Gluconeogenesis glucose uptake adipose tissue fatty acids. Medical search. Frequent questions

The name "glucocorticoid" is a portmanteau (glucose + cortex + steroid) and is composed from its role in regulation of glucose metabolism, synthesis in the adrenal cortex, and its steroidal structure (see structure below). (wikipedia.org)
The name "glucocorticoid" derives from early observations that these hormones were involved in glucose metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
The aim of this review was to summarize and discuss current knowledge on the impact of dietary fibre as modulator of the relationship between glucose metabolism and microbiota composition in humans. (springer.com)
More specifically, we analysed evidence from observational studies and randomized nutritional intervention investigating the relationship between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids and glucose metabolism. (springer.com)
Indeed, it may influence multiple physiological mechanisms related to human health, i.e. synthesis of micronutrients, defence against pathogens, regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, and immune function [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
Therefore, in this review, we summarized current evidence from observational and intervention studies performed in humans investigating the relationship between the composition of the gut microbiota, concentration of SCFA and glucose metabolism. (springer.com)
The functions of FGF21 are mainly manifested in glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance. (cyagen.com)
PPAR-γ also induces FGF21 expression in white adipose tissue, indicating that it also regulates metabolism in the feeding state. (cyagen.com)
Figure 17.1 illustrates the metabolic processes involved in the overall metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein including the catabolic processes to produce energy and urea (the product of the detoxification of the nitrogen moiety of amino acids) and anabolic processes to form tissue protein and energy stores, glycogen and lipids. (oncohemakey.com)
Cellular carbohydrate (CHO) metabolism involves both catabolic (glycolysis, glycogenolysis) and anabolic processes (glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis). (oncohemakey.com)
The insulin signaling pathway is a central regulator of energy metabolism, particularly in the context of glucose homeostasis. (alliedacademies.org)
When activated, PPAR-γ up-regulates the transcription of genes mainly involved in fatty acid metabolism and triglyceride storage, promoting adipogenesis and lipids uptake to the adipose tissue [ 17 , 18 ] improving whole body insulin sensitivity. (biomedcentral.com)
The effect of SIRT1 on integration of metabolism and inflammation may provide a therapeutic target for treatment of kidney disease and fatty liver disease. (biomedcentral.com)
SIRT1 regulates metabolism and inflammation in various tissues [ 4 ] which can be the key regulator of exercise-mediated protection against diabetes at tissue level. (biomedcentral.com)
Insulin promotes glucose uptake and metabolism by the skeletal muscles. (howmed.net)
c Somatostatin's effects on metabolism are indirect via suppression of secretion of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and thyroid hormone and by effects on gastric acid secretion, gastric emptying time, and pancreatic exocrine secretion (see text). (basicmedicalkey.com)
Since its discovery, adiponectin has been identified as one of the key regulators involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. (encyclopedia.pub)
Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its pathogenesis, which involves insufficient insulin secretion, reduced responsiveness to endogenous or exogenous insulin, increased glucose production, and/or abnormalities in fat and protein metabolism. (mhmedical.com)
Its pathophysiology is likely to involve insulin resistance at the level of both skeletal muscle and visceral adipose tissue and altered fluxes of metabolic substrates between these tissues that in turn impair liver metabolism. (erudit.org)
The metabolism of glucose generates acetyl-CoA, a pivotal component for fatty acid synthesis. (biyokimya.vet)
Among these, adipocytes secrete polypeptides like leptin, resistin, and adiponectin, which orchestrate a delicate balance crucial for glucose and lipid metabolism homeostasis. (biyokimya.vet)
A deeper understanding of the effects of these medications on glucose metabolism and their underlying mechanisms of action is crucial for the treatment of diabetic patients with sleep disorders. (vdocuments.mx)
In this review we focus on the bene ﬁ cial impact of sleep on glucose metabolism and suggest a possible strategy for therapeutic intervention against sleep-related metabolic disorders. (vdocuments.mx)
However, it is important to note that some studies have indicated that REM sleep plays an important role in glucose metabolism. (vdocuments.mx)
Treatment with melatonin improves glu- cose metabolism by increasing insulin sensitivity in target tissues in T2D ani- mals. (vdocuments.mx)
However, beta-cell dysfunction and IR induce impaired glucose metabolism, thus leading to the progression to T2D. (e-apem.org)
Insulin resistance (IR) has been identified as a cardinal trigger of impaired glucose metabolism, T2D, and cardiovascular diseases [ 3 , 4 ]. (e-apem.org)
Ever plays a major role in cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism and is the major site of production and removal of cholesterol rich lipoproteins and bile acids. (nihatodabasi.com)
The adiponectin's glucose metabolism effect is mediated through its receptors, adiponectin receptor 1 (adipoR1) and adiponectin receptor 2 (adipoR2). (healthvoice360.com)
OBJECTIVE -To elucidate the effects of pioglitazone treatment on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
References: [6] Fatty acid metabolism. (imingo.net)
Key difference: Aerobic Glycolysis is the metabolism of glucose, whereas, Aerobic Lipolysis is the metabolism of fat. (imingo.net)
Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
Here we comprehensively review the above topics, discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
Answered Jan 30, 2019 Author has 300 answers and 174.4k answer views Growth hormone (GH) counteracts, in general, the effects of insulin on glucose and lipid metabolism but shares protein anabolic properties with insulin. (diabetestalk.net)
Growth hormone (GH) counteracts, in general, the effects of insulin on glucose and lipid metabolism but shares protein anabolic properties with insulin. (diabetestalk.net)
Effects of Growth Hormone on Glucose Metabolism Mller N. Jrgensen J.O.L. Abildgrd N. rskov L. Schmitz O. Christiansen J.S. I have read the Karger Terms and Conditions and agree. (diabetestalk.net)

