range of activities, from phospholipid synthesis to a number of physiological responses as a lipid mediator [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Phospholipid is a complex lipid consisting of a hydrophilic part (head) and hydrophobic part (tail). (assignmentexpert.com)
  • Monolayer membranes include the outer monolayer phospholipid surface of intracellular lipid droplets of triglycerides and various lipoproteins including HDL, LDL, VLDL, and chylomicrons. (nih.gov)
  • Similar lipid-water interfaces also occur in mixed micelles of phospholipids and bile acids in our digestive system, which may also include internalized triglycerides and cholesterol esters. (nih.gov)
  • We offer fluorescent and, in a few cases, biotinylated analogs of five naturally occurring lipid classes-phospholipids, sphingolipids (including ceramides), fatty acids, triglycerides and steroids. (thermofisher.com)
  • These differences can produce significant variations in membrane physical properties, in the location of phospholipids in a lipid bilayer and in their biological activity. (thermofisher.com)
  • The attachment position of the fluorophore determines whether it is located in the nonpolar interior or at the water/lipid interface when the phospholipid analog is incorporated into a lipid bilayer membrane ( Figure 13.2.1 in Fatty Acid Analogs and Phospholipids-Section 13.2 ). (thermofisher.com)
  • Fatty acids are liberated by the enzymatic action of phospholipase A on phospholipids ( Probes for Lipid Metabolism and Signaling-Section 17.4 ) and also by various other lipases. (thermofisher.com)
  • Certain fluorescent fatty acids ( Fatty Acid Analogs and Phospholipids-Section 13.2 ) are readily metabolized by live cells to phospholipids, mono-, di- and triacylglycerols, cholesteryl esters and other lipid derivatives. (thermofisher.com)
  • The three major classes of membrane lipid molecules are phospholipids, cholesterol , and sphingolipids. (microbenotes.com)
  • Phospholipids are compound/complex lipids containing lipid molecules attached to a phosphate group. (microbenotes.com)
  • In contrast, NMDA strongly reduced the incorporation of [ 3 H]choline and [ 3 H]ethanolamine into their respective phospholipids. (jneurosci.org)
  • These results show that membrane damage by NMDA is preceded by inhibition of phospholipid synthesis and not by phospholipid degradation in the early stages of the excitotoxic process, and that NMDA receptor overactivation decreases phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis by inhibiting choline-ethanolaminophosphotransferase activity. (jneurosci.org)
  • Hydrophilic part includes glycerol and phosphate group that can be modified with serine, ethanolamine, choline, etc. (assignmentexpert.com)
  • Alveolar cells were incubated in the presence or absence of CCl4 at concentrations up to 10 microliters/milliliter (microl/ml) for 1 hour, and incubated with radiolabeled choline, palmitic-acid, glycerol, or glucose as substrate for 2 to 4 hours. (cdc.gov)
  • Membrane surfaces include the traditional bilayer membranes of cells and subcellular organelles formed by phospholipids. (nih.gov)
  • What is the Phospholipid bilayer? (freezingblue.com)
  • Figure: Phospholipid bilayer depicting hydrophobic tails of fatty acid chains and hydrophilic head of glycerol backbone, phosphate, and polar head group. (microbenotes.com)
  • The phospholipid bilayer consists of phospholipids arranged in two layers with exterior facing hydrophilic polar heads and interior hydrophobic non-polar tails. (microbenotes.com)
  • Phospholipids are arranged in the bilayer structure with hydrophobic tails inside and hydrophilic heads outside the bilayer in an aqueous environment. (microbenotes.com)
  • They are composed of three fatty acids linked to glycerol through ester linkages between the hydroxyl ends of glycerol and the carboxyl ends of the fatty acids resulting in the formation of a nonpolar molecule. (jove.com)
  • Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are complex lipids that consist of three fatty acid molecules esterified to a glycerol molecule. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • Phospholipids are complex lipids that contain a phosphate group, a glycerol molecule, and two fatty acid molecules. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • These enzymes either are membrane-bound or are water-soluble and associate with membranes before extracting their phospholipid substrate molecule into their active site to carry out their enzymatic hydrolytic reaction. (nih.gov)
  • Structurally, a phospholipid molecule comprises two fatty acid tails and a head with glycerol (3-carbon alcohol) and a phosphate molecule. (microbenotes.com)
  • Phospholipase A 1 (PLA 1 ) hydrolyzes phospholipid acyl chains at the sn -1 position of membrane phospholipids, phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) hydrolyzes acyl chains at the sn -2 position, phospholipase C (PLC) hydrolyzes the glycerol-phosphodiester bond, and phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes the polar group-phosphodiester bond. (nih.gov)
  • Studies on a well-studied specific example of each of the four major types of the PLA 2 superfamily demonstrate clearly that protein subsites can show precise specificity for one of the phospholipid hydrophobic acyl chains, often the one at the sn -2 position, including exquisite sensitivity to the number and position of double bonds. (nih.gov)
