Lipid MetabolismFermentationGlycerolMetabolicAcetaldehydeGlycolysisLactateHepaticFructoseMoleculeYeastCellular respirationAlcoholHyperglycemiaLevels of Blood GlucoseMetabolitesSaccharomycesCarbohydrate metabolismAminoEnzymesPathwayProduce ethanolAnaerobicProteinsInsulinFermentable sugarsPathwaysSugarsConcentrationsAdipose tissueBrain glucoseConsumptionConcentrationForm of glucoseDepends on glucoseCarbon dioxide and waterAlcoholicHypoglycemiaAcuteBloodUptakeInterferesLiverImprovesDietaryAcetoneZymomonasOxidativeCatabolismBiochemicalOrganismToxic
Lipid Metabolism1
- Therefore, it is becoming more and more popular to adjust the obesity and abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism by eating dietary fiber. (ijpsonline.com)
Fermentation11
- In the last 40 years, several scientific and technological advances in microbiology of the fermentation have greatly contributed to evolution of the ethanol industry in Brazil. (scielo.br)
- New technologies have also focused on the reduction of vinasse volumes by increasing the ethanol concentrations in wine during fermentation. (scielo.br)
- In the mid-1800s, Louis Pasteur determined that microorganisms cause the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen (fermentation). (jove.com)
- Alcoholic fermentation results in the metabolism of one molecule of glucose to two molecules of ethanol and two molecules of CO.sub.2. (blogspot.com)
- If the conversion of pyruvate to undesired organic acids could be avoided, as detailed above, then such a genetically modified microorganism would have an increased ability to produce ethanol as a fermentation product. (blogspot.com)
- In aerobic respiration, glucose is completely broken down to CO2 + H2O, but during fermentation, it is broken down only part-way. (angelfire.com)
- It should be clear from the above equations that aerobic respiration produces much more ATP per glucose molecule than fermentation. (angelfire.com)
- Percentage of fermentable sugars converted into ethanol by yeast during the fermentation of the beer wort . (beer-studies.com)
- Lactic acid and ethanol fermentation are the two most common types of fermentation. (jove.com)
- In contrast, ethanol fermentation occurs in yeast and bacteria. (jove.com)
- Fermentation is a type of metabolic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen, where organic molecules such as glucose are broken down to produce energy. (jove.com)
Glycerol4
- Lactobacillus reuteri, a heterofermentative bacterium, metabolizes glycerol via a Pdu (propanediol-utilization) pathway involving dehydration to 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA) followed by reduction to 1,3-propandiol (1,3-PDO) with concomitant generation of an oxidized cofactor, NAD+ that is utilized to maintain cofactor balance required for glucose metabolism and even for oxidation of 3-HPA by a Pdu oxidative branch to 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP). (lu.se)
- Notably, it was demonstrated that PduQ is more active in generating NAD+ during glycerol metabolism within the microcompartment by resting cells, while ADH7 functions to balance NAD+/NADH by converting 3-HPA to 1,3-PDO outside the microcompartment in the growing cells. (lu.se)
- Dr. Longo has explained, elsewhere, that glycerol extends the life of yeast when used as an alternate carbon source (alternate to glucose or ethanol) ie glycerol shifts metabolism away from glycolysis towards oxidative phosphorylation thereby mimicking calorie restriction. (foundmyfitness.com)
- We monitored dialysate concentrations of ethanol, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol to assess tissue blood flow and metabolism before and after levodopa/benserazide intake. (mdc-berlin.de)
Metabolic8
- While the causes of a hangover are still poorly understood, several factors are known to be involved including acetaldehyde accumulation, changes in the immune system and glucose metabolism, dehydration, metabolic acidosis, disturbed prostaglandin synthesis, increased cardiac output, vasodilation, sleep deprivation, and malnutrition. (wikipedia.org)
- Why Metabolism Matters Our metabolic rate is the rate our body processes the food we eat and burns it for energy. (123helpme.com)
- This study introduces a stable-isotope metabolic approach employing [U-13C]glucose that, as a novelty, allows selective profiling of the human intestinal microbial metabolic products of carbohydrate food components, as well as the measurement of the kinetics of their formation pathways, in a single experiment. (tno.nl)
- After culture stabilization, [U-13C] glucose was added as an isotopically labeled metabolic precursor. (tno.nl)