Lipins also act in the nucleus as transcriptional co-activators with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α to regulate target genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. (aocs.org)
PGC-1α and PPARα are both master regulators of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, respectively [reviewed in 6]. (aocs.org)
The functions of the lipins in co-regulating the effects of PGC-1α and PPARα and also acting as a PAP demonstrate the unique abilities of lipins to regulate both glycerolipid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation. (aocs.org)
In mice, prolonged fasting of PPAR-α strongly induces FGF21 expression in the liver, which induces the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α, and stimulates liver gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and ketogenesis. (cyagen.com)
To produce energy G-6-PO 4 (derived from monosaccharides from dietary CHO or produced from glycogen degradation by glycogenolysis) is converted by a series of enzyme reactions in the glycolytic pathway to form pyruvate or lactic acid, then to acetyl-CoA, which is also produced from fatty acid oxidation and degradation of the carbon skeleton of glucogenic amino acids ( Table 17.1 ). (oncohemakey.com)
Fatty acids enter the mitochondria via the carnitine transport cycle (medium chain fatty acids enter independently of carnitine) into the β-oxidation spiral in which fatty acids, via a series of enzymes, produce acetyl-CoA and electron carriers. (oncohemakey.com)
Conversely, it activates enzymes involved in ATP-generating processes, such as fatty acid oxidation (e.g., carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, CPT1) and glucose uptake (e.g., translocation of GLUT4). (alliedacademies.org)
Increased plasma free fatty acids lead to an activation of carnitine transport mechanism resulting in increased beta oxidation increased plasma levels of Acetyl-CoA. (howmed.net)
Adiponectin is the adipokine associated with insulin sensitization, reducing liver gluconeogenesis, and increasing fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake. (encyclopedia.pub)
Starvation triggers lipolysis, yielding glycerol for hepatic gluconeogenesis and free fatty acids for oxidation, catering to the energy requirements of other organs. (biyokimya.vet)
This cascade drives enhanced fatty acid oxidation in the liver and muscles, subsequently curbing glucose production due to inhibited gluconeogenesis. (biyokimya.vet)
The expression of both adipoR1 and adipoR2 increased fatty acid oxidation, improved insulin resistance, and decreased hepatic triglyceride content. (healthvoice360.com)
The breakdown of fats is termed beta-oxidation, or "fatty acid" oxidation because the triglycerides are being oxidized into their most basic functional parts. (imingo.net)
There is however evidence that GH acutely decreases glucose oxidation (secondary to an increase in lipid oxidation) and suppresses muscle uptake of glucose, suggesting that GH redistributes glucose fluxes into a non-oxidative pathway, which could be a build up of glycogen depots through gluconeogenesis. (diabetestalk.net)

