Glutamate receptor nmda receptors ampa. Medical search. Frequent questions

Here we studied the effect of PolyP on glutamate-induced calcium signal in primary rat neurons in both physiological and pathological conditions. (elsevierpure.com)
We found that preincubation of primary neurons with PolyP reduced glutamate-induced and AMPA-induced but not the NMDA-induced calcium signal. (elsevierpure.com)
However, in rat hippocampal acute slices, PolyP reduced ion flux through NMDA and AMPA receptors in native neurons. (elsevierpure.com)
Preincubation of cortical neurons with PolyP significantly reduced the initial calcium peak as well as the number of neurons with delayed calcium deregulation in response to high concentrations of glutamate and resulted in protection of neurons against glutamate-induced cell death. (elsevierpure.com)
As a result, activation of P2Y1 receptors by PolyP reduced calcium signal acting through AMPA receptors, thus protecting neurons against glutamate excitotoxicity by reduction of the calcium overload and restoration of mitochondrial function. (elsevierpure.com)
Gi-coupled mGlu receptors also may exist on presynaptic elements of neighboring γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons where they play a role in heterosynaptic suppressions of GABA release. (aspetjournals.org)
To date, the only evidence for these receptor dynamics in the hippocampus is from the studies of dissociated neurons and hippocampal slices taken from young animals. (unboundmedicine.com)
Many structures and processes are involved in the development of a seizure, including neurons, ion channels, receptors, glia, and inhibitory and excitatory synapses. (medscape.com)
And what they observed was that the amino acid glutamate, when administered to the retina, was toxic to the neurons in the inner layers of the retina. (hstalks.com)
Now, this work wasn't followed up until the late '60s, when John Olney demonstrated that glutamate could be toxic to a wide variety of neurons in different brain regions. (hstalks.com)
So it wasn't until the mid-1980s that the major cause of glutamate excitotoxity was pinned down by Choi, Meldrum, and others as being due to calcium influx into the neurons. (hstalks.com)
CP 465022 is a selective, non-competitive AMPA antagonist with IC50 of 25 nM in rat cortical neurons that displays potent anticonvulsant activity. (adooq.com)
Researcher Ronald Duman further dissected these effects, showing that ketamine and its active metabolite norketamine reduce the steady firing rate of GABA interneurons by blocking NMDA receptors, while the partial agonist rapastinel acts on the glutamate neurons directly, and both increase the effects of a type of glutamate receptors known as AMPA. (bipolarnews.org)
These effects were demonstrated using a virus to selectively knock out GluN2B glutamate receptor subunits in either GABA interneurons or glutamate neurons. (bipolarnews.org)
These data suggest that stimulation of glutamate D1 pyramidal neurons from the medial prefrontal cortex to the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala is both necessary and sufficient to produce the antidepressant effects seen with ketamine treatment. (bipolarnews.org)
Researcher Hailan Hu reported that NMDA glutamate receptors drive the burst firing of lateral habenula (LHb) neurons, which make up the depressogenic or "anti-reward center" of the brain and appear to mediate anhedonic behavior (loss of interest or enjoyment) in animal models of depression. (bipolarnews.org)
LRRK2 kinase inhibition, which reversed Rab10 hyper-phosphorylation, did not rescue elevated glutamate release or surface GluA1 expression in knock-in neurons, but did alter AMPAR traffic in wild-type cells. (ozgene.com)
Neurons can also adjust the amount of chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) they release as well as the number of membrane proteins (receptors) that receive messages. (brainfacts.org)
Excitatory synaptic transmission in many neurons is mediated by two co-expressed ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes, AMPA and NMDA receptors, that differ in their kinetics, ion-selectivity, and voltage-sensitivity. (yale.edu)
To understand better the cellular mechanisms of NE and its adrenergic receptors in the LA, we used antibodies directed against dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DβH), the synthetic enzyme for NE, or against two different isoforms of the beta-adrenergic receptors (βARs), one that predominately recognizes neurons (βAR 248) and the other astrocytes (βAR 404), to characterize the microenvironments of DβH and βAR. (frontiersin.org)