- Using computer modeling of the 12C contents and 13C labeling kinetics, the metabolic fluxes in the gut microbial pathways for synthesis of lactate, formate, acetate, and butyrate were determined separately for glucose and unlabeled background substrates. (tno.nl)
- These include hematological functions, innate immunity and inflammation functions, metabolic functions expected of ethanol metabolism, and pancreatic and hepatic function. (biomedcentral.com)
- CONCLUSION: Levodopa/benserazide elicits pronounced metabolic changes in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle with a switch from lipid to carbohydrate metabolism. (mdc-berlin.de)
- [ 2 ] The brain cannot use fatty acids for energy production and usually depends on glucose to meet its metabolic needs. (medscape.com)
Acetaldehyde9
- Several pathophysiological changes may give rise to the alcohol hangover including increased levels of acetaldehyde, hormonal alterations of the cytokine pathways and decrease of the availability of glucose. (wikipedia.org)
- After being ingested, the ethanol in alcoholic beverages is first converted to acetaldehyde by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase and then to acetic acid by oxidation and egestion process. (wikipedia.org)
- Acetaldehyde, the first by-product of ethanol, is between 10 and 30 times more toxic than alcohol itself and can remain at an elevated plateau for many hours after initial ethanol consumption. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, some people (predominantly East Asians) have a mutation in their alcohol dehydrogenase gene that makes this enzyme unusually fast at converting ethanol to acetaldehyde. (wikipedia.org)
- Acetaldehyde is then reduced to ethanol by ADH regenerating NAD.sup. (blogspot.com)
- Ethanol and its metabolite acetaldehyde can alter fetal development by disrupting cellular differentiation and growth, disrupting DNA and protein synthesis and inhibiting cell migration. (medscape.com)
- Both ethanol and acetaldehyde modify the intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. (medscape.com)
- The acetaldehyde is then further reduced to ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase. (jove.com)
- The second is direct toxicity from abnormal products (eg, phosphatidyl ethanol, fatty acid ethyl esters) and from metabolites (eg, acetaldehyde that reacts with proteins to form adducts). (medscape.com)
Glycolysis2
- Based on Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis Pathways at SGD and on Kruckeberg, AL and Dickinson, JR (2004) Carbon Metabolism in The Metabolism and Molecular Physiology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Dickinson, JR and Schweizer, M, eds, CRC Press. (wikipathways.org)
- Glucose is the primary energy source in the brain whose metabolism via the glycolysis pathway leads to pyruvate, which enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria or is converted into lactate by LDH [ 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
Lactate1
- This result suggests that taurine improves pyruvate, lactate, and glutamate metabolism, thus decreasing IUI-caused cerebral damage and relieving motor behavior impairment. (hindawi.com)
Hepatic2
- The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementation with ethanol extract of SF seed (EtSF-S) on serum/hepatic lipid and glucose levels as well as fecal total cholesterol (TC) contents in mice fed a normal diet (ND) or high-fat/fructose diet (HFFD) containing 15% lard oil and 15% fructose. (edu.hk)
- EtSF-S supplementation decreased hepatic glucose contents (29%) in both ND- and HFFD-fed mice. (edu.hk)
Fructose2
- Another problem with consuming fructose in sweet cakes, candies and beverages is that fructose acts on the body more along the lines of ethanol (grain alcohol) than as glucose. (liversupport.com)
- The role of fructose in metabolism and cancer. (liversupport.com)
Molecule3
- One factor leading to the low biomass yield of Z. mobilis may be its use of the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway, which generates only one net ATP for each glucose molecule consumed ( Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
- This pathway conserves less energy for growth and maintenance than the more commonly studied Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway, which generates a net of two ATP per glucose molecule consumed. (frontiersin.org)
- During this process, the glucose molecule is initially converted into two molecules of pyruvate through a series of chemical reactions. (jove.com)
Yeast6
