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GlucoseInsulinReceptor, InsulinBlood GlucoseGlucose Tolerance TestInsulin ResistanceGlucose IntoleranceHypoglycemic AgentsInsulin Receptor Substrate ProteinsIslets of LangerhansGlucose Transporter Type 4Insulin, Long-ActingDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glucose Transporter Type 1Insulin AntibodiesInsulin AntagonistsGlucagonGlucose OxidaseFastingMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsDeoxyglucoseInsulin LisproInsulin Infusion SystemsHyperinsulinismAdipose TissueInsulin-Secreting CellsHypoglycemiaC-PeptideLiverObesityBlood Glucose Self-MonitoringFatty Acids, NonesterifiedGlycogenGlucose Transporter Type 2Muscle, SkeletalGlucose Clamp TechniqueDiabetes MellitusInsulin AspartInsulin, IsophaneDiabetes Mellitus, ExperimentalProinsulinDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Insulin, Regular, PorkGlucose 1-DehydrogenaseGluconeogenesisAdipocytesInsulinsSignal TransductionKineticsBiological TransportHomeostasisGlucokinasePostprandial PeriodHemoglobin A, GlycosylatedPhosphorylationInsulin, Regular, HumanBody WeightGlycolysisFructose3-O-MethylglucoseTime FactorsGlucose Transporter Type 3LactatesTriglyceridesLactic AcidCells, CulturedRats, WistarGlucagon-Like Peptide 1Energy MetabolismDietary CarbohydratesMethylglucosidesHyperglycemiaLipidsHexokinaseLeptinGlucose-6-PhosphateLipid MetabolismGlucose DehydrogenasesRats, Sprague-DawleyRats, Inbred StrainsGlycerolGlucose Metabolism DisordersDose-Response Relationship, DrugMuscle ProteinsPhlorhizinInsulin, Short-ActingRNA, MessengerDietary FatsInsulin-Like Growth Factor IPhosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesInsulinomaBody Mass IndexGlucosephosphatesAdiponectinReference ValuesProto-Oncogene Proteins c-aktEatingPrediabetic StateMice, ObeseMetformin
MetabolismUptakeResistanceHomeostasisPancreaticAgonistRegulatesSensitivityDipeptidyl-Peptidase IVPhosphorylationGlucagon-like pepHyperglycemiaSubstrateConcentrationsPlasma glucose levelsProteinInsulinotropic polypeptideType 2 diabetLeptinGlycemicTissuesOral glucose toleranceAdipocytesCellsLevelsMiceMetabolicLiverResponse to insulinPeripheralHypoglycemiaRegulationStimulateGeneBasalBloodTransporterProteinsIntoleranceInhibitionIntakePrandial insulinEndogenous insulinSignal transductionClinicallyTumorTyrosineIntravenous glucoseSerum
Metabolism26
  • Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
  • The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
  • Here we comprehensively review the above topics, discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
  • We examined the function of TLR3 in glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes-related phenotypes in animals and humans. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In addition to the histological examination, glucose metabolism was assessed by measuring parameters on glucose/insulin tolerance tests. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • Secondary endpoints included resting energy expenditure (REE), plasma metabolites, and glucose and insulin metabolism as assessed by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test.RESULTS Chronic mirabegron therapy increased BAT metabolic activity. (jci.org)
  • Agents that inhibit insulin secretion increase glucose levels by reducing peripheral glucose metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • The first step in glycolysis (ie, conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate [G6P] by glucokinase) is the rate-limiting step in glucose metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • Impaired glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity have been linked to the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). (hindawi.com)
  • Taken together, the inhibition of hsa_circ_0046060 expression in exosomes from GDM-derived UMSCs can alleviate GDM by reversing abnormal glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in vivo and in vitro . (hindawi.com)
  • Although the precise pathogenic mechanism of GDM has not been fully elucidated, it may occur as a result of abnormal glucose regulation and increased IR, inducing the disorders of glucose metabolism. (hindawi.com)
  • There is growing evidence that TNF-alpha and its two receptors play an important role in hormonal regulation, metabolism, inflammation and cancer. (aaem.pl)
  • Its application by either the central or peripheral process increases appetite, food intake, adiposity and glucose metabolism [2, 3] . (researchgate.net)
  • While the physiological role of adipose tissue in cholesterol and oxLDL metabolism remains to be established, the induction of OLR1 is a potential means by which PPARγ ligands regulate lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • Some types of vertigo and dizziness are associated with abnormal glucose metabolism, osteoporosis, sleep apnea, and menopause and hormone fluctuations. (lifeextension.com)
  • Several comorbid conditions increase the risk of vertigo, including diabetes and abnormal glucose metabolism, osteoporosis, high cholesterol, and depression and anxiety. (lifeextension.com)