To test whether AMPA or NMDAR subunits undergo activity-dependent modifications in adult hippocampal synapses, we induced LTP at perforant path-dentate gyrus (DG) synapses in anesthetized adult rats, using high frequency stimulation (HFS), verified layer-specific Arc induction, and analyzed the distribution of postsynaptic AMPA and NMDAR subunits, using immunogold electron microscopy. (unboundmedicine.com)
Ionotropic glutamate receptor (GluR) subunits also show a stratified distribution in the inner plexiform layer. (nih.gov)
Vertical cryostat sections through central retina were double labeled with immunohistochemical markers for bipolar cell types and with antibodies to alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor subunits GluR1 to 4, kainate receptor subunits GluR6/7, and the NR1C2' subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. (nih.gov)
For all bipolar cell types, immunoreactive puncta for the AMPA receptor subunits GluR2, 2/3, and 4 were colocalized at highest densities, whereas GluR1-immunoreactive puncta were expressed at very low densities. (nih.gov)
The kainate receptor subunits GluR6/7 were predominantly associated with diffuse bipolar (DB6) and rod bipolar cells. (nih.gov)
In brain tissue, we confirm VPS35 forms complexes with LRRK2 and AMPA-type glutamate receptor GluA1 subunits, in addition to NMDA-type glutamate receptor GluN1 subunits and D2-type dopamine receptors. (ozgene.com)
It also reduced the "upregulation of the nicotine acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits induced by nicotine," all biomarkers for nicotine addiction. (priceplow.com)
For example, we have addressed the heteromerization of GABA B receptor subunits (Kuner et al. (uni-heidelberg.de)

Here, we investigated whether different types of bipolar cells are associated with different types of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the inner retina of a New World primate, the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus. (nih.gov)
Inhibition of ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDA & AMPA) has been shown to impair cognition, while their activation as a strategy to enhance cognition has been hampered by challenges linked to adverse effects. (woodtv.com)
Tezampanel is an antagonist at the AMPA and kainate families of ionotropic glutamate receptors, with selectivity for the GluR5 subtype of the kainate receptor. (adooq.com)
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) found in mammalian brain are primarily known to mediate excitatory synaptic transmission crucial for learning and memory formation. (tmc.edu)

Excessive amounts of this neurotransmitter lead to glutamate excitotoxicity, which is accountable for neuronal death in acute neurological disorders, including stroke and trauma, and in neurodegenerative diseases. (elsevierpure.com)
In general, Gi-coupled mGlu receptor subtypes appear to negatively modulate excitatory (and possibly also inhibitory) neurotransmitter output when activated. (aspetjournals.org)
Excitatory synapses in the brain, which use glutamate as the primary neurotransmitter, represent a crucial target for the action of stress and its mediators. (nature.com)
Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and alterations in its release, receptor function, or signaling pathways can have profound effects on cognitive processes. (woodtv.com)
And he coined the term 'excitotoxity' because, of course, glutamate by then was well known as an excitatory neurotransmitter, as well as being potentially toxic. (hstalks.com)
Ketamine's effects are related to the neurotransmitter glutamate, for which there are several types of receptors, including NMDA and AMPA. (bipolarnews.org)
Ketamine causes a large burst of glutamate presumably because it blocks NMDA glutamate receptors on inhibitory interneurons that use the neurotransmitter GABA, causing glutamatergic cells to lose their inhibitory input and fire faster. (bipolarnews.org)
Vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35) regulates neurotransmitter receptor recycling from endosomes. (ozgene.com)
The interaction is a bit like a lock and key - the right neurotransmitter (key) can unlock and activate the receptor (lock). (brainfacts.org)
Glutamate is the most prevalent neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system, and it binds to several different kinds of receptors. (brainfacts.org)
Chemically resembling glutamate -- a neurotransmitter implication in the formation of memory -- Ltheanine shows promise in improving memory, heightening focus, reducing anxiety and reducing cognitive dysfunction in seniors. (priceplow.com)
Glutamate, an abundent central nervous system excitatory neurotransmitter, is essential for neuron communication and memory formation. (priceplow.com)
Here, glutamate serves as the primary nociceptive neurotransmitter and activates several ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. (uni-heidelberg.de)

