• A glomerulus is made up of a globular tangle of axons from the olfactory receptor neurons, and dendrites from the mitral and tufted cells, as well as, from cells that surround the glomerulus such as the external tufted cells, periglomerular cells, short axon cells, and astrocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The non-olfactory nerve zone is composed of the dendritic processes of intrinsic neurons and is where dendrodendritic interactions between intrinsic neurons occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • The olfactory receptor neurons (ORN), which originate in the nasal epithelium express only one type of olfactory receptor (OR). (wikipedia.org)
  • Each glomerulus receives input from olfactory receptor neurons expressing only one type of olfactory receptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • This odor map, however, is modified by the circuitry within the olfactory bulb so that the spiking pattern of the second-order mitral cells is usually different from that of the olfactory sensory neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using optophysiological recordings of projection neurons, we compared the responses of these two pathways to 27 known honey bee pheromonal compounds emitted by the brood, the workers, and the queen. (jneurosci.org)
  • We show that while queen mandibular pheromone is processed by l-ALT (lateral antennal lobe tract) neurons and brood pheromone is mainly processed by m-ALT (median antennal lobe tract) neurons, worker pheromones induce redundant activity in both pathways. (jneurosci.org)
  • Glomerular interneurons had been also extremely correlated with the ORN inputs but demonstrated higher activation thresholds recommending these neurons are powered by strongly turned on glomeruli. (research-in-field.com)
  • Olfactory receptor neurons inputs are conveyed downstream from the OB generally by two populations of projection neurons-mitral cells (MCs) and tufted cells (TCs). (research-in-field.com)
  • Included in these are various kinds of periglomerular neurons (PGNs) which perform intra-glomerular feed-forward and responses inhibition onto ORNs and MCs (Wachowiak and Shipley 2006 Gire and Schoppa 2009 Shao et al. (research-in-field.com)
  • Like other sensory systems studied to date, exposing Drosophila olfactory neurons to activating ligands results in reduced responses to subsequent exposures through a process called desensitization. (bvsalud.org)
  • Antiserum localizes the kinase to the dendrites of the olfactory neurons. (bvsalud.org)
  • Deletion of the kinase from olfactory neurons in the naive state (the absence of prolonged odor exposure) reduces ORCOS289 phosphorylation and reduces peak odorant responses without altering receptor localization or expression levels. (bvsalud.org)
  • Together, these findings reveal that PKC98E is an important regulator of ORCO receptors and olfactory neuron function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We have identified PKC98E as the kinase responsible for phosphorylation of the odorant receptor co-receptor (ORCO) at S289 that is required for normal odorant response kinetics of olfactory neurons. (bvsalud.org)
  • The olfactory nerve zone is composed of preterminals and terminals of the olfactory nerve and is where the olfactory receptor cells make synapses on their targets. (wikipedia.org)
  • The current dogma is that axons from all ORNs expressing the same receptor converge onto one or two glomeruli of a possible 1800 glomeruli in each olfactory bulb. (wikipedia.org)
  • Drosophila odorant receptors (Ors) are ligand gated ion channels composed of a common receptor subunit Or co-receptor (ORCO) and one of 62 "tuning" receptor subunits that confer odorant specificity to olfactory neuron responses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Characteristics of these stages include: the role of olfactory plume and sniffing, the continuous renewal of Glomerulus receptors throughout the life cycle, and the relationship between the olfactory neuron and the glomerulus, and finally, the synthetic nature of glomerulus coding. (wikipedia.org)
  • We recently showed that phosphorylation of serine 289 on the common Or subunit ORCO is required for normal peak olfactory neuron responses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dephosphorylation of this residue occurs on prolonged odorant exposure, and underlies the slow modulation of olfactory neuron responses we term "slow desensitization. (bvsalud.org)
  • Slow desensitization results in the reduction of peak olfactory neuron responses and flattening of dose-response curves, implicating changes in ORCOS289 phosphorylation state as an important modulator of olfactory neuron responses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Genetic rescue with a PKC98E predicted to be constitutively active restores ORCO S289 phosphorylation and olfactory neuron sensitivity to the PKC98E mutants in the naive state. (bvsalud.org)
  • Glomeruli are important waystations in the pathway from the nose to the olfactory cortex and have been found to be critical for odorant signal transduction. (wikipedia.org)
  • As the axons of the ORNs migrate towards their specific glomeruli they often overshoot into neighboring glomeruli. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mombaerts 2006 The complete distribution of glomeruli on the top of the map is formed with the OB of ORN inputs. (research-in-field.com)
  • Since ORNs react to multiple smells each smell is represented with a spatially specific combination of energetic glomeruli (Mori et al. (research-in-field.com)
  • These findings support the combinatorial coding scheme and suggest that higher-order brain centers reading out these combinatorial activity patterns may eventually classify olfactory signals according to their biological meaning. (jneurosci.org)
  • We have analyzed the functional roles of these pathways by using a morphologically and physiologically realistic three-dimensional model to explore the MC and mTC microcircuits in the glomerular layer and deeper plexiform layers. (yale.edu)
  • 2012 While MCs type a monolayer in the deeper elements of the OB TCs are dispersed all along the exterior plexifrom level (EPL) you need to include also a subpopulation in the deeper elements of the glomerular level (GL) called exterior tufted cells (eTCs). (research-in-field.com)
  • In a mammalian olfactory system, a single dendrite from a mitral cell enters a single glomerulus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Interestingly, the honey bee olfactory system harbors two central parallel pathways, whose functions remain largely unknown. (jneurosci.org)
  • 2009 Glomerular interneurons consist of also short-axon cells (SA) developing interglomerular lateral cable connections. (research-in-field.com)
  • Z)-9-Tricosene, when given to their antennae, caused indiscriminate glomerular activation of antennal lobe (AL) regions, creating neural disarray and leading to aversive behavior. (bvsalud.org)
  • Characteristics of these stages include: the role of olfactory plume and sniffing, the continuous renewal of Glomerulus receptors throughout the life cycle, and the relationship between the olfactory neuron and the glomerulus, and finally, the synthetic nature of glomerulus coding. (wikipedia.org)
  • How are odorants detected and identified by olfactory receptors, neurons, and circuits? (jneurosci.org)
  • Each glomerulus is composed of two compartments, the olfactory nerve zone and the non-olfactory nerve zone. (wikipedia.org)
  • The non-olfactory nerve zone is composed of the dendritic processes of intrinsic neurons and is where dendrodendritic interactions between intrinsic neurons occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a mammalian olfactory system, a single dendrite from a mitral cell enters a single glomerulus. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have analyzed the functional roles of these pathways by using a morphologically and physiologically realistic three-dimensional model to explore the MC and mTC microcircuits in the glomerular layer and deeper plexiform layers. (yale.edu)
  • The olfactory epithelium of fish consists of three cell types, like other vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)