  • Supplementation with the amino acid arginine could help to improve glucose metabolism by as much as 40%, according to new research in mice. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • The study shows that supplementation with the amino acid significantly improves glucose metabolism in both insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant mice. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • "We improved glucose metabolism by as much as 40% in both groups," ​ he said. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • They found that arginine improves glucose metabolism significantly in both lean (insulin-sensitive) and obese (insulin-resistant) mice. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • "We can also see that arginine increases the body's production of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an intestinal hormone which plays an important role in regulating appetite and glucose metabolism, and which is therefore used in numerous drugs for treating type 2 diabetes," ​ said Clemmensen. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • There is no perceptible improvement in glucose metabolism or insulin secretion, confirming our hypothesis of a close biological connection between GLP-1 and arginine. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • Introduction: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices capture longitudinal data on interstitial glucose levels and are increasingly used to show the dynamics of diabetes metabolism. (bvsalud.org)
  • is an intermediate, possibly transitional, state between normal glucose metabolism and diabetes mellitus that becomes more common with aging. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Thus, during aerobic metabolism, each molecule of glucose can generate 36 ATPs. (medscape.com)
  • In animals, açai supplementation and exercise led to benefits in exercise tolerance and improvements in several hemodynamic parameters, as well as significant improvements in liver markers and glucose metabolism. (bvsalud.org)
Uptake20
  • Characterized by high blood glucose concentration, resistance of cells to glucose uptake and reduced insulin sensitivity, Type II diabetes is a major health problem afflicting both developing and developed countries in increasing extent as populations around the world increasing adopt high energy diets. (peerj.com)
  • Given that, in Type II diabetes, successive generations of various cell types in the body ranging from muscles, tissues, blood, and organs are resistant to glucose uptake and exhibited reduced sensitivity to insulin, the underlying aetiology of Type II diabetes might involve the altered gene expression of stem cells in stem cell niches that adapted to a high glucose diet through an evolutionary conserved mechanism that aimed at homeostasis. (peerj.com)
  • Specifically, faced with a high energy and high sugar diet, stem cells in stem cell niches around the body possibly activated an evolutionary conserved mechanism aimed at reducing glucose uptake by cells for reducing weight gain by the body. (peerj.com)
  • The above hypothesis helped explain why high sugar intake by the body could result in impaired sensitivity to insulin and reduced glucose uptake by cells, and more importantly, the widespread nature in which many cell types (principally muscle cells) are affected by a possible epigenetically controlled gene expression programme which hitherto appeared clinically irreversible. (peerj.com)
  • Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was also measured using isolated soleus muscle and epididymal adipose tissue. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was impaired in isolated soleus muscle and epididymal adipose tissues from DOC2b KO mice. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • Conclusions: We propose a novel insulin signaling mechanism by which protein kinase C iota phosphorylates DOC2b, leading to glucose transporter 4 vesicle translocation, fusion and facilitation of glucose uptake in response to insulin. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • The cascade is followed by glucose uptake. (wikipedia.org)
  • This agent increases hepatic glucose output by inhibiting pancreatic insulin release and, possibly, through an extrapancreatic effect, as well as decreases cellular glucose uptake. (medscape.com)
  • Also, our mutants induced proliferation, glucose uptake, inhibited the migration of 293T cells and affected the responsiveness of the cells to cisplatin and radiation. (scielo.br)
  • This study aimed to determine whether I3C or DIM could increase glucose uptake via enhanced insulin sensitivity in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, as well as the mechanism involved. (researchgate.net)
  • DIM also enhanced glucose uptake by increasing expression of glucose transporter 4 in adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
  • Conclusions Our findings suggest that DIM may improve insulin sensitivity through the activation of the insulin signaling pathway, leading to enhanced glucose uptake. (researchgate.net)
  • Previous studies have found that DIM can improve type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose uptake through the activation of insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 cells, and by lowering the plasma glucose levels in high-fat-diet-fed obese mice [13, 14]. (researchgate.net)