The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)
If we think about some of those novel mechanisms, it would be glutamate-type mechanisms that hit the NMDA [N-methyl-D-aspartate] and the AMPA receptors and the cascade under glutamate, it would be the GABAergictreatment [gamma-aminobutyric acid]options, which would be primarily the neural steroids, which modulate those intrasynaptic, but extrasynaptic GABA receptors. (psychiatrictimes.com)
When you think about glutamate, GABA, and psychedelics, I know you're a clinician, not as much of a researcher as I tend to be sometimes, but what do you think of when you hear, glutamate, GABA, and psychedelics? (psychiatrictimes.com)
It's life-changing in terms of the extrasynaptic GABA receptors. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Specifically, when I think about glutamate and GABA, I think about the balance between these 2 systems. (psychiatrictimes.com)
This book conveys recent in the field of glutamate and GABA receptor research. (edu.au)

S)-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). (adooq.com)
This group also found that while both receptor subtypes were seen in the membranes and cytoplasm of cell bodies, the β 2 receptor subtype, but not the β 1 , was localized to the nucleus. (frontiersin.org)

This suggests that these receptors may have evolved to monitor glutamate that has "spilled" out of the synapse. (aspetjournals.org)
AMPA receptors may be inserted into synapses to increase neurotransmission, whereas NMDA receptors may redistribute within the synapse to alter the probability of subsequent plasticity. (unboundmedicine.com)
Straightforward pharmacological intervention on different regulatory sites of the glutamate synapse is a possible strategy for bypassing the unmet therapeutic needs posed by traditional drugs based on monoaminergic mechanisms. (nature.com)
Figure 1: The tripartite glutamate synapse. (nature.com)
So a typical glutamatergic synapse, such as the one shown in the cartoon here, the NMDA receptor is a very important source of activity-dependent calcium influx. (hstalks.com)
Increasing AMPA activity increases synapse number and function and also increases network connectivity, which can reverse the effects of stress. (bipolarnews.org)
Dendritic protein co-localization, AMPA receptor surface expression, synapse density, and glutamatergic synapse activity in primary cortical cultures from knock-in and wild-type littermates were assayed using immunocytochemistry and whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology. (ozgene.com)
Increasing the number of receptors on the postsynaptic cell strengthens a synapse by allowing more electrically conductive ions to enter. (brainfacts.org)
This, in turn, activates several kinds of enzymes, some of which increase the number of synaptic receptors, making the synapse more sensitive to neurotransmitters. (brainfacts.org)

Mounting evidence suggests that acute and chronic stress, especially the stress-induced release of glucocorticoids, induces changes in glutamate neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, thereby influencing some aspects of cognitive processing. (nature.com)
The mGlu2 receptor is expressed in the brain on presynaptic nerve terminals where it modulates glutamate release, helping to maintain the balance of excitatory neurotransmission. (woodtv.com)
Our results show that AMPA receptors are not mere mediators of fast excitatory neurotransmission in acute pain as previously thought, but are critically required for activity-induced potentiation in pathological states (Hartmann et al. (uni-heidelberg.de)