- There are great research opportunities in production processes of the first-generation ethanol regarding high-value added products, cost reduction and selection of new industrial yeast strains that are more robust and customized for each distillery. (scielo.br)
- Yeast cells are also unusual in that they can survive anaerobic conditions by producing ethanol as a waste product. (angelfire.com)
- Under aerobic conditions, the yeast break down glucose using oxygen and get more ATP, as in the reaction above. (angelfire.com)
- Also in the presence of oxygen, yeast can utilize their anaerobic waste product of ethanol to produce ATP by sending it back into the Krebs cycle via acetyl CoA. (angelfire.com)
- Jakob Wenman Lab 7: Yeast Metabolism BIOL 1220 Section: 001 3/11/14 TA: Paul Williams Introduction: Yeasts are able to convert carbon sources, like sugars, into ethanol, without air. (123helpme.com)
- We used yeast strains expressing TAP-tagged CK2 subunits, and we showed that neither total levels of the four subunits, nor their subcellular localization (which is mainly nuclear both in glucose and in ethanol) were modulated by carbon source. (unimib.it)
Cellular respiration1
- The reactions within cells that use energy stored in food molecules (such as glucose) to synthesize ATP are referred to as cellular respiration . (angelfire.com)
Alcohol14
- Consequences of the alcohol induced redox changes in the human body include increased triglyceride production, increased amino acid catabolism, inhibition of the citric acid cycle, lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, hyperuricemia, disturbance in cortisol and androgen metabolism and increased fibrogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
- Alcohol also induces the CYP2E1 enzyme, which metabolizes ethanol and other substances into more reactive toxins. (wikipedia.org)
- Alcohol provides brain energy via oxidation of ethanol and hepatically derived acetate. (yale.edu)
- Moreover, evaluation of ADH6 deletion mutant showed strong decrease in ethanol level, supporting the role of this bifuctional alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase in ethanol production. (lu.se)
- The researchers also found that only the slow alcohol-metabolizers who drank wine achieved an improvement in blood sugar control, while fast alcohol-metabolizers (with much faster blood alcohol clearance) did not benefit from the ethanols glucose control effect. (lawineclub.com)
- The two-year CArdiovaSCulAr Diabetes and Ethanol (CASCADE) randomized controlled intervention trial was performed on 224 controlled diabetes patients (aged 45 to 75), who generally abstained from alcohol. (lawineclub.com)
- Alcohol consumption interferes with all three glucose sources and with the actions of the regulatory hormones. (pms-menopause-progesterone.org)
- In addition, the body's glucose production is inhibited while alcohol is being metabolized (2). (pms-menopause-progesterone.org)
- Chronic alcohol abuse can reduce the body's responsiveness to insulin and cause glucose intolerance in both healthy individuals (11) and alcoholics with liver cirrhosis (12). (pms-menopause-progesterone.org)
- As part of the civil aviation safety program to define the adverse effects of ethanol on flying performance, we performed a DNA microarray analysis of human whole blood samples from a five-time point study of subjects administered ethanol orally, followed by breathalyzer analysis, to monitor blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to discover significant gene expression changes in response to the ethanol exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
- As part of civil aviation safety research into aeromedical factors impacting flight safety, we have undertaken a time course study on the effects of acute ethanol exposure to the legal intoxication level of blood alcohol concentration (BAC), 0.08 g/dL (0.08% wt/vol), on human gene expression in non-chronic users. (biomedcentral.com)
- Alcohol Toxicity and Withdrawal Alcohol (ethanol) is a central nervous system depressant. (msdmanuals.com)
- Objetivo: investigar el efecto del consumo de alcohol general, así como el tipo de bebida alcohólica consumida, en diferentes medidas lipídicas. (bvsalud.org)
- Método: el efecto del consumo de alcohol fue investigado, así como el tipo de bebida alcohólica, en diferentes medidas lipídicas en ambos sexos de población del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto. (bvsalud.org)
Hyperglycemia4
- Diabetes decreases glucose metabolism, leading to hyperglycemia and delayed wound healing. (scialert.net)
- Patients with diabetes are affected by the decreased ability of glucose metabolism, resulting in hyperglycemia, which may lead to delayed wound healing 1 . (scialert.net)