  • DIM, a major metabolite of indole-3-carbinol, which is naturally produced in broccoli and cabbage, enhances glucose uptake through the improvement of insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 cells [13] . (researchgate.net)
  • 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM)-a natural compound produced from indole-3-carbinol, found in cruciferous vegetables-enhances glucose uptake by increasing the activation of the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
  • Manganese Acts upon Insulin/IGF Receptors to Phosphorylate AKT and Increase Glucose Uptake in Huntington's Disease Cells. (purdue.edu)
  • Insulin is an anabolic hormone that promotes glucose uptake, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis of skeletal muscle and fat tissue through the tyrosine kinase receptor pathway. (medscape.com)
  • These agents improve peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. (medscape.com)
  • peripheral insulin-stimulated uptake is increased. (medscape.com)
Resistance36
Homeostasis8
Pancreatic10
  • Stimulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells by glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists is known to be glucose-dependent. (nih.gov)
  • This review aims to discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms by which GLP-1R signalling promotes insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells via a glucose-dependent process. (nih.gov)
  • Insulin receptor antagonism increased pancreatic β-cell mass threefold. (indicalab.com)
  • In pancreatic β cells, glucose stimulates the biosynthesis of insulin at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. (molcells.org)
  • Thus, our results identify insulin as a pivotal mediator of glucose-induced PTBP1 expression in pancreatic β cells. (molcells.org)
  • During calorific restriction or extremely low-carbohydrate diets, insulin production by pancreatic β-cells is reduced, lipogenesis is decreased and glycogen stores are depleted. (karger.com)
  • One of these, glucagon, is a pancreatic hormone that counteracts the glucose-lowering action of insulin by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. (medscape.com)
  • Glipizide is a second-generation sulfonylurea that stimulates the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells. (medscape.com)
  • These agents stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic cells, lowering blood glucose levels. (medscape.com)
Agonist5
  • BACKGROUND Mirabegron is a β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) agonist approved only for the treatment of overactive bladder. (jci.org)
  • The study authors note that "recent guidelines support adding an injectable incretin-related therapy such as GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control, rather than basal insulin, when oral medications are inadequate. (medscape.com)
  • The drug is highly selective and is a potent agonist for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma). (medscape.com)
  • 3. Less than 3 months between the last dose of GLP-1R agonists and GLP-1R agonist/insulin/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)combinations and screening. (who.int)
  • Or, a newer glucagon -like peptide 1 (GLP1) receptor agonist or even a sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor could be added, [ 3 ] which may lead to less weight gain (or possibly weight loss) and less hypoglycemia-things we worry about with insulin. (medscape.com)
Regulates4
  • An alternative multi-site phosphorylation of Serine/Threonine in IRS-1 regulates insulin signaling positively and negatively. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metz H, Busch SE, Hanke ML, Kargl J, Kim KH and Houghton M (2014) Insulin receptor substrate-1 regulates immune cell content in lung adenocarcinoma. (scielo.br)
  • Insulin regulates the amount of glucose in our bodies. (asbestos.com)
  • Activation of PPAR-gamma receptors regulates insulin-responsive gene transcription involved in glucose production, transport, and utilization, thereby reducing blood glucose concentrations and reducing hyperinsulinemia. (medscape.com)
Sensitivity6
  • Despite having high insulin levels, Tlr3(-/-) mice did not experience disturbances in whole-body insulin sensitivity, suggesting that they have a robust metabolic system that manages increased insulin secretion. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Encouraging preclinical results suggest that β3-AR agonists could also improve obesity-related metabolic disease by increasing brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, white adipose tissue (WAT) lipolysis, and insulin sensitivity.METHODS We treated 14 healthy women of diverse ethnicities (27.5 ± 1.1 years of age, BMI of 25.4 ± 1.2 kg/m2) with 100 mg mirabegron (Myrbetriq extended-release tablet, Astellas Pharma) for 4 weeks in an open-label study. (jci.org)
  • 0.01), reduced hemoglobin A1c levels (P = 0.01), and improved insulin sensitivity (P = 0.03) and β cell function (P = 0.01). (jci.org)
  • Berberine Improves Insulin Sensitivity by Inhibiting Fat Store and Adjusting Adipokines Profile in Human Preadipocytes and Metabolic Syndrome Patients. (webmd.com)