Moreover, HFS increased and LFS decreased the ratio of synaptic to extrasynaptic AMPA receptor labeling in the postsynaptic membrane. (unboundmedicine.com)
Acute stress increases glutamate release, membrane trafficking of AMPA and NMDA receptors, and potentially glutamate clearance in the prefrontal cortex through various mechanisms that involve glucocorticoid regulation. (nature.com)
There, they interact with receptors embedded in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron. (brainfacts.org)
However, when oxygen and glucose supplies stop, (from a stroke, for example) the electric potential of the cell membrane depolarizes, causing a massive outpouring of glutamate. (priceplow.com)
AMPA receptors have fast kinetics and are voltage-insensitive, while NMDA receptors have slower kinetics and increased conductance at depolarized membrane potentials. (yale.edu)
Simulations of synaptic integration in simplified and morphologically realistic dendritic trees revealed that the combined presence of AMPA and NMDA conductances reduces the variability of somatic responses to spatiotemporal patterns of excitatory synaptic input presented at different initial membrane potentials and/or in different dendritic domains. (yale.edu)
This moderating effect of the NMDA conductance on synaptic integration was robust across a wide range of AMPA-to-NMDA ratios, and results from synergistic interaction of NMDA kinetics (which reduces variability across membrane potential) and voltage-dependence (which favors stabilization across dendritic location). (yale.edu)
When combined with AMPA conductance, the NMDA conductance balances voltage- and impedance-dependent changes in synaptic driving force, and distance-dependent attenuation of synaptic potentials arriving at the axon, to increase the fidelity of synaptic integration and EPSP-spike coupling across neuron state (i.e., initial membrane potential) and dendritic location of synaptic input. (yale.edu)

Receptor and LRRK2 binding was unaltered in D620N knock-in mice, but we confirm the mutation results in reduced binding of VPS35 with WASH complex member FAM21, and increases phosphorylation of the LRRK2 kinase substrate Rab10, which is reversed by LRRK2 kinase inhibition in vivo. (ozgene.com)
The study demonstrates the VPS35 mutation has effects that are independent of ongoing LRRK2 kinase activity, and that LRRK2 kinase inhibition alters basal physiology of glutamate synapses in vitro. (ozgene.com)

CNQX(6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dioneis) is a potent, competitive AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Potent, competitive AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist. (sigmaaldrich.com)
GYKI53655 Hydrochloride is a non-competitive AMPA and kainate receptor antagonist. (adooq.com)

This may occur because inhibitory metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR-2) are activated, decreasing the release of glutamate. (bipolarnews.org)

The number of synapses with AMPA receptor labeling increased with LTP-inducing HFS in the stimulated region of the dendrite relative to the nonstimulated regions. (unboundmedicine.com)
Thus, LTP in the adult hippocampus in vivo selectively enhanced AMPA but not NMDAR labeling specifically in synapses undergoing activity-dependent plasticity relative to the remainder of the dendritic tree. (unboundmedicine.com)
Encoding a new long-term memory involves persistent changes in the number and shape of synapses, as well as the number of chemical messages sent and molecular docking stations, or receptors, available to receive the messages. (brainfacts.org)

He is noted for being the first to successfully record single-channel currents from AMPA-type glutamate receptors - the major glutamate receptor mediating fast transmission. (royalsociety.org)
TITLE simple NMDA receptors : Hines combined AMPA and NMDA and spike dependent plasticity : Modified from the original AMPA.mod, M.Migliore Jan 2003 : A weight of 0.0035 gives a peak conductance of 1nS in 0Mg COMMENT ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Simple model for glutamate AMPA receptors ========================================= - FIRST-ORDER KINETICS, FIT TO WHOLE-CELL RECORDINGS Whole-cell recorded postsynaptic currents mediated by AMPA/Kainate receptors (Xiang et al. (yale.edu)

Thus, to understand the conformational dynamics of iGluR family and correlate to its functional behavior, I have utilized single molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) and molecular dynamics simulation and specifically investigated the factors influencing gating mechanism and allosteric communication in heteromeric kainate receptor GluK2/K5 and NMDA receptor GluN1/N2A. (tmc.edu)
Utilizing MD simulations in GluN1/N2A NMDA receptors we have identified the structural pathway regarding the mechanism underlying negative cooperativity and how mutation in the receptor leads to abnormal functional behavior. (tmc.edu)

