• Lactobacillus reuteri, a heterofermentative bacterium, metabolizes glycerol via a Pdu (propanediol-utilization) pathway involving dehydration to 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA) followed by reduction to 1,3-propandiol (1,3-PDO) with concomitant generation of an oxidized cofactor, NAD+ that is utilized to maintain cofactor balance required for glucose metabolism and even for oxidation of 3-HPA by a Pdu oxidative branch to 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP). (lu.se)
  • Notably, it was demonstrated that PduQ is more active in generating NAD+ during glycerol metabolism within the microcompartment by resting cells, while ADH7 functions to balance NAD+/NADH by converting 3-HPA to 1,3-PDO outside the microcompartment in the growing cells. (lu.se)
  • Dr. Longo has explained, elsewhere, that glycerol extends the life of yeast when used as an alternate carbon source (alternate to glucose or ethanol) ie glycerol shifts metabolism away from glycolysis towards oxidative phosphorylation thereby mimicking calorie restriction. (foundmyfitness.com)
  • We monitored dialysate concentrations of ethanol, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol to assess tissue blood flow and metabolism before and after levodopa/benserazide intake. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • While the causes of a hangover are still poorly understood, several factors are known to be involved including acetaldehyde accumulation, changes in the immune system and glucose metabolism, dehydration, metabolic acidosis, disturbed prostaglandin synthesis, increased cardiac output, vasodilation, sleep deprivation, and malnutrition. (wikipedia.org)
  • Why Metabolism Matters Our metabolic rate is the rate our body processes the food we eat and burns it for energy. (123helpme.com)
  • This study introduces a stable-isotope metabolic approach employing [U-13C]glucose that, as a novelty, allows selective profiling of the human intestinal microbial metabolic products of carbohydrate food components, as well as the measurement of the kinetics of their formation pathways, in a single experiment. (tno.nl)
  • After culture stabilization, [U-13C] glucose was added as an isotopically labeled metabolic precursor. (tno.nl)
  • Using computer modeling of the 12C contents and 13C labeling kinetics, the metabolic fluxes in the gut microbial pathways for synthesis of lactate, formate, acetate, and butyrate were determined separately for glucose and unlabeled background substrates. (tno.nl)
  • These include hematological functions, innate immunity and inflammation functions, metabolic functions expected of ethanol metabolism, and pancreatic and hepatic function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CONCLUSION: Levodopa/benserazide elicits pronounced metabolic changes in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle with a switch from lipid to carbohydrate metabolism. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • [ 2 ] The brain cannot use fatty acids for energy production and usually depends on glucose to meet its metabolic needs. (medscape.com)
  • This result suggests that taurine improves pyruvate, lactate, and glutamate metabolism, thus decreasing IUI-caused cerebral damage and relieving motor behavior impairment. (hindawi.com)
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementation with ethanol extract of SF seed (EtSF-S) on serum/hepatic lipid and glucose levels as well as fecal total cholesterol (TC) contents in mice fed a normal diet (ND) or high-fat/fructose diet (HFFD) containing 15% lard oil and 15% fructose. (edu.hk)
  • EtSF-S supplementation decreased hepatic glucose contents (29%) in both ND- and HFFD-fed mice. (edu.hk)
  • One factor leading to the low biomass yield of Z. mobilis may be its use of the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway, which generates only one net ATP for each glucose molecule consumed ( Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • This pathway conserves less energy for growth and maintenance than the more commonly studied Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway, which generates a net of two ATP per glucose molecule consumed. (frontiersin.org)
  • During this process, the glucose molecule is initially converted into two molecules of pyruvate through a series of chemical reactions. (jove.com)
  • There are great research opportunities in production processes of the first-generation ethanol regarding high-value added products, cost reduction and selection of new industrial yeast strains that are more robust and customized for each distillery. (scielo.br)
  • Yeast cells are also unusual in that they can survive anaerobic conditions by producing ethanol as a waste product. (angelfire.com)
  • Under aerobic conditions, the yeast break down glucose using oxygen and get more ATP, as in the reaction above. (angelfire.com)