- Chronic heavy drinking, in contrast, has been associated with excessive blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). (pms-menopause-progesterone.org)
- Plasma glucose levels are usually low or normal, but mild hyperglycemia sometimes occurs. (msdmanuals.com)
Levels of Blood Glucose1
- In this study, it is hypothesized that OD treatment after the establishment of GDM rat model reduces the levels of blood glucose and inflammation, and alleviates insulin secretion and pancreatic tissue damage through AMPK pathway in GDM rats. (qascf.com)
Metabolites3
- After 4 hr. incubation with radioactive glucose the radioactive label has been detected in a variety of metabolites extracted from the worms. (biologists.com)
- The other aim was to expand the work of Crompton & Ward (1967 a ) , who found that lactic and succinic acids were the main excretory products from the carbohydrate metabolism of P. minutus , by analyzing extracts of the worms for other metabolites originating from glucose. (biologists.com)
- Likely, the direct toxic effects of ethanol and its metabolites are involved in the pathogenesis of the pure form of alcoholic neuropathy but this can be modified by a superimposed thiamine deficiency. (medscape.com)
Saccharomyces1
- Here, we used Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) to analyze the pattern of transcription start sites at four different environmental conditions (limited in ethanol, limited in nitrogen, limited in glucose and limited in glucose under anaerobic conditions) using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CEN.PK113-7D. (biorxiv.org)
Carbohydrate metabolism3
- The large amount of research on the carbohydrate metabolism of parasitic helminths, reviewed recently by von Brand (1966) , has established that several cestodes and the acanthocephalan, Moniliformis dubius , have an absolute requirement for carbohydrate which can be supplied only through their hosts' diet. (biologists.com)
- It was intended to compare these results with those obtained from studies of the carbohydrate metabolism of M. dubius by Graff (1964) and Bryant & Nicholas (1965) . (biologists.com)
- Partial breakdown into lactic acid or ethanol and CO2 Note: Bacteria have many different pathways for carbohydrate metabolism based on the enzymes they are able to produce. (studylib.net)
Amino1
- Both also decrease the transfer of amino acids, glucose, folic acid, zinc, and other nutrients across the placental barrier, indirectly affecting fetal growth due to intrauterine nutrient deprivation. (medscape.com)
Enzymes1
- Chronic ingestion of anticonvulsants or oral steroid contraceptives induce liver enzymes and may prevent attainment of therapeutic Acep levels by increasing first-pass metabolism or clearance. (com.bd)
Pathway6
- The glycolytic pathway converts one hexose (a six-carbon carbohydrate such as glucose) into two triose molecules (three-carbon carbohydrate) such as pyruvate, to produce a net total of two molecules of ATP (four produced, two consumed) and two molecules of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). (jove.com)
- OD affected glucose metabolism and inflammation level in rats with streptozotocin-induced GDM, and the underlying mechanism was through AMPK pathway. (qascf.com)
- Candidate genes showing distinctive expression patterns in response to ethanol were clustered by pattern and further analyzed for related function, pathway membership and common transcription factor binding within and across clusters. (biomedcentral.com)
- The low biomass yield may be caused partly by the low ATP yield of the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) glycolytic pathway used by Z. mobilis , which produces only one ATP per glucose consumed. (frontiersin.org)
- As a result, an engineered strain (824glcG-TBA), obtained by integrating glcG disruption and genetic overexpression of the xylose pathway, was able to efficiently coferment mixtures of D-glucose, D-xylose, and L-arabinose, reaching a 24% higher ABE solvent titer (16.06 g/liter) and a 5% higher yield (0.28 g/g) compared to those of the wild-type strain. (hw.ac.uk)
- As a branch of glucose metabolism, hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) has been reported to play a critical role in the insulin resistance and progression of cancer. (oncotarget.com)
Produce ethanol1
Anaerobic2
- However, most eukaryotes can generate some energy in the absence of oxygen by anaerobic metabolism. (jove.com)
- The Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum, known for its excellent capability of producing ABE (acetone, butanol, and ethanol) solvent, is limited in using lignocellulose because of inefficient pentose consumption when fermenting sugar mixtures. (hw.ac.uk)