Stimulating medial prefrontal cortex cells that contained dopamine D1 receptors, but not D2 receptors, produced rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. (bipolarnews.org)

And one particular focus in the lab is on an important source of calcium influx, the NMDA subtype of ionotrophic glutamate receptors. (hstalks.com)
And that this calcium influx was mediated by the NMDA receptor, the NMDA subtype of ionotrophic glutamate receptors. (hstalks.com)
One pathway for long-term depression is mediated by calcium influx through NMDA receptors, which triggers AMPA-type glutamate receptor endocytosis. (grassfoundation.org)
This uncontrolled release of glutamate produces a domino effect by causing glutamate receptors to allow excessive amounts of the calcium ion (Ca2+) into the neuron, initiating additional glutamate release and added calcium influx. (priceplow.com)

Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, which include mGlu1-8 receptors, are a heterogeneous family of G-protein-coupled receptors which function to modulate brain excitability via presynaptic, postsynaptic and glial mechanisms. (aspetjournals.org)
Geneva, Switzerland, September 20, 202 3 - Addex Therapeutics (SIX and Nasdaq: ADXN), a clinical-stage pharmaceutical company pioneering allosteric modulation-based drug discovery and development, today announced that it has led a consortium which has been awarded a €4 million Eurostars grant to support its metabotropic glutamate 2 (mGlu2) receptor negative allosteric modulator (NAM) program for mild neurocognitive disorder (mNCD). (woodtv.com)
Furthermore, we have recently reported that synaptic proteins of the Homer1 family, which interconnect metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1/5) with intracellular calcium stores, are important modulators of inflammatory pain. (uni-heidelberg.de)

CNQX mediates depolarization thalamic reticular nucleus via α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors (AMPARs). (sigmaaldrich.com)
What happens is you get presynaptic release of glutamate into the synaptic cleft, which causes postsynaptic depolarization mediated by the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptor. (hstalks.com)
This postsynaptic depolarization alleviates the voltage-dependent magnesium block on the NMDA receptor. (hstalks.com)

Although synaptic plasticity is induced easily, the extent of AMPA and NMDA receptor mobility after LTP is unknown in the adult, intact hippocampus. (unboundmedicine.com)
He also discovered a new form for synaptic plasticity that appears to involve a type of AMPA receptor that underlies several important neurological diseases. (royalsociety.org)
Thus, synaptic NMDA receptors convey advantages for synaptic integration that are independent of, but fully compatible with, their importance for coincidence detection and synaptic plasticity. (yale.edu)

It is a quinoxaline derivative and also an antagonist for non-N-methyl-d-aspartate (non-NMDA) glutamate receptor. (sigmaaldrich.com)
NBQX is a potent, selective and competitive AMPA receptor antagonist. (adooq.com)
DNQX is a non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (non-NMDA) receptor complex antagonist. (adooq.com)
YM90K hydrochloride is a selective AMPA receptor antagonist that delays neuronal death in a global ischemia model and cerebral infarction in a focal ischemia model following postischemic administration. (adooq.com)
Talampanel is a non-competitive antagonist of AMPA-receptor. (adooq.com)
CNQX is a competitive, non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist (IC50s = 0.3 and 1.5 uM for AMPA and kainate receptors, respectively, versus IC50 = 25 uM for NMDA receptors). (adooq.com)
CNQX disodium salt, water-soluble form of AMPA/kainate antagonist CNQX (GLXC-11053). (adooq.com)
LY3130481 is an AMPA receptor antagonist that is dependent upon transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory protein (TARP) γ-8, selective inhibits AMPA/TARP γ-8 with an IC50 of 65 nM. (adooq.com)
SYM 2206 is a novel, potent, non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist. (adooq.com)
Becampanel (AMP397) is the first competitive AMPA antagonist and an antiepileptic agent. (adooq.com)
Zonampanel (YM 872) is a selective antagonist of the glutamate receptor subtype, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor. (adooq.com)
Ketamine, an antagonist at the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, produces rapid antidepressant effects with low, subanesthetic doses of 0.5 mg/kg administered IV over 40 minutes. (uspharmacist.com)
Because of its structural similarity to glutamate, theanine acts as a mild antagonist of glutamate receptors, such as AMPA and NMDA. (priceplow.com)
L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. (medchemexpress.com)