  • Also in the presence of oxygen, yeast can utilize their anaerobic waste product of ethanol to produce ATP by sending it back into the Krebs cycle via acetyl CoA. (angelfire.com)
  • Jakob Wenman Lab 7: Yeast Metabolism BIOL 1220 Section: 001 3/11/14 TA: Paul Williams Introduction: Yeasts are able to convert carbon sources, like sugars, into ethanol, without air. (123helpme.com)
  • We used yeast strains expressing TAP-tagged CK2 subunits, and we showed that neither total levels of the four subunits, nor their subcellular localization (which is mainly nuclear both in glucose and in ethanol) were modulated by carbon source. (unimib.it)
  • The reactions within cells that use energy stored in food molecules (such as glucose) to synthesize ATP are referred to as cellular respiration . (angelfire.com)
  • Consequences of the alcohol induced redox changes in the human body include increased triglyceride production, increased amino acid catabolism, inhibition of the citric acid cycle, lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, hyperuricemia, disturbance in cortisol and androgen metabolism and increased fibrogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alcohol also induces the CYP2E1 enzyme, which metabolizes ethanol and other substances into more reactive toxins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alcohol provides brain energy via oxidation of ethanol and hepatically derived acetate. (yale.edu)
  • Moreover, evaluation of ADH6 deletion mutant showed strong decrease in ethanol level, supporting the role of this bifuctional alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase in ethanol production. (lu.se)
  • The researchers also found that only the slow alcohol-metabolizers who drank wine achieved an improvement in blood sugar control, while fast alcohol-metabolizers (with much faster blood alcohol clearance) did not benefit from the ethanols glucose control effect. (lawineclub.com)
  • The two-year CArdiovaSCulAr Diabetes and Ethanol (CASCADE) randomized controlled intervention trial was performed on 224 controlled diabetes patients (aged 45 to 75), who generally abstained from alcohol. (lawineclub.com)
  • Alcohol consumption interferes with all three glucose sources and with the actions of the regulatory hormones. (pms-menopause-progesterone.org)
  • In addition, the body's glucose production is inhibited while alcohol is being metabolized (2). (pms-menopause-progesterone.org)
  • Chronic alcohol abuse can reduce the body's responsiveness to insulin and cause glucose intolerance in both healthy individuals (11) and alcoholics with liver cirrhosis (12). (pms-menopause-progesterone.org)
  • As part of the civil aviation safety program to define the adverse effects of ethanol on flying performance, we performed a DNA microarray analysis of human whole blood samples from a five-time point study of subjects administered ethanol orally, followed by breathalyzer analysis, to monitor blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to discover significant gene expression changes in response to the ethanol exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As part of civil aviation safety research into aeromedical factors impacting flight safety, we have undertaken a time course study on the effects of acute ethanol exposure to the legal intoxication level of blood alcohol concentration (BAC), 0.08 g/dL (0.08% wt/vol), on human gene expression in non-chronic users. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Alcohol Toxicity and Withdrawal Alcohol (ethanol) is a central nervous system depressant. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Objetivo: investigar el efecto del consumo de alcohol general, así como el tipo de bebida alcohólica consumida, en diferentes medidas lipídicas. (bvsalud.org)
  • Método: el efecto del consumo de alcohol fue investigado, así como el tipo de bebida alcohólica, en diferentes medidas lipídicas en ambos sexos de población del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study, it is hypothesized that OD treatment after the establishment of GDM rat model reduces the levels of blood glucose and inflammation, and alleviates insulin secretion and pancreatic tissue damage through AMPK pathway in GDM rats. (qascf.com)
  • After 4 hr. incubation with radioactive glucose the radioactive label has been detected in a variety of metabolites extracted from the worms. (biologists.com)
  • The other aim was to expand the work of Crompton & Ward (1967 a ) , who found that lactic and succinic acids were the main excretory products from the carbohydrate metabolism of P. minutus , by analyzing extracts of the worms for other metabolites originating from glucose. (biologists.com)
  • Likely, the direct toxic effects of ethanol and its metabolites are involved in the pathogenesis of the pure form of alcoholic neuropathy but this can be modified by a superimposed thiamine deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • The large amount of research on the carbohydrate metabolism of parasitic helminths, reviewed recently by von Brand (1966) , has established that several cestodes and the acanthocephalan, Moniliformis dubius , have an absolute requirement for carbohydrate which can be supplied only through their hosts' diet. (biologists.com)