Depending upon energy needs G-6-PO 4 undergoes either catabolism to form energy or anabolism to form glycogen, the storage form of glucose, in liver and muscles. (oncohemakey.com)
When cells do not require G-6-PO 4 for energy production it undergoes glycogenesis to be stored as glycogen until required to restore blood glucose levels. (oncohemakey.com)
After the hormone's effects are complete, it is then removed from the body by producing glycogen molecules in liver and muscle tissue to store excess sugar in the form of storage molecules. (elisakits.co.uk)
increasing DNA replication and protein synthesis, controlling the cellular intake of glucose in adipose tissue and muscles, fatty acid synthesis, allosteric effect on numerous enzyme, gluconeogenesis, decreased proteinolysis, amino acid uptake, lipolysis and increased glycogen. (elisakits.co.uk)
therefore, muscles under normal conditions have excess glucose - glycogen stores. (howmed.net)
Excess of glucose that cannot be converted into glycogen is converted into fatty acids. (howmed.net)
It promotes the storage of nutrients as glycogen in liver and muscle, and as triacylglycerols in adipose tissue. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The action of antidiabetic plants of the Canadian James Bay Cree traditional pharmacopeia on key enzymes of hepatic glucose homeostasis ") report the antidiabetic action of seven Canadian plants as evidenced by glucose-6-phosphatase and glycogen synthase, two key enzymes, respectively, involved in gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis in hepatocytes. (hindawi.com)

In response to hyperglycemia after a meal, pancreatic insulin secretion is stimulated and the combination of hyperinsulinemia plus hyperglycemia promotes glucose uptake (by splanchnic and peripheral, primarily muscle, tissues) and suppresses hepatic glucose production. (justia.com)
These factors act in the hepatic glucose uptake. (healthvoice360.com)
Furthermore, the activation of AMPK resulted in a reduction of hepatic glucose production, translating to reduced plasma glucose. (healthvoice360.com)
Additionally, in mice expressing constitutively active acetyl-CoA carboxylase, metformin acutely decreased hepatic glucose production and increased the hepatic cytosolic redox state without altering hepatic triglyceride content or gluconeogenic enzyme expression. (edu.au)
It reduces hepatic glucose output, may decrease intestinal absorption of glucose, and may increase glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. (medscape.com)

Metabolic effects: Stimulation of gluconeogenesis, in particular, in the liver: This pathway results in the synthesis of glucose from non-hexose substrates, such as amino acids and glycerol from triglyceride breakdown, and is particularly important in carnivores and certain herbivores. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, two intermediates in this pathway, phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol, serve as essential precursors for the synthesis of phospholipids. (aocs.org)
When activated, AMPK phosphorylates and inhibits enzymes involved in ATP-consuming processes, such as fatty acid synthesis (e.g., acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ACC) and protein synthesis (e.g., mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR). (alliedacademies.org)
Results: PI3Kα inhibition in mouse primary brown adipocytes in vitro, did not inhibit β-adrenoceptor stimulated glucose uptake, GLUT1 synthesis, GLUT1 translocation or respiration. (monash.edu)
It stimulates fatty acid synthesis in liver. (howmed.net)
Insulin increase protein synthesis by increasing amino acid transport into the cells as well as by increasing DNA transcription and RNA translation. (howmed.net)
It also stimulates the synthesis of proteins in tissues such as muscle. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Lipogenesis is the term used to describe the synthesis of triglycerides and fatty acids from acetyl coenzyme A. In contrast, lipolysis involves the breakdown of triglycerides, leading to the formation of fatty acids. (biyokimya.vet)
This intricate balance involves lipogenesis, a process of creating fresh fatty acids from acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), and TG synthesis. (biyokimya.vet)
PPARα activates fatty acid catabolism, stimulates gluconeogenesis and ketone body synthesis and is involved in the control of lipoprotein assembly [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Insulin increases glucose utilization by the liver cells promoting glycolysis and glycogenesis, at the same time decreasing glucose utilization by decreasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. (howmed.net)
Insulin and glucagon also generally have opposite functions: glucagon promotes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and ketogenesis, while insulin inhibits these functions. (picmonic.com)