Stuart was among the first to analyse the biophysical and pharmacological properties of glutamate receptor channels. (royalsociety.org)

Chronic stress has been associated with a loss of glutamate receptors, impaired glutamate cycling and a suppression of glutamate transmission that may be attributable to the observed impairment of prefrontal cortex-dependent cognitive functions. (nature.com)
Figure 3: Stress induces changes in glutamate receptor trafficking and function in the prefrontal cortex. (nature.com)

LY404187 is a selective, potent and centrally active positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors. (adooq.com)
Org-26576 is a AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator. (adooq.com)
PF-4778574 is a potent AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM) that has been shown to enhance cognition in animal models. (adooq.com)

References Destexhe, A., Mainen, Z.F. and Sejnowski, T.J. An efficient method for computing synaptic conductances based on a kinetic model of receptor binding Neural Computation 6: 10-14, 1994. (yale.edu)

Certain members of this receptor family have been shown to function as presynaptic regulatory mechanisms to control release of neurotransmitters. (aspetjournals.org)
Recent progress on the molecular and pharmacological aspects of these presynaptic mGlu receptors is unveiling their functions and the therapeutic directions of agents designed for these novel glutamate receptor targets. (aspetjournals.org)
The receptors then release the neurotransmitters, which are recycled back into the presynaptic terminal or broken down enzymatically, allowing postsynaptic receptors to receive new signals from the presynaptic neuron. (brainfacts.org)

Which when, coincident with glutamate binding to the receptor, opens the channel and in flows sodium, and importantly calcium. (hstalks.com)
And it's this calcium that is a major mediator of the neuroprotective, as well as the toxic effects of NMDA receptor activity. (hstalks.com)
Upon binding glutamate, they permit calcium and sodium ions, respectively, to flow into the cell. (brainfacts.org)
Recently, we have characterized the role of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors in nociception and chronic inflammatory pain using transgenic mouse models. (uni-heidelberg.de)

These studies along with other evidence suggest that mGlu7 is the nerve terminal autoreceptor that regulates physiological release of glutamate. (aspetjournals.org)

Recent studies have shed light on the mechanisms by which stress and glucocorticoids affect glutamate transmission, including effects on glutamate release, glutamate receptors and glutamate clearance and metabolism. (nature.com)

SHORT PULSES OF TRANSMITTER (0.3 ms, 0.5 mM) The simplified model was obtained from a detailed synaptic model that included the release of transmitter in adjacent terminals, its lateral diffusion and uptake, and its binding on postsynaptic receptors (Destexhe and Sejnowski, 1995). (yale.edu)

The effect of PolyP on glutamate and specifically on the AMPA receptors was dependent on the presence of P2Y1 but not of P2X receptor inhibitors and also could be mimicked by P2Y1 agonist 2MeSADP. (elsevierpure.com)
IEM 1754 Dihydrobromide is a voltage-dependent open-channel blocker of AMPA receptors. (adooq.com)
Each of these effects was dependent on glutamate activity at AMPA receptors. (bipolarnews.org)

These findings suggest that rod and cone bipolar cell types contribute to multiple but distinct glutamate receptor pathways in primate retina. (nih.gov)