  • The intracellular glucose intake and glycogen content were measured using a High Sensitivity Glucose Assay Kit and Glycogen Assay Kit, respectively. (hindawi.com)
  • Rosiglitazone is an antidiabetic agent (thiazolidinedione derivative) that improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity. (medscape.com)
Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV1
  • glucosidase inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, bromocriptine, and bile acid sequestrants. (cdc.gov)
Phosphorylation7
Glucagon-like pep1
  • Previous treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1)agonists within 3 months before screening. (who.int)
Hyperglycemia2
Substrate10
  • thereby ensuring that sufficient insulin mRNA is present to serve as the substrate for rapid insulin biosynthesis under conditions of greater insulin demand. (molcells.org)
  • Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is a signaling adapter protein that in humans is encoded by the IRS1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Insulin receptor substrate 1 plays a key role in transmitting signals from the insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1) to intracellular pathways PI3K / Akt and Erk MAP kinase pathways. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metz HE and Houghton AM (2011) Insulin receptor substrate regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. (scielo.br)
  • Sesti G, Federici M, Hribal ML, Lauro D, Sbraccia P and Lauro R (2001) Defects of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) system in human metabolic disorders. (scielo.br)
  • Ma Z, Gibson SL, Byrne MA, Zhang J, White MF and Shaw LM (2006) Suppression of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) promotes mammary tumor metastasis. (scielo.br)
  • In addition to binding to the insulin receptor, IRS1 also binds to and transmits signals from the receptors of prolactin, growth hormone (GH), leptin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), insulin like growth factor (IGF1), and integrins ( Vuori and Ruoslathi , 1994 Vuori K and Ruoslahti E (1994) Association of insulin receptor substrate-1 with integrins. (scielo.br)
  • The expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and its phosphorylated form, (p-IRS-1), as well as G6PC2, was determined through western blotting. (hindawi.com)
  • The use of drastic caloric restriction or ultralow-carbohydrate diets increases the production of ketone bodies, which are an alternative energy substrate in situations of insufficient glucose supply. (karger.com)
  • Such a low supply of sugars causes fatty acids to be converted to ketone bodies and used as the main energy substrate when glucose, the brain's energy source, is in short supply. (karger.com)
Concentrations7
  • However, treatment with common therapies such as insulin or insulinotrophic sulphonylureas (SU), while effective in reducing hyperglycaemia, may impose a greater risk of hypoglycaemia, as neither therapy is self-regulated by ambient blood glucose concentrations. (nih.gov)
  • GLP-1R agonists potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and have little or no activity on insulin secretion in the absence of elevated blood glucose concentrations. (nih.gov)
  • Insulin binding to monocytes was nearly identical at ail insulin concentrations tested in the placebo or metformin therapy phase. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Initial rates of adipocyte 3-0-methyl glucose transport were decreased in the absence of insulin (basal) and at submaximally effective (33.3pmol/l) but not at maximally effective insulin concentrations. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Direct oral absorption results in rapid increase of blood glucose concentrations. (medscape.com)
  • During each session, rs-fMRI and hormone concentrations were recorded before and after a 75 g oral dose of glucose. (frontiersin.org)
  • In heparinized plasma, glucose concentrations are 5% lower than plasma. (medscape.com)
Plasma glucose levels3
  • Strikingly, differences in plasma insulin levels between hunger and satiety states after glucose administration at the time of the scan were negatively related to brain activity in the posterior insula and superior frontal gyrus (SFG), while plasma glucose levels were positively associated with activity changes in the fusiform gyrus. (frontiersin.org)
  • Maternal diet apparently does not have a significant role on neonatal cord blood insulin, C-peptide, or plasma glucose levels although a lower maternal glycemic load appears to be associated with lower adiposity in infants born to these women. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnostic criteria include plasma glucose levels less than 3 mmol/L with detectable serum insulin and C-peptide, low serum ketone bodies, and low serum fatty acids. (medscape.com)
Protein8
  • Aims/introduction: Double C2 domain protein b (DOC2b), one of the synaptotagmins, has been shown to translocate to the plasma membrane, and to initiate membrane-fusion processes of vesicles containing glucose transporter 4 proteins on insulin stimulation. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • The RNA-binding protein, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1), also named hnRNP I, acts as a critical mediator of insulin biosynthesis through binding to the pyrimidine-rich region in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of insulin mRNA. (molcells.org)