In the fasted state, cortisol stimulates several processes that collectively serve to increase and maintain normal concentrations of glucose in the blood. (wikipedia.org)
Stimulates glucose uptake by differentiated adipocytes by inducing the glucose transporter SLC2A1/GLUT1 (instead of SLC2A4/GLUT4). (cyagen.com)
Insulin stimulates glucose-6-phosphatase which moves glucose into cells. (elisakits.co.uk)
Under pathophysiological conditions, mitochondrial dysfunction results in overproduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and further stimulates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity, thus leading to cellular damage and tissue dysfunction [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
S. H. Kim and coworkers (" Citrus junos Tanaka peel extract exerts antidiabetic effects via AMPK and PPAR- both in vitro and in vivo in mice fed a high-fat diet ") indicate that the ethanol extract of the peel of Citrus junos in vitro stimulates glucose uptake in C2C12 myotube cells. (hindawi.com)
Nateglinide is an amino acid derivative that stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas (within 20 minutes of oral administration), which, in turn, reduces blood glucose levels. (medscape.com)

Because the pancreas is able to appropriately augment its secretion of insulin to offset the insulin resistance, glucose tolerance remains normal. (justia.com)
With time, however, the beta-cell fails to maintain its high rate of insulin secretion and the insulin resistance leads to the development of impaired glucose tolerance and eventually overt diabetes mellitus. (justia.com)
B. Prandial State -During feeding, nutrient absorption causes an increase in plasma glucose, resulting in release of incretins from the gut and neural stimuli that promote insulin secretion. (mhmedical.com)
White adipose tissue emerges as a pivotal endocrine organ, playing a dual role in lipid storage or release and energy equilibrium by engaging in the secretion of essential adipokines. (biyokimya.vet)
Enhanced sympathetic tone, desyn- chronization of tissue circadian clocks, abnormal secretion of hormones, and obesity are relevant to insulin resistance during sleep disturbances. (vdocuments.mx)
Consequently, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) due to its secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-a, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, and resistin has positioned adipose tissue as a functional organ instead of an energy storage tissue. (healthvoice360.com)

Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue: A mechanism to conserve glucose Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue: The fatty acids released by lipolysis are used for production of energy in tissues like muscle, and the released glycerol provide another substrate for gluconeogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue: The fatty acids released by lipolysis are used for production of energy in tissues like muscle, and the released glycerol provide another substrate for gluconeogenesis. (wikidoc.org)
G-6-PO 4 can also be produced via pyruvate from protein catabolism of glucogenic amino acids ( Table 17.1 ) or breakdown of glycerol from lipids (gluconeogenesis). (oncohemakey.com)
Dietary fat is present mainly as long chain triglycerides, comprising a glycerol backbone and fatty acids. (oncohemakey.com)
Dietary fats, and lipids produced endogenously from acetyl-CoA, are initially hydrolysed by lipases into glycerol and free fatty acids. (oncohemakey.com)
Glucose is converted into glycerol in adipose tissues and thus insulin promotes deposition of fat. (howmed.net)
On the contrary, lipolysis entails the catabolic breakdown of stored TGs within adipocytes, liberating free fatty acids and glycerol. (biyokimya.vet)
Here we show that clinically relevant concentrations of plasma metformin achieved by acute intravenous, acute intraportal or chronic oral administration in awake normal and diabetic rats inhibit gluconeogenesis from lactate and glycerol but not from pyruvate and alanine, implicating an increased cytosolic redox state in mediating metformin's antihyperglycemic effect. (edu.au)
Lipolysis is the metabolic process through which triacylglycerols (TAGs) break down via hydrolysis into their constituent molecules: glycerol and free fatty acids (FFAs). (imingo.net)
SCIRP: Food and Nutrition Sciences, Vol. In this process, both in vivoand in cultur… This binding will likewise lead to the cAMP/PKA-led phosphorylation of hormone sensitive lipase, that will ultimately drive the release of free fatty acids and glycerol. (imingo.net)
Lipolysis /lɪˈpɒlɪsɪs/ is the metabolic pathway through which lipid triglycerides are hydrolyzed into a glycerol and three fatty acids. (imingo.net)
To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must first be broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol. (imingo.net)