Proteins1
- The body can break down natural carbohydrates, proteins and fats to produce healthy glucose, which is necessary as fuel for the brain. (liversupport.com)
Insulin6
- The metabolism of glucose and insulin are also influenced. (wikipedia.org)
- Two hormones that are secreted by the pancreas and that regulate blood glucose levels are insulin and glucagon. (pms-menopause-progesterone.org)
- The effects of OD on GDM rats were evaluated by measuring the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and exposing to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and histological evaluation of the pancreas. (qascf.com)
- OD decreased blood glucose level, pancreatic tissue damage, and insulin secretion in GDM rats. (qascf.com)
- The results showed that the addition of capsaicin further decreased the fasting blood glucose and insulin, and increased beta-muricholic acid, deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and 3 beta-ursodeoxycholic acid when compared to only high fiber diet. (ijpsonline.com)
- Results from our study indicated that the addition of capsaicin have better effects to reduce the weight, insulin and fasting blood glucose, and the possibly mechanism can be due to the changes in bile acid composition, microbial abundance and shortchain fatty acids. (ijpsonline.com)
Fermentable sugars1
Pathways2
- IUI alters cerebral metabolism because it causes a deficiency of oxygen and nutrients essential for maturing the neurochemical circuitry in the neonatal phase, particularly the glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways in the cerebral cortex [ 8 , 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Thiamine pyrophosphate is essential for the proper transfer of the aldehyde groups, and it is an essential coenzyme for glycolytic and pentose pathways of glucose metabolism. (medscape.com)
Sugars1
- Efficient cofermentation of D-glucose, D-xylose, and L-arabinose, three major sugars present in lignocellulose, is a fundamental requirement for cost-effective utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. (hw.ac.uk)
Concentrations1
- The acanthocephalan, Polymorphus minutus , inhabits a region of the small intestine of ducks where a considerable range of glucose concentrations has been measured ( Crompton, 1966 ). (biologists.com)
Adipose tissue2
- METHODS: We studied 10 Parkinson's disease patients and examined adipose tissue and skeletal muscle metabolism directly with microdialysis. (mdc-berlin.de)
- Therefore, we suggest that levodopa/benserazide does not induce fat wasting through direct and acute influences on adipose tissue metabolism. (mdc-berlin.de)
Brain glucose2
- His work began during his graduate studies at Yale where he used a rat model for the experimental determination of brain glucose transport kinetics, energetics, and neurotransmitter metabolism. (yale.edu)
- FDG) and measurement of brain glucose metabolism have shown diagnostic and prognostic utility in the evaluation of patients with cognitive impairment. (aoutoqw.xyz)
Consumption2
- It increased ethanol consumption and reduced significantly oil dependence. (scielo.br)
- To overcome this substrate utilization defect, a predicted glcG gene, encoding enzyme II of the D-glucose phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS), was first disrupted in the ABE-producing model strain Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824, resulting in greatly improved D-xylose and L-arabinose consumption in the presence of D-glucose. (hw.ac.uk)
Concentration7
- The carrier system is half-saturated at an external glucose concentration of about 0·25 mg./ml. and is tending towards full saturation when the external glucose concentration reaches 2·0 mg./ml. (biologists.com)
- P. minutus has been shown to be capable of absorbing glucose against a concentration gradient. (biologists.com)
- The rate of glucose absorption, at a given glucose concentration, has been found to fall when the worms have been acclimatized to that concentration. (biologists.com)
- glucose/mg. wet weight of worm/hr. in vivo , assuming that the external glucose concentration is at least 2·0 mg./ml. (biologists.com)
- In this study, the recovery of bioactive compounds, i.e. polyphenols, from distillery stillage was performed by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional solid-liquid extraction (CSLE) to investigate the effects of extraction time, the concentration of ethyl acetate (EA) in a solvent mixture with ethanol and water, and solid-to-solvent ratio on the recovery yield and antioxidant activity of the extracts. (bvsalud.org)