  • This gene provides instructions for making a protein called an insulin receptor, which is found in many types of cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Results DIM, but not I3C, increased adipocyte differentiation through upregulation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α. (researchgate.net)
  • The insulin receptor is a large protein on the surface of cells to which the hormone insulin binds. (edu.au)
  • Lipocalin 10 is essential for protection against inflammation-triggered vascular leakage by activating LDL receptor-related protein 2-slingshot homologue 1 signalling pathway. (uc.edu)
  • Glucagon is a ligand for a specific G-protein linked receptor whose signalling pathway controls cell proliferation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Required for protein transport from the Golgi apparatus to the lysosomes by a pathway that is independent of the mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR). (abcam.com)
Insulinotropic polypeptide2
  • Tirzepatide activates the body's receptors for glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). (medscape.com)
  • GLP-1 receptor agonism is also achieved by inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), which prevent the inactivation of GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), thereby prolonging their raised levels after. (lu.se)
Type 2 diabet9
  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • HAMBURG, Germany ― Once-weekly tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Lilly) added to insulin glargine resulted in greater reductions in A1c along with more weight loss and less hypoglycemia compared with prandial insulin lispro (Humalog, Sanofi) for patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes, show data from the SURPASS-6 randomized clinical trial. (medscape.com)
  • This is particularly true when it adds complexity, as in the case of multiple prandial insulin injections on top of basal insulin in suboptimally treated individuals with type 2 diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • Tsapas highlighted, "These data further support the very high dual glucose and weight efficacy of tirzepatide and the primary role of incretin-related therapies amongst the injectables for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • The researchers aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of adding once-weekly tirzepatide compared with thrice-daily prandial insulin lispro as an adjunctive therapy to insulin glargine for patients with type 2 diabetes that was inadequately controlled with basal insulin. (medscape.com)
  • The open-label, phase 3b clinical trial drew data from 135 sites across 15 countries and included 1428 adults with type 2 diabetes who were taking basal insulin. (medscape.com)
  • A landmark discovery about how insulin docks on cells could help in the development of improved types of insulin for treating both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. (edu.au)
  • It is used along with other medications to improve blood glucose (sugar) levels for people with type 2 diabetes . (medbroadcast.com)
  • Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are established pharmaceutical therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. (lu.se)
Leptin4
  • These neurons are the first-order neurons on which peripheral metabolic hormones, including leptin, insulin, ghrelin and nutrients, primarily act. (nature.com)
  • Plasma levels of glucose, leptin and insulin are elevated in males. (jax.org)
  • There are two main neuronal populations in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus that are sensitive to signals indicating systemic fuel availability (e. g., leptin, ghrelin and insulin). (researchgate.net)
  • 12 Other important effects of leptin include increase in glucose utilization, inhibition of lipogenesis, stimulation of fatty acid oxidation, and reduction of trigliceride accumulation in liver and skeletal muscles, accounting for leptin's insulin-sensitizing properties. (researchgate.net)
Glycemic2
  • Using a diet-induced obesity model, we show that TLR3-deficient mice had enhanced glycemic control, facilitated by elevated insulin secretion. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We demonstrated clinically meaningful and superior glycemic and body weight control with tirzepatide compared with insulin lispro, while tirzepatide was also associated with less clinically significant hypoglycemia. (medscape.com)
Tissues6
  • Furthermore, the discordant effect of hyperinsulinaemia on monocyte and adipocyte insulin binding indicates that monocyte insulin binding may not always reflect insulin binding in insulin-sensitive tissues. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The elevation of glucose levels induces calcium-mediated secretion of insulin, which, in turn, promotes the absorption of glucose from the blood into peripheral tissues, thereby reducing blood glucose levels. (molcells.org)