Enhancing the expression of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis is probably the best-known metabolic function of glucocorticoids. (wikipedia.org)
The resemblance between the metabolic abnormalities of these extreme states of adiposity underscores the importance of fat tissue in energy homeostasis. (medscape.com)
Among microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are modulators of different metabolic pathways. (springer.com)
Cortisol, cortisone, and 4-methoxyphenylacetic acid (4-Me) are metabolic biomarker group with high specificity and sensitivity for the diagnosis of non-small cells lung cancer (NSCLC), and the development of their simultaneous determination method is desired. (bvsalud.org)
The primary role of insulin is to manage circulating concentrations of nutrients (principally glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, the body's three main fuels), keeping them within an optimal range, and coordinating the shift between metabolic fuels that is required when a person consumes more of one or the other. (blogspot.com)
The FGF21 gene plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, and insulin resistance. (cyagen.com)
Objective: β-adrenoceptor mediated activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been associated with improvements in metabolic health in models of type 2 diabetes and obesity due to its unique ability to increase whole body energy expenditure, and rate of glucose and free fatty acid disposal. (monash.edu)
The neurological, metabolic and hormonal (glucagon, amino acids, and gastrointestinal hormone) factors mentioned above can also have an impact on the amount of insulin released. (elisakits.co.uk)
Chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation may eventually cause tissue damage in obesity-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
Chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation may eventually cause tissue damage in metabolic diseases, particularly obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular disease [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to skeletal muscle [ 14 ], the protective effects of long-term exercise training in the regulation of inflammation and metabolic dysfunction via SIRT1 signaling pathway have been less investigated in peripheral tissues such as kidney and liver. (biomedcentral.com)
T2DM is a complex, chronic metabolic condition that impacts how the body metabolizes glucose. (nursingce.com)
Normal metabolic balance is maintained by a complex homeostatic system involving multiple tissues and organs. (erudit.org)
Excess FFA increase the OXYGEN DEMANDS of ischemic heart muscle and reduce the use of glucose as a metabolic fuel by the heart. (thepmc.org)
Research has shed light on obesity and adipose tissue association with multiple metabolic disorders in the last decades. (healthvoice360.com)
Highly coordinated interactions between the brain and peripheral metabolic organs are critical for the maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
The brain integrates metabolic signals from peripheral tissues such as the liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, gut and muscle. (nature.com)

IGF-1 can activate both its own IGF receptor and the insulin receptor and, thus, has some ability to decrease blood glucose levels as well. (picmonic.com)
Sleep disturbances have been implicated in the dysregulation of blood glucose levels and reported to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and diabetic complications. (vdocuments.mx)
In type 2 diabetes, the poor insulin production and/or poor cellular response to insulin causes blood glucose levels to continue rising. (bensnaturalhealth.com)
In these patients increased endogenous glucose production, decreased muscle glucose uptake and rising blood glucose levels are observed. (diabetestalk.net)

Specifically, lipolysis is centered around the hydrolysis of fats and various lipid molecules, resulting in the production of fatty acids. (biyokimya.vet)
Adipose tissue serves as a crucial energy storage reservoir, housing triglycerides (TGs) that are released as fatty acids through processes called lipogenesis and lipolysis, respectively. (biyokimya.vet)
During lipolysis, intracellular TAG undergoes hydrolysis through the action of three major lipases: adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL/desnutrin/phospholipase A2ζ), HSL, and monoacylglycerol (MGL) lipase. (imingo.net)
The first and rate-limiting step of lipolysis involves the enzyme, adipose triglyceride lipase (or ATGL), which is sensitive to hormones. (imingo.net)
Fats are ready and available for when our glucose stores run low between meals, and it makes sense for lipolysis to occur as it will facilitate the movement of these stored fats through our bloodstream. (imingo.net)

Conclusions: We conclude that the β-adrenergic pathway is still functionally intact upon the inhibition of PI3Kα, showing that the activation of downstream insulin effectors is not required for the acute effects of β-adrenoceptor agonists on glucose homeostasis or thermogenesis. (monash.edu)
The maintenance of glucose homeostasis, termed glucose tolerance , is a highly developed systemic process involving the integration of several major organs ( Figure 43-1 ). (mhmedical.com)
Insulin, glucagon, and glucose homeostasis. (mhmedical.com)
Overall, adipose tissue's multifaceted functions underscore its significance as an energy reservoir and regulator within the body's energy homeostasis. (biyokimya.vet)
Thus, an adequate quantity of sleep is important for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. (vdocuments.mx)
Insulin resistance (IR), i.e., whole-body decreased glucose uptake in response to physiological insulin levels, determines impaired glucose homeostasis and it is recognized as cardinal trigger of T2D and cardiovascular disease in both adults and children. (e-apem.org)