  • It was intended to compare these results with those obtained from studies of the carbohydrate metabolism of M. dubius by Graff (1964) and Bryant & Nicholas (1965) . (biologists.com)
  • Partial breakdown into lactic acid or ethanol and CO2 Note: Bacteria have many different pathways for carbohydrate metabolism based on the enzymes they are able to produce. (studylib.net)
  • Both also decrease the transfer of amino acids, glucose, folic acid, zinc, and other nutrients across the placental barrier, indirectly affecting fetal growth due to intrauterine nutrient deprivation. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic ingestion of anticonvulsants or oral steroid contraceptives induce liver enzymes and may prevent attainment of therapeutic Acep levels by increasing first-pass metabolism or clearance. (com.bd)
  • The glycolytic pathway converts one hexose (a six-carbon carbohydrate such as glucose) into two triose molecules (three-carbon carbohydrate) such as pyruvate, to produce a net total of two molecules of ATP (four produced, two consumed) and two molecules of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). (jove.com)
  • OD affected glucose metabolism and inflammation level in rats with streptozotocin-induced GDM, and the underlying mechanism was through AMPK pathway. (qascf.com)
  • Candidate genes showing distinctive expression patterns in response to ethanol were clustered by pattern and further analyzed for related function, pathway membership and common transcription factor binding within and across clusters. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The low biomass yield may be caused partly by the low ATP yield of the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) glycolytic pathway used by Z. mobilis , which produces only one ATP per glucose consumed. (frontiersin.org)
  • As a result, an engineered strain (824glcG-TBA), obtained by integrating glcG disruption and genetic overexpression of the xylose pathway, was able to efficiently coferment mixtures of D-glucose, D-xylose, and L-arabinose, reaching a 24% higher ABE solvent titer (16.06 g/liter) and a 5% higher yield (0.28 g/g) compared to those of the wild-type strain. (hw.ac.uk)
  • As a branch of glucose metabolism, hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) has been reported to play a critical role in the insulin resistance and progression of cancer. (oncotarget.com)
  • Nowadays, new technologies are available to produce ethanol from sugarcane, corn and other feedstocks, reducing the off-season period. (scielo.br)
  • However, most eukaryotes can generate some energy in the absence of oxygen by anaerobic metabolism. (jove.com)
  • The Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum, known for its excellent capability of producing ABE (acetone, butanol, and ethanol) solvent, is limited in using lignocellulose because of inefficient pentose consumption when fermenting sugar mixtures. (hw.ac.uk)
  • The body can break down natural carbohydrates, proteins and fats to produce healthy glucose, which is necessary as fuel for the brain. (liversupport.com)
  • Moreover, conversion of sugarcane biomass into fermentable sugars for second-generation ethanol production is a promising alternative to meet future demands of biofuel production in the country. (scielo.br)
  • IUI alters cerebral metabolism because it causes a deficiency of oxygen and nutrients essential for maturing the neurochemical circuitry in the neonatal phase, particularly the glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways in the cerebral cortex [ 8 , 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Thiamine pyrophosphate is essential for the proper transfer of the aldehyde groups, and it is an essential coenzyme for glycolytic and pentose pathways of glucose metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • Efficient cofermentation of D-glucose, D-xylose, and L-arabinose, three major sugars present in lignocellulose, is a fundamental requirement for cost-effective utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. (hw.ac.uk)
  • The acanthocephalan, Polymorphus minutus , inhabits a region of the small intestine of ducks where a considerable range of glucose concentrations has been measured ( Crompton, 1966 ). (biologists.com)
  • His work began during his graduate studies at Yale where he used a rat model for the experimental determination of brain glucose transport kinetics, energetics, and neurotransmitter metabolism. (yale.edu)
  • FDG) and measurement of brain glucose metabolism have shown diagnostic and prognostic utility in the evaluation of patients with cognitive impairment. (aoutoqw.xyz)