  • Glucose-elevating agents can act in the pancreas or the peripheral tissues to increase blood glucose levels. (medscape.com)
  • Although insulin is present in the bloodstream, the defective receptors make it less able to exert its effects on cells and tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In addition, GLP-1/glucagon and GLP-1/GIP dual receptor agonists and GLP-1/GIP/glucagon triple receptor agonists have shown the potential to reduce blood glucose levels and body weight through their effects on islets and peripheral tissues, improving beta cell function and stimulating energy expenditure. (lu.se)
  • Of the 10 GLUT receptors, GLUT-4 receptors are present in muscle and adipose tissues and require insulin for glucose transport. (medscape.com)
Oral glucose tolerance1
  • For oral glucose tolerance testing, after oral intake of 75 g of glucose, collect blood samples at 1 hour and 2 hours. (medscape.com)
Adipocytes3
  • Isolated adipocytes and monocytes were used as models for studying insulin binding, while adipocytes were also used to study insulin action in vitro. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Here we report that antidiabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and other ligands for the nuclear receptor PPARγ dramatically upregulate oxidized LDL receptor 1 (OLR1) in adipocytes by facilitating the exchange of coactivators for corepressors on the OLR1 gene in cultured mouse adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • Probably required in adipocytes for the formation of specialized storage vesicles containing the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 (GLUT4 storage vesicles, or GSVs). (abcam.com)
Cells10
  • Thus, successive generations of cells generated from the stem cell niche would exhibit an epigenetically controlled programme of gene expression that exhibited down regulation of genes for glucose transporters and insulin receptors. (peerj.com)
  • Here, we report that glucose induces the expression of PTBP1 via the insulin receptor (IR) signaling pathway in β cells. (molcells.org)
  • PTBP1 is present in β cells of both mouse and monkey, where its levels are increased by glucose and insulin, but not by insulin-like growth factor 1. (molcells.org)
  • However, PTBP1 levels were not altered in βIRKO cells transfected with IR-3YA, in which the Tyr1158/1162/1163 residues are substituted with Ala. Consistently, treatment with glucose or insulin elevated PTBP1 levels in βIRWT cells, but not in βIRKO cells. (molcells.org)
  • IRS-1 integrates signalling from insulin receptor (InsR), insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) and many other cytokine receptors and is elevated in β-catenin induced cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • This may be due to how berberine helps control insulin and other hormones that regulate your fat cells. (webmd.com)
  • For the first time, researchers have captured the intricate way in which insulin uses the insulin receptor to bind to the surface of cells. (edu.au)
  • Studies on different types of cancers show tumor cells contain more insulin receptors than normal cells. (asbestos.com)
  • Because insulin is a growth hormone, researchers believe elevated levels of insulin stimulate the growth of cancer cells. (asbestos.com)
  • You could have cells with insulin receptors so that glucose is allowed into the cytoplasm from the extracellular compartment. (evolutionnews.org)
Levels26
  • Using this model, we show that glucagon receptor (GCGR) inhibition with a monoclonal antibody normalized blood glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate levels. (indicalab.com)
  • Normalization of blood glucose levels with GCGR-blocking antibody unexpectedly doubled β-cell mass relative to that observed with S961 alone and 5.8-fold over control. (indicalab.com)
  • Moreover, a meta-analysis of two healthy human populations showed that a missense single nucleotide polymorphism in TLR3 (encoding L412F) was linked to elevated insulin levels, consistent with our experimental findings. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This agent exerts effects opposite of insulin on blood glucose and elevates blood glucose levels by inhibiting glycogen synthesis and enhancing formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as proteins and fats (gluconeogenesis). (medscape.com)
  • Hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis are thus accelerated, with blood glucose levels consequently increasing. (medscape.com)
  • post-menopausal women with a higher serum FSH (≥78.3 IU/L) had higher serum TC and LDL-C levels than those with relatively lower FSH levels (40-78.3 IU/L), and ovariectomized mice had higher serum FSH and lipid levels and reduced hepatic LDL receptor expression. (nature.com)
  • Berberine has also been shown to lower glucose levels in people with diabetes. (webmd.com)
  • Objective Indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring compound found in cruciferous vegetables, and its metabolite 3,3′‐diindolylmethane (DIM) reduce body mass and serum glucose levels in high‐fat‐diet‐induced obese mice. (researchgate.net)