  • Phospholipids consist of fatty acid chains, glycerol, and a phosphate group and have the tendency to polymerize at high temperatures, leading to fouling in both the feed pre-heat train as well as the hydrotreater. (hydrocarbonprocessing.com)
  • The two fatty acyl chains are esterified to the two hydroxyl groups in glycerol, while the phosphate group is esterified to the terminal hydroxyl group in glycerol. (microbenotes.com)
  • Plasmalogens are the members of phosphoglycerides that consist of one hydrocarbon chain attached to glycerol by an ester bond. (microbenotes.com)
  • The first carbon of glycerol has a hydrocarbon chain attached via an ether, not ester, linkage. (alchetron.com)
  • Correlation analysis showed that DOX-induced HF mainly affected phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and other metabolic pathways, suggesting abnormal amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and glycerol phospholipid metabolism. (frontiersin.org)
  • Most phospholipids are derivatives of glycerol comprising two fatty acyl residues (nonpolar tails) and a single phosphate ester substituent (polar head group). (thermofisher.com)
  • In addition, three derivatives arising early during phospholipid catabolism (glycerylphosphorylcholine, glycerylphosphorylethanolamine and glycerylphosphorylinositol) appeared in the PEG-treated radicles. (inrae.fr)
  • Phospholipids are derivatives of glycerol-3-phosphate in which the glycerol backbone is attached to two fatty acids on one end and esterified phosphoric acid and an organic alcoholic group on the other. (microbenotes.com)
  • Here, we report that PEPCK-M-dependent glycerol phosphate formation from noncarbohydrate precursors (glyceroneogenesis) occurs in starved lung cancer cells and supports de novo glycerophospholipid synthesis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Both AEA and 2-AG are generated "on demand" from membrane phospholipid precursors in response to elevated intracellular calcium or metabotropic receptor activation [ 20 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • Subsequently, some of the newly synthesized phospholipids are transported to the Golgi complex to become integrated into the membranes of collapsed vesicles, which are precursors of the plasma membrane. (silverchair.com)
  • AEA and 2-AG, which both derive from membrane phospholipid precursors and arachidonic acid, are synthesized and metabolized by different pathways from the ECS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the mechanisms by which phospholipases switch from physiological second-messenger production to phospholipid degradation remain unclear. (jneurosci.org)
  • Phospholipases typically hydrolyze glycerol phospholipids, but loss of iPLA2-VIA does not affect the phospholipid composition of brain tissue but rather causes an elevation in ceramides. (nih.gov)
  • ATX generates LPA from plasma membrane phospholipids and from circulating lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) bound to albumin [ 23 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • It is the most abundant phospholipid in the plasma membrane. (microbenotes.com)
  • The changes in specific activity of glycerol- 3 H-labeled phospholipids in these membranes during incorporation, turnover, and after pulse-labeling indicated an ordered sequence of appearances of newly synthesized phospholipids, first in nuclei and RER, then successively in Golgi membranes, collapsed vesicles, and finally, plasma membrane. (silverchair.com)
  • CCl4 at 5microl/ml also inhibited incorporation of labeled glycerol and glucose into surfactant phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol. (cdc.gov)
  • In conclusion, glycerol phosphate formation for de novo GPL synthesis via glyceroneogenesis is a newly characterized anabolic pathway in cancer cells mediated by PEPCK-M under conditions of severe nutrient deprivation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • On the basis of these results, we hypothesized that excitotoxicity results from inhibition of synthesis rather than from increased degradation of phospholipids. (jneurosci.org)
  • We now investigated the effect of NMDA receptor overactivation on synthesis and degradation of major membrane phospholipids in the early stages of the excitotoxic process. (jneurosci.org)
  • The authors conclude that CCl4 inhibits pulmonary surfactant phospholipid synthesis in alveolar type-II cells due to a dramatic reduction in the cellular levels of ATP. (cdc.gov)
  • Organisms other than archaea, i.e. bacteria and eucarya, use the enantiomer, glycerol 3-phosphate for producing their cell membranes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diacyl phospholipids constitute the defining molecules of biological membranes. (nih.gov)
  • This Account will focus principally on results from deuterium exchange mass spectrometric (DXMS) studies of PLA 2 interactions with membranes and extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of their interactions with membranes and specific phospholipids bound in their catalytic and allosteric sites. (nih.gov)