3. Activation of lipoprotein lipase which splits triglycerides into fatty acids, which are transported into adipose cells and stored. (howmed.net)
Activation of HSL resulting in increased hydrolysis of triglycerides and increased release of free fatty acids. (howmed.net)
Excess energy/calorie intake results in the overproduction of the LDL as a result of INCREASED FFA UPTAKE by the liver causing elevated triglycerides (TG) and low HDL cholesterol. (thepmc.org)
Conversely, lipogenesis entails the creation of fatty acids and triglycerides from substrates like acetyl coenzyme A and other precursors. (biyokimya.vet)
Dietary triglycerides are hydrolyzed by lipases within the intestinal lumen and emulsified with bile acids to form micelles. (nihatodabasi.com)
Mature adipocytes are known to play an important role controlling energy balance in mammals by storing fatty acids in the form of triglycerides in periods of excess of energy and by releasing fatty acids when are needed. (biomedcentral.com)

Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue: A mechanism to conserve glucose. (wikidoc.org)
Normalizing the cytosolic redox state by infusion of methylene blue or substrates that contribute to gluconeogenesis independently of the cytosolic redox state abrogated metformin-mediated inhibition of gluconeogenesis in vivo. (edu.au)

Aside from blood glucose, this fraction reduced blood triglyceride and free fatty acids. (hindawi.com)

Insulin-dependent tissues, adipose tissue and primarily skeletal muscles, are responsible for the remaining 25% of glucose utilization. (justia.com)
Also during exercise, contraction of muscles promotes utilization of glucose. (howmed.net)
Weight loss and periods of hunger trigger an increase in plasma adiponectin levels, which in turn activate glucose utilization within muscles. (biyokimya.vet)

Methods: Using a specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase α (PI3Kα), which effectively inhibits the insulin signaling pathway, we examined the effects of various β-adrenoceptor agonists, including the physiological endogenous agonist norepinephrine on glucose uptake and respiration in mouse brown adipocytes in vitro and on glucose clearance in mice in vivo. (monash.edu)
While its concentration is higher in subcutaneous white adipose tissue, visceral white adipose tissue and hypertrophic adipocytes are inversely correlated with circulating adiponectin levels. (biyokimya.vet)
In order to understand the development of adiposity, it is crucial to identify the factors and mechanisms that regulate the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of the vascular stromal fraction of the adipose tissue and its transformation into lipid-filled adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, growth of adipose tissue includes the hypertrophy of already existing adipocytes and the proliferation and differentiation of new ones from MSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
We have previously shown that fish primary preadipocytes differentiate into mature adipocytes in vitro and that these cells represent a very helpful model system to study adipose tissue development in fish [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The initial stage of diabetes is characterised by impaired glucose tolerance and postprandial hyperglycemia. (justia.com)
In addition, following CUS, fasting insulin levels were increased and were accompanied by signs of impaired glucose tolerance and elevated serum corticosteroid levels. (biomedcentral.com)
It is characterized by a cluster of risk factors of atherosclerosis including insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and coagulation abnormalities. (erudit.org)

Adiponectin connects energy balance regulation in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatic tissues: These serve as substrates for gluconeogenesis. (wikipedia.org)

The mRNA expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ and lipocalin-2 in white adipose tissue were, respectively, down- and up-regulated. (biomedcentral.com)
Reduction of PPAR-γ expression and generation of a pro-inflammatory environment by increased lipocalin-2 expression in white adipose tissue may contribute to stress-induced glucose intolerance. (biomedcentral.com)
This study aims to unveil biological markers that establish the molecular basis of stress-induced glucose intolerance, with a special emphasis on the visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT). (biomedcentral.com)