  • DIM decreased STZ-increased high blood glucose levels and food and water intake in diabetic mice. (researchgate.net)
  • Metabolic state, insulin levels and glucose administration interact in their effects on brain activation patterns. (frontiersin.org)
  • To avoid these disadvantages in the present investigation, we used resting-state fMRI in order to reveal potential links between whole brain activity and insulin and glucose levels in different metabolic states. (frontiersin.org)
  • Several studies using rs-fMRI revealed associations of insulin or glucose levels with the functional connectivity (FC) of particular brain networks or brain sites that are related to homeostatic regulation but not without contradictions. (frontiersin.org)
  • using MRI-cerebral blood flow (CBF) during rest: here, changes of insulin levels were negatively associated with changes of CBF signals in the caudate and the putamen in response to glucose administration. (frontiersin.org)
  • After a few hours of fasting, insulin levels fall, and increased lipolysis creates free fatty acids and glycerol. (medscape.com)
  • This hypoglycemia occurs in the setting of low insulin levels. (medscape.com)
  • Circulating insulin levels also are low. (medscape.com)
  • Growth hormone deficiency and hypocortisolemia also can cause hypoglycemia associated with low insulin levels, possibly by unopposed insulin action and decreased ketogenesis. (medscape.com)
  • Hypoglycemia associated with elevated insulin levels makes certain disorders unlikely, such as defects in gluconeogenesis, free fatty acid synthesis and ketogenesis, growth hormone deficiency, and cortisol deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • In the state of ketosis, blood glucose levels are stable, reaching physiological values. (karger.com)
  • When we eat foods rich in simple sugars, our blood sugar levels rise quickly, causing the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. (asbestos.com)
  • It works by helping your body make more insulin and control blood glucose levels. (medbroadcast.com)
  • Insulin levels in LD patients (17.9 mU/l) on PIs were significantly (P =0.02) higher than in controls (6.6 mU/l), and did not alter (21.2 mU/l) when Pis were stopped, despite equivalent glucose tolerance. (natap.org)
  • Excessive administration of insulin is associated with elevated insulin levels. (medscape.com)
  • Autoimmunity to insulin or insulin receptor is associated with elevated insulin levels. (medscape.com)
  • They mimic the action of GLP-1 to reduce glucose levels through stimulation of insulin secretion and inhibition of glucagon secretion. (lu.se)
  • Morning fasting plasma glucose values are higher than afternoon glucose levels. (medscape.com)
Mice2
  • In this study, we investigated whether DIM could improve insulin-dependent diabetes and nephropathy in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. (researchgate.net)
  • "Mice without GLP-1 receptors are not affected to the same extent by arginine," ​ he added. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
Metabolic5
  • In conclusion, our results increase the understanding of the function of innate receptors in metabolic disorders and implicate TLR3 as a key control system in metabolic regulation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The primary endpoint was the change in BAT metabolic activity as measured by [18F]-2-fluoro-d-2-deoxy-d-glucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT. (jci.org)
  • The IRS proteins (IRS1-4) are the family of adaptors regulating metabolic and mitogenic signaling pathways ( Hanke and Mann , 2009 Hanke S and Mann M (2009) The phosphotyrosine interactome of the insulin receptor family and its substrates IRS-1 and IRS-2. (scielo.br)
  • To study the interplay of metabolic state (hungry vs. satiated) and glucose administration (including hormonal modulation) on brain function, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and blood samples were obtained in 24 healthy normal-weight men in a repeated measurement design. (frontiersin.org)
  • Without all the necessary enzymes to convert glucose and oxygen into ATP, which is another 20 or so extraordinarily exquisite metabolic steps, the entry of glucose into the cell by itself is meaningless. (evolutionnews.org)
Liver5
Response to insulin1
  • In some studies, berberine helped women with PCOS control their cholesterol, lower their waist-to-hip ratio, and increase their response to insulin. (webmd.com)
Peripheral1
Hypoglycemia5
Regulation1
  • Octreotide may be used in diazoxide-unresponsive patients but is often ineffective because of down-regulation of the somatostatin receptor, and it carries a risk of causing necrotizing enterocolitis and death. (medscape.com)
Stimulate5
  • This agent activates hepatic glucagon receptors, which stimulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) synthesis. (medscape.com)
  • Glucose and several amino acids stimulate insulin secretion under physiologic conditions, and the sequence of events leading to insulin secretion is well delineated. (medscape.com)
  • Other developments in GLP-1 receptor agonism include the formation of small orally available agonists and compounds with the potential to pharmaceutically stimulate GLP-1 secretion from the gut. (lu.se)