Mounting evidence suggests that stress, along with the associated hormonal and neurochemical mediators (particularly glucocorticoids), induces changes in glutamate release, transmission and metabolism in cortical and limbic brain areas, thereby influencing cognitive and emotional processing and behaviour. (nature.com)
And extremely soon afterwards, it became clear that NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxity was physiologically relevant because it was implicated in contributing to neuronal loss and dysfunction in acute disorders, particularly stroke and traumatic brain injury. (hstalks.com)
As one of the pioneers of patch clamp studies of glutamate-activated ion channels, he has made many major contributions to our understanding of how glutamate - the most important transmitter in the brain - mediates signalling between nerve cells. (royalsociety.org)
A very recent study of herbs used in traditional Lebanese medicine as sedatives demonstrated that lemon balm extracts had the ability to bind to receptors that trigger relaxation and reduce anxiety in the brain. (lifeextension.com)

Long-term potentiation (LTP) in vitro reveals dynamic regulation of synaptic glutamate receptors. (unboundmedicine.com)
AU - Moga,D E, AU - Shapiro,M L, AU - Morrison,J H, PY - 2006/10/14/pubmed PY - 2007/2/21/medline PY - 2006/10/14/entrez SP - 990 EP - 1003 JF - Hippocampus JO - Hippocampus VL - 16 IS - 11 N2 - Long-term potentiation (LTP) in vitro reveals dynamic regulation of synaptic glutamate receptors. (unboundmedicine.com)

Grin1 - glutamate receptor, ionotropic, NMDA1. (wikigenes.org)

Here we report that the voltage-dependency and kinetics of NMDA receptors act synergistically to stabilize synaptic integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) across spatial and voltage domains. (yale.edu)

Here's a recent review article on Ketamine (and other anti NMDA receptor antagonists). (latitudes.org)
While ketamine blocks the effects of this glutamate release at NMDA receptors, actions at AMPA receptors are not blocked, and AMPA activity actually increases. (bipolarnews.org)

Cyclothiazide is a benzothiadiazide that acts as a potentiator of AMPA receptors, positively modulating its response to glutamic acid (EC50 = 3.8 M). (adooq.com)

Figure 2: Acute stress rapidly enhances glutamate release in prefrontal and frontal cortex. (nature.com)

These findings will allow us to understand the conformational control regarding modulation of receptor function and will serve as a basis for developing subunit and conformation-specific therapeutic drugs that can potentially control the abnormal activity of the receptors linked to several neurological diseases. (tmc.edu)

The mutation also results in increased endosomal recycling protein cluster density (VPS35-FAM21 co-clusters and Rab11 clusters), glutamate transmission, and GluA1 surface expression. (ozgene.com)

Glutamate is one of the most important neurotransmitters in the process of signal transduction in the CNS. (elsevierpure.com)
Upon binding neurotransmitters, receptors unleash a cascade of molecular events that convert the message back into an electrical signal. (brainfacts.org)

The results suggest a mechanism by which rapid adjustments in synaptic strength can occur through localized AMPA receptor mobility and that this process may be competitive across the dendritic tree. (unboundmedicine.com)

In addition to their electrophysiological activity and their receptor-mediated activity, spines appear to be vesicularly active and may even translate proteins. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy51

Organisms9

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs124

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment17

Psychiatry and Psychology13

Phenomena and Processes36

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science2

Health Care1

Neurons20

Subunits8

Ionotropic glutamate4

Neurotransmitter13

GABA6

Subtypes2

Synapse9

Neurotransmission3

Membrane8

Inhibition2

Kainate receptor antagonist3

Inhibitory1

Synapses3

Currents2

GluN12

Dopamine1

Influx4

Metabotropic glutamate3

Depolarization3

Plasticity3

Antagonist14

Pharmacological properties1

Prefrontal cortex2

Allosteric3

Conductances1

Presynaptic3

Calcium4

Regulates1

Mechanisms1

Postsynaptic receptors1

Dependent3

Pathways1

Brain4

Long-Term Potenti2

Grin11

Kinetics1

Ketamine2

Glutamic Acid1

Acute1

Neurological diseases1

Transmission1

Neurotransmitters2

Dendritic1

Activity1