Thermogenin (uncoupling protein 1, or UCP1) , a distinctive molecule inherent to cold-induced thermogenesis, assumes a crucial role as it is selectively expressed within brown adipose tissue. (biyokimya.vet)
Instances of cold exposure and heightened nutritional intake trigger a surge in brown adipose tissue activity, accompanied by elevated expression levels of norepinephrine and UCP1, which emanate from the central nervous system. (biyokimya.vet)

Metformin can inhibit the process of gluconeogenesis. (bensnaturalhealth.com)

According to literally thousands of publications spanning nearly two centuries, the brain is the only organ that is known to regulate body fat mass in humans and other animals-- neither fat tissue itself, nor the insulin-secreting pancreas have the ability to regulate body fat mass as far as we currently know. (blogspot.com)

Plasma glucose concentrations are normally maintained within a fairly narrow range despite wide fluctuations in the body's supply (e.g. meals) and demand (e.g. exercise) for nutrients. (justia.com)
However, IGF-1 is far less potent than insulin in decreasing blood glucose concentrations. (picmonic.com)
These studies demonstrate that metformin, at clinically relevant plasma concentrations, inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis in a redox-dependent manner independently of reductions in citrate synthase flux, hepatic nucleotide concentrations, acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity, or gluconeogenic enzyme protein expression. (edu.au)
0.01) decreased significantly without change in fasting or glucose-stimulated insulin/C-peptide concentrations. (diabetesjournals.org)

When fatty acids abound and carbohydrates are scarce, the liver can further metabolize fatty acids to create ketone bodies, a process termed ketogenesis, which serves as an energy source for the brain. (biyokimya.vet)

Thus and increase in plasma free fatty acid levels occurs. (howmed.net)
Interestingly, animal studies have shown that adiponectin ameliorates the proinflammatory effect of saturated free fatty acid rich diet in hypothalamus. (encyclopedia.pub)

Insulin is the hormone that tells the body's cells to increase glucose uptake from the bloodstream. (bensnaturalhealth.com)

The hormone decreases blood sugar levels by moving sugar into cells using a cell membrane transporter called GLUT2, which is an acronym for "glucose transporter protein 2. (elisakits.co.uk)
Insulin and glucagon counterbalance each other to stabilize blood glucose - generally speaking, glucagon raises blood sugar while insulin decreases it. (picmonic.com)
Metformin decreases the formation of new glucose in the liver (this is what we call gluconeogenesis). (bensnaturalhealth.com)
CONCLUSIONS -These results suggest that pioglitazone therapy in type 2 diabetic patients decreases fasting and postprandial plasma glucose levels by improving hepatic and peripheral (muscle) tissue sensitivity to insulin. (diabetesjournals.org)

Insulin signaling pathway activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which phosphorylates and activates Akt (also known as protein kinase B). Akt regulates glucose transport by promoting the translocation of glucose transporters, such as GLUT4, to the plasma membrane. (alliedacademies.org)
Therefore, in this study, we made an effort to discriminate between the two pathways and address whether the insulin signaling pathway is dispensable for the effects of β-adrenoceptor activation on glucose uptake in BAT. (monash.edu)
The systemic intake of food triggers the activation of the lipogenic pathway, encouraging TG storage in adipose tissue. (biyokimya.vet)
Conversely, fasting initiates the lipolytic pathway, prompting the breakdown of TGs and the subsequent release of fatty acids from adipose stores. (biyokimya.vet)

Both metformin and berberine can increase the body's consumption of glucose. (bensnaturalhealth.com)

The reason insulin suppresses fat burning is because it's a signal of glucose abundance. (blogspot.com)

Plasma glucose levels have a major influence on insulin release and hyperglycemia is known to cause an immediate rise in blood levels of insulin. (elisakits.co.uk)
A. Fasting State -In healthy humans plasma glucose is maintained in a range from 4.4-5 mM, and fatty acids near 400 μM. (mhmedical.com)
Cardiovascular disease rose progressively as fasting plasma glucose and post-load glucose levels rose above 75 mg/dL = 4.2 mmol/liter (Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, Usuf S. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. (thepmc.org)
The change in mean plasma glucose concentration during the OGTT was strongly related to the change in total body glucose disposal during the second insulin clamp step. (diabetesjournals.org)