  • These agents include chlorpropamide and tolbutamide (first-generation), as well as glipizide, glyburide, and glimepiride (second-generation), are secretagogues (ie, medications that stimulate insulin secretion). (medscape.com)
  • Repaglinide is a meglitinide analogue, a secretagogue that acts on the pancreas to stimulate the release of insulin. (medscape.com)
Gene1
  • Moreover, blocking FSH signaling by anti-FSHβ antibody or ablating the FSH receptor ( FSHR ) gene could effectively prevent hypercholesterolemia induced by FSH injection or high-cholesterol diet feeding. (nature.com)
Basal6
  • We've come a long way in the treatment of diabetes, particularly with basal insulin management. (medscape.com)
  • We now have a newer generation of basal insulins. (medscape.com)
  • She spoke about topics pertaining to the newer basal insulins, and these are some of her main points. (medscape.com)
  • As the A1c approaches normal (elevated, but not super-elevated), we always thought about adding a prandial insulin three times a day to bring the A1c to goal, rather than having the basal insulin be the biggest factor in reducing A1c. (medscape.com)
  • In a sense, U500 insulin is not really a pure basal or bolus insulin, but a combination thereof. (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: Basal Insulins: 'We've Come a Long Way' - Medscape - Apr 25, 2017. (medscape.com)
Blood9
Transporter2
  • The rate of glucose entry into the beta cell is facilitated by a glucose transporter, and the entry rate exceeds the oxidation rate of glucose. (medscape.com)
  • Our aim was to assess the role of HDL- and non-HDL-related parameters in ATP-binding cassette transporter-A1 (ABCA1) and scavenger receptor class B-type-I (SRBI) cell-cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) in coronary heart disease (CHD) cases and controls. (bvsalud.org)
Proteins3
  • The IRS proteins function as adaptors and transmit signals from multiple receptors. (scielo.br)
  • Following insulin binding, the insulin receptor (IR) autophosphorylates itself and creates docking sites for IRS proteins. (scielo.br)
  • Olsson I, Gatanaga T, Gullberg U, Lantz M, Granger GA. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) binding proteins (soluble TNF receptor forms) with possible roles in inflammation and malignancy. (aaem.pl)
Intolerance1
Inhibition1
  • Octreotide acts primarily on somatostatin receptor subtypes II and V. It also inhibits growth hormone secretion and has a multitude of other endocrine and nonendocrine effects, including inhibition of glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptides (VIP), and gastrointestinal peptides. (medscape.com)
Intake1
  • Concentrated dextrose infusions provide higher amounts of glucose and increased caloric intake with minimum fluid volume. (medscape.com)
Prandial insulin1
  • Sometimes it is beneficial to have them take the prandial insulin once a day at their heavier meal. (medscape.com)
Endogenous insulin2
Signal transduction1
Clinically3
  • Specifically, the most important clinical question for diabetes treatment and care remains the reasons underlying the clinically observed irreversible nature of the disease that progressively, with age and poor glucose control, worsens with complications to many organs of the body such as the eyes, kidneys, cardiovascular system and brain (stroke). (peerj.com)
  • Tirzepatide led to a statistically and clinically significant reduction in mean A1c, at −2.1%, compared with insulin lispro, at −1.1%, by week 52. (medscape.com)
  • The GLP-1 receptor agonists used clinically are based on exendin-4 and native GLP-1 and are available as formulations for daily or weekly s.c. or oral administration. (lu.se)
Tumor5
  • Distinct roles of the two tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors in modulating TNF and lymphotoxin alpha effects. (aaem.pl)
  • Engelmann H, Holtmann H, Brakebusch C, Avni YS, Sarov I, Nophar Y, Hadas E, Leitner O, Wallach D. Antibodies to a soluble form of a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor have TNF-like activity. (aaem.pl)
  • Aderka D, Engelmann H, Maor Y, Brakebusch C, Wallach D. Stabilization of the bioactivity of tumor necrosis factor by its soluble receptors. (aaem.pl)
  • Chegini N. An inverse relation between the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and TNF-alpha receptor in human endometrium. (aaem.pl)
  • Onsrud M, Shabana A, Austgulen R, Nustad K. Comparison between soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors and CA125 in peritoneal fluids as a marker for epithelial ovarian cancer. (aaem.pl)
Tyrosine3
  • Multiple tyrosine residues of IRS-1 itself are then phosphorylated by these receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2005) Activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor are associated with improved survival in gefitinib-treated chemorefractory lung adenocarcinomas. (scielo.br)
  • An Introduction and Overview of RON Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling. (uc.edu)
Intravenous glucose1
  • An intravenous glucose infusion rate greater than 8 mg/kg/min (normally, 4-6 mg/kg/min) strongly supports the diagnosis. (medscape.com)
Serum3