  • The PLA 2 s constitute a paradigm for how membranes interact allosterically with proteins, causing conformational changes and activation of the proteins to enable them to extract and bind a specific phospholipid from a membrane for catalysis, which is probably generalizable to intracellular and extracellular transport and phospholipid exchange processes as well as other specific biological functions. (nih.gov)
  • Imidazole could have enabled the formation of fatty acids and glycerol , and DAP could have linked these structures together into the vesicles, which are primitive versions of the phospholipid bi-layers seen in cell membranes. (databasefootball.com)
  • The membranes of Acanthamoeba palestinensis were studied by examination in fixed cells, and then by following the movements of glycerol- 3 H-labeled phospholipids by cell fractionation. (silverchair.com)
  • These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that membrane phospholipids are synthesized, perhaps as integral parts of membranes, in RER and nuclei. (silverchair.com)
  • 2011). Alkyl-glycerol rescues plasmalogen levels and pathology of ether-phospholipid deficient mice . (up.pt)
  • In contrast, the other hydrocarbon chain is attached to glycerol by an ether linkage. (microbenotes.com)
  • For example, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are two common phospholipids that differ only in their headgroups. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • Sphingomyelins are phospholipids whose overall structure is quite similar to that of phosphatidylcholine. (microbenotes.com)
  • Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), or lecithin, is functionally the principle phospholipid. (medscape.com)
  • It contains lecithin which is a phospholipid. (csbsju.edu)
  • Lecithin is the most common phospholipid in human bodies. (syromonoed.com)
  • When the letters "sn" appear in the nomenclature, by convention the hydroxyl group of the second carbon of glycerol (sn-2) is on the left on a Fischer projection . (alchetron.com)
  • By convention, structures of these compounds show the 3 glycerol carbon atoms vertically with the phosphate attached to carbon atom number three (at the bottom). (alchetron.com)
  • The enzyme can then extract a single phospholipid substrate into its active site, and catalysis occurs. (nih.gov)
  • Archaeal phospholipids: Structural properties and biosynthesis" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite their overall structural similarity ( Figure 13.1.1 ), natural phospholipids exhibit subtle differences in their fatty acid compositions, degree of acyl chain unsaturation and type of polar head group. (thermofisher.com)
  • Overactivation of NMDA receptors is believed to induce neuronal death by increasing phospholipid hydrolysis and subsequent degradation. (jneurosci.org)
  • It is generally assumed that enzymatic hydrolysis of phospholipids leads to phospholipid degradation and membrane damage. (jneurosci.org)
  • The eCB system is comprised of eCBs, anandamide, and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, their cannabinoid-1 and cannabinoid-2 receptors (CB 1 and CB 2 , respectively), and the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and degradation. (degruyter.com)
  • Interestingly, phospholipid degradation was much more pronounced in osmotically challenged radicles that remain sensitive to drying. (inrae.fr)
  • Glycerol 3-phosphate is a chemical intermediate in the glycolysis metabolic pathway. (hmdb.ca)
  • It is involved in the phospholipid metabolic pathway. (hmdb.ca)
  • Function in phospholipid biosynthesis and have either glycerolphosphate, 1-acylglycerolphosphate, or 2-acylglycerolphosphoethanolamine acyltransferase activities. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) consists of an acyl chain at the sn-1 (or sn-2) position of a glycerol backbone and a phosphate head group. (hindawi.com)
  • Both of these receptors also respond to naturally synthesized cannabinoids, namely anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonyl-glycerol (2-AG), so-called endocannabinoids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These are diacylglycerols containing a glycerol acylated at positions 1 and 2. (hmdb.ca)
  • Phospholipid/glycerol acyltransferase is not found in the viruses or the archaea and is under represented in the bacteria. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • These components accumulated in small pools along the shoreline and as the water evaporated this primordial oil slick of phospholipids would have spontaneously aggregated to form small vesicles - the beginning of simple cells. (csbsju.edu)
  • Confocal fluorescence microscopy images of phospholipid bilayers supported by gallium phosphide nanowires. (lu.se)
  • The bilayers are labelled with a rhodamine phospholipid (red). (lu.se)
  • Simple - the phospholipids form a single layer around the droplets of vegetable oil and that emulsifies the mixture. (csbsju.edu)
  • Similar results were obtained for incorporation of palmitate and glycerol. (cdc.gov)
  • They suggested that phospholipids, being amphipathic molecules, may play a role in the nucleation process of TAGs, attributed to their ability to self-assemble into mesomorphic structures that would provide a surface upon which TAGs could nucleate and grow 6 . (nature.com)