FGF21 is induced in rodents and humans on a low protein diet and reduces dietary methionine levels of the essential amino acid. (cyagen.com)
These biochemical reactions frequently involve cofactors, often vitamins, which help the specific enzyme function, e.g. vitamin B 6 is the cofactor for the enzyme cystathionine β synthase which converts the amino acid homocysteine into cystathionine. (oncohemakey.com)

In muscles, nutritional glucose cannot be taken up because of this insulin resistance from the elevated levels of circulating free fatty acids. (thepmc.org)
Consequently, the adipose tissue's lipid storage capacity plays a pivotal role in systemic insulin resistance and the infiltration of lipids into organs such as the liver and muscles. (biyokimya.vet)

Carbohydrates, as monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose), are absorbed in the intestine and then transported to the liver where excess glucose, galactose and fructose are converted to glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-PO 4 ). (oncohemakey.com)
3. Excess free fatty acids are converted into phospholipids and cholesterol which increases plasma cholesterol and lipids leading to an increased risk of atherosclerosis. (howmed.net)
Excess glucose is oxidized to FRUCTOSE depleting intracellular GLUTATHIONE, increasing susceptibility to oxidative stress. (thepmc.org)

There are now a wide variety of treatment options for hyperglycemia that target different processes involved in glucose regulation or dysregulation. (mhmedical.com)

releasing large amounts of free fatty acids (FFA) affecting the liver and muscle. (thepmc.org)

After an overnight fast, insulin-independent tissues, the brain (50%) and splanchnic organs (25%), account for most of the total body glucose disposal. (justia.com)

IL-22 is a particular kind of immune mediator that is produced by certain lymphocyte populations and regulates the function of several tissue cells but not immune cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Accordingly, IL-22 represents a novel type of immune mediators that, although produced by immune cells, regulates the function of quite few tissue cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Type 2 diabetes affects the way the body uses glucose as fuel. (bensnaturalhealth.com)
Metformin, the universal first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, exerts its therapeutic glucose-lowering effects by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis. (edu.au)

In essence, adipose tissue functions as an energy reservoir, effectively mitigating fatty acid fluxes and averting lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. (biyokimya.vet)

Despite of the relevance of this issue, very little is known about the factors regulating the development of adipose tissue in fish, and the possible health alterations associated to an increased fat deposition. (biomedcentral.com)

It also reduces protein catabolism and inhibits gluconeogenesis. (howmed.net)
Absence of insulin leads to increased protein catabolism and depletion of protein stores which leads to an increase in plasma amino acids. (howmed.net)

The pancreatic β cell is central in this homeostatic process, adjusting the amount of insulin secreted very precisely to promote glucose uptake after meals and to regulate glucose output from the liver during fasting. (mhmedical.com)

Additionally, insulin signaling inhibits gluconeogenesis, the process of glucose production from non-carbohydrate sources, in the liver. (alliedacademies.org)

Glucose permeability of brain cells is insulin independent. (howmed.net)
Of note, some tissues do not require insulin to uptake glucose (insulin-independent glucose uptake). (picmonic.com)

Mice lacking FGF21 cannot fully induce PGC-1α expression in response to prolonged fasting, resulting in impaired gluconeogenesis and ketone production. (cyagen.com)
After a specific knockout of FGF21 in the liver, mice developed fatty liver and hyperlipidemia, reducing serum ketone body levels. (cyagen.com)

Anatomy26

Organisms12

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs138

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes49

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science2

Health Care2

Metabolism38

Oxidation14

Glycogen8

Hepatic glucose5

Synthesis10

Glycogenolysis2

Stimulates6

Secretion6

Glycerol12

Metabolic17

Blood glucose levels4

Lipolysis5

Homeostasis6

Triglycerides6

Inhibition2

Triglyceride1

Utilization3

Adipocytes5

Impaired glucose t3

Peripheral tissues1

Substrates1

White adipos3

Brown adipos2

Inhibit1

Pancreas1

Concentrations4

Ketogenesis1

Free fatt2

Increase glucose uptake1

Decreases4

Pathway4

Body's1

Suppresses1

Plasma glucose4

Amino acid2

Muscles2

Excess3

Regulation1

Liver and muscle1

Organs1

Regulates2

Type 2 diabet2

Fluxes1

Deposition1

Protein catabolism2

Regulate glucose1

Inhibits1

Insulin-independent2

Ketone2