- Hormones help to maintain a constant concentration of glucose in the blood. (pms-menopause-progesterone.org)
- The results of this study provide a first look at changing gene expression patterns in human blood during an acute rise in blood ethanol concentration and its depletion because of metabolism and excretion, and demonstrate that it is possible to detect changes in gene expression using total RNA isolated from whole blood. (biomedcentral.com)
Form of glucose2
- It is also evident from the literature that, since these helminths do not possess an alimentary tract, most of their dietary carbohydrate must be absorbed through their body surfaces in the form of glucose present in the lumen of their hosts' intestine. (biologists.com)
- and from the breakdown of glycogen, a form of glucose that the body stores in the liver. (pms-menopause-progesterone.org)
Depends on glucose1
- This is especially important for the brain because it cannot make or store glucose but depends on glucose supplied by the blood. (pms-menopause-progesterone.org)
Carbon dioxide and water1
- Such organisms produce large amounts of energy during aerobic respiration by metabolizing glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water. (jove.com)
Alcoholic2
- The genetic interactions suggest that ethanol plays an important role in glucose metabolism, while red wines effects additionally involve non-alcoholic constituents. (lawineclub.com)
- In fact, 45 to 70 percent of patients with alcoholic liver disease are glucose intolerant or are frankly diabetic (1). (pms-menopause-progesterone.org)
Hypoglycemia1
- Even brief periods of low glucose levels (hypoglycemia) can cause brain damage. (pms-menopause-progesterone.org)
Acute1
Blood1
- Treatment of diabetes by tight control of blood glucose levels is difficult in alcoholics, and both hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic episodes are common (4). (pms-menopause-progesterone.org)
Uptake1
Interferes1
- The first is nutritional deficiency, especially thiamine deficiency, as ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption in the intestine. (medscape.com)
Liver2
- Baillon, has been used for the treatment of liver injury and metabolism-related disorders in China. (edu.hk)
- At early disease stages, surgical resection, liver transplantation, and ablation by radiofrequency or ethanol injection are conventional therapies, and survival at 5 years ranges between 50% and 70% [ 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Improves1
- The combination of exercise training and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition improves glucose tolerance and exercise capacity in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes. (umassmed.edu)
Dietary2
- Chronic heavy drinkers often have insufficient dietary intake of glucose (8). (pms-menopause-progesterone.org)
- Some studies have demonstrated that early inulin intervention in High Dietary (HD) fed mouse can reduce the glucose metabolism disorders and gut dysbiosis in the offspring[ 7 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Acetone1
- [ 2 ] Acetoacetate is produced by acetyl-CoA metabolism, β-hydroxybutyrate is the result of acetoacetate reduction, and acetone is produced by the spontaneous decarboxylation of acetoacetate. (medscape.com)
Zymomonas1
- Zymomonas mobilis is a bacterium that produces ethanol from glucose at up to 97% of theoretical efficiency on a carbon basis. (frontiersin.org)
Oxidative1
- Oxygen deprivation in newborns leads to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, whose hallmarks are oxidative/nitrosative stress, energetic metabolism alterations, nutrient deficiency, and motor behavior disability. (hindawi.com)
Catabolism2
- Metabolism is of the following two types: catabolism and anabolism. (123helpme.com)
- Metabolism keeps the cells and thus the body alive and functioning properly and can be divided into two parts: catabolism and anabolism. (123helpme.com)
Biochemical1
- Metabolism is defined as any biochemical process required by the body for its maintenance, including growth, reproduction and damage repair. (123helpme.com)
Organism3
- Metabolism is defined the sum of all chemical reactions which occurs and are involved in sustaining life of a cell, and thus an organism. (123helpme.com)
- Metabolism is described as the aggregate total of chemical reactions occurring in an organism. (123helpme.com)
- Metabolism is defined as the chemical processes that take place within an organism, such as production of energy (Nature Education, 2014). (123helpme.com)