  • It increased ethanol consumption and reduced significantly oil dependence. (scielo.br)
  • To overcome this substrate utilization defect, a predicted glcG gene, encoding enzyme II of the D-glucose phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS), was first disrupted in the ABE-producing model strain Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824, resulting in greatly improved D-xylose and L-arabinose consumption in the presence of D-glucose. (hw.ac.uk)
  • The carrier system is half-saturated at an external glucose concentration of about 0·25 mg./ml. and is tending towards full saturation when the external glucose concentration reaches 2·0 mg./ml. (biologists.com)
  • P. minutus has been shown to be capable of absorbing glucose against a concentration gradient. (biologists.com)
  • The rate of glucose absorption, at a given glucose concentration, has been found to fall when the worms have been acclimatized to that concentration. (biologists.com)
  • glucose/mg. wet weight of worm/hr. in vivo , assuming that the external glucose concentration is at least 2·0 mg./ml. (biologists.com)
  • In this study, the recovery of bioactive compounds, i.e. polyphenols, from distillery stillage was performed by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional solid-liquid extraction (CSLE) to investigate the effects of extraction time, the concentration of ethyl acetate (EA) in a solvent mixture with ethanol and water, and solid-to-solvent ratio on the recovery yield and antioxidant activity of the extracts. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hormones help to maintain a constant concentration of glucose in the blood. (pms-menopause-progesterone.org)
  • The results of this study provide a first look at changing gene expression patterns in human blood during an acute rise in blood ethanol concentration and its depletion because of metabolism and excretion, and demonstrate that it is possible to detect changes in gene expression using total RNA isolated from whole blood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is also evident from the literature that, since these helminths do not possess an alimentary tract, most of their dietary carbohydrate must be absorbed through their body surfaces in the form of glucose present in the lumen of their hosts' intestine. (biologists.com)
  • and from the breakdown of glycogen, a form of glucose that the body stores in the liver. (pms-menopause-progesterone.org)
  • Ethylene glycol is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant that produces acute effects similar to those of ethanol. (cdc.gov)
  • This could be attributed to residual glucose PTS activity, although an increased activity of glucose kinase suggested that non-PTS glucose uptake might also be elevated as a result of glcG disruption. (hw.ac.uk)
  • The first is nutritional deficiency, especially thiamine deficiency, as ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption in the intestine. (medscape.com)
  • Baillon, has been used for the treatment of liver injury and metabolism-related disorders in China. (edu.hk)
  • At early disease stages, surgical resection, liver transplantation, and ablation by radiofrequency or ethanol injection are conventional therapies, and survival at 5 years ranges between 50% and 70% [ 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • The combination of exercise training and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition improves glucose tolerance and exercise capacity in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes. (umassmed.edu)
  • [ 2 ] Acetoacetate is produced by acetyl-CoA metabolism, β-hydroxybutyrate is the result of acetoacetate reduction, and acetone is produced by the spontaneous decarboxylation of acetoacetate. (medscape.com)
  • Oxygen deprivation in newborns leads to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, whose hallmarks are oxidative/nitrosative stress, energetic metabolism alterations, nutrient deficiency, and motor behavior disability. (hindawi.com)
  • Metabolism is of the following two types: catabolism and anabolism. (123helpme.com)
  • Metabolism keeps the cells and thus the body alive and functioning properly and can be divided into two parts: catabolism and anabolism. (123helpme.com)
  • Metabolism is defined as any biochemical process required by the body for its maintenance, including growth, reproduction and damage repair. (123helpme.com)
  • Metabolism is defined the sum of all chemical reactions which occurs and are involved in sustaining life of a cell, and thus an organism. (123helpme.com)
  • Metabolism is described as the aggregate total of chemical reactions occurring in an organism. (123helpme.com)
  • Metabolism is defined as the chemical processes that take place within an organism, such as production of energy (Nature Education, 2014). (123helpme.com)
  • Furthermore, the use of ethanol blends replaced toxic additives in gasoline, such as tetraethyl lead and oil-derived benzene. (scielo.br)