• The thyroid gland weighs, on average, 15 g, and is composed of two lateral lobes that extend to the sides of the larynx to very close to the midline of the thyroid cartilage, and that are joined by an isthmus that pass in front of the trachea. (teknon.es)
  • The steroid-producing endocrine cells of the adrenal cortex, ovary, and testis, as well as the thyroid hormone-producing follicular cells in the thyroid gland, do not form part of the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Hyperthyroidism is a condition caused by an overactive thyroid gland. (preparingtobecome.com)
  • It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (lookformedical.com)
  • Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND. (lookformedical.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors and related syndromes may be a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia . (medscape.com)
  • 8] Approximately 5% of VIPomas are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1 syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Amine storage and function in peptide hormone-producing cells. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • however, tumors can originate from any cell of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system and, therefore, produce several intestinal hormones. (medscape.com)
  • The detailed study of neuroendocrine cells by Pearse ( 3 , 4 ) led to the development of the concept of amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • 1,2,3] They originate in amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells of the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system and in adrenal or extra-adrenal neurogenic sites. (medscape.com)
  • In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) applied the term carcinoid to all tumors of the diffuse endocrine system (synonymous with amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation [APUD] and neuroendocrine cell system). (medscape.com)
  • Amyloid deposits are not uncommon in endocrine neoplasms and can also occur in pituitary tumors. (scirp.org)
  • The cells and neoplasms of the neuroendocrine and paracrine systems make up the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The principal cells and neoplasms that form the DNS are listed in Table 11.1 . (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • VIPomas arise from the pancreas in 90% of cases, but they may also be found in periganglionic tissue or at other sites (eg, colon, bronchus, adrenal glands, and liver), especially in children. (medscape.com)
  • Cells found throughout the lining of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that contain and secrete regulatory PEPTIDE HORMONES and/or BIOGENIC AMINES . (nih.gov)
  • Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Feyrter ( 2 ) considered the clear cells of the gastrointestinal tract to be peripheral endocrine or paracrine cells. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The gastrointestinal tract is composed of numerous cell types that are important for immune activation and barrier surface defenses. (handwiki.org)
  • Microscopy: Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed a monotonous population of round to polygonal tumor cells with round to oval nuclei and variable amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm. (scirp.org)
  • Rare catecholamine-secreting tumor derived from chromaffin cells. (preparingtobecome.com)
  • These cells produce SECRETIN and are found in the MUCOSA of upper SMALL INTESTINE and PYLORIC ANTRUM in mammals. (nih.gov)
  • Intestinal L cells are located in the MUCOSA of distal ILEUM and COLON . (nih.gov)
  • In rats (Rattus rattus) the short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR43 is expressed both by this cell type and by mast cells of the mucosa. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dopamine and the regulation of cell proliferation in gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) pyloric mucosa. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • En ellos hay pliegues de variada longitud, grosor y número que comprometen la mucosa y submucosa, con glándulas de secreción mucosa y serosa a excepción de la vagina. (bvsalud.org)
  • Paneth cells, located at the base of the crypts of the small intestinal mucosa, and displaying bright red cytoplasmic granules. (handwiki.org)
  • Enteroendocrine cells are located in the stomach, in the intestine and in the pancreas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Steroid-producing cells in the interstitial tissue of the TESTIS. (umassmed.edu)
  • Leydig Cells" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
  • Small intestinal crypts house stem cells that serve to constantly replenish epithelial cells that die and are lost from the villi . (handwiki.org)
  • K cells secrete gastric inhibitory peptide, an incretin, which also promotes triglyceride storage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Stomach enteroendocrine cells, which release gastrin, and stimulate gastric acid secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Secrete motilin Gastric enteroendocrine cells are found in the gastric glands, mostly at their base. (wikipedia.org)
  • Parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells ) are the stomach epithelium cells which secrete gastric acid and intrinsic factor . (wikidoc.org)
  • Parietal cells produce gastric acid ( hydrochloric acid ) in response to histamine (via H 2 receptors ), acetylcholine (M 3 receptors) and gastrin (CCK2 receptors). (wikidoc.org)
  • Furthermore, the sudden increase in gastric acid secretion following a meal can causes a physiological phenomenon called the alkaline tide , which is due to the production and export of bicarbonate from parietal cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • The damaged parietal cells are unable to produce the required amount of gastric acid. (wikidoc.org)
  • The DNS consists of a wide variety of cells that are present in the central and peripheral nervous system and in many classic endocrine organs ( Table 11.1 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The G cells secrete gastrin, post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve can release gastrin-releasing peptide during parasympathetic stimulation to stimulate secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enterochromaffin-like cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells also known for their similarity to chromaffin cells secreting histamine, which stimulates G cells to secrete gastrin. (wikipedia.org)
  • They constitute an enteric endocrine system as a subset of the endocrine system just as the enteric nervous system is a subset of the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, Paneth cells play a role in the innate immune system. (handwiki.org)
  • insulin-secreting cells, the basolateral membrane of intestinal and kidney absorptive cells, in hepatocytes and in a subset of neurons (21,31,44). (justia.com)
  • Enterochromaffin cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells with a close similarity to adrenomedullary chromaffin cells secreting serotonin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enteroendocrine cells of the intestine are the most numerous endocrine cells of the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • L cells are primarily found in the ileum and large intestine (colon), but some are also found in the duodenum and jejunum. (wikipedia.org)
  • I cells secrete cholecystokinin (CCK), and have the highest mucosal density in the duodenum with a decreasing amount throughout the small intestine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Located in a increasing manner throughout the small intestine, with the highest levels found in the in ileum, N cells release neurotensin, and control smooth muscle contraction. (wikipedia.org)
  • S cells secrete secretin mostly from the duodenum, but also in decreasing amounts throughout the rest of the small intestine, and stimulate exocrine pancreatic secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carcinoid tumors arise from neuroendocrine cells, which are widespread in the human body, especially in the organs derived from the primitive intestine (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Paneth cells are cells in the small intestine epithelium , alongside goblet cells, enterocytes, and enteroendocrine cells. (handwiki.org)
  • Paneth cells are found throughout the small intestine and the appendix at the base of the intestinal glands. (handwiki.org)
  • [2] There is an increase in Paneth cell numbers towards the end of the small intestine. (handwiki.org)
  • [3] Like the other epithelial cell lineages in the small intestine, Paneth cells originate at the stem cell region near the bottom of the gland. (handwiki.org)
  • When exposed to bacteria or bacterial antigens , Paneth cells secrete several anti-microbial compounds (notably defensins and lysozyme ) that are known to be important in immunity and host-defense into the lumen of the intestinal gland, thereby contributing to maintenance of the gastrointestinal barrier by controlling the enteric bacteria. (handwiki.org)
  • Paneth cells secrete antimicrobial peptides and proteins, which are "key mediators of host-microbe interactions, including homeostatic balance with colonizing microbiota and innate immune protection from enteric pathogens. (handwiki.org)
  • The production of somatostatin by the pancreatic islets, which regulates insulin and glucagon production in neighboring islet cells, is an example of paracrine regulation. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • C. Wegner, G. Teuchert-Noodt, and R.R. Dawirs, "Demonstration of dopamine immunoreactivity in open and closed type endocrine cells of gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) stomach", LIFE SCIENCES , vol. 59, 1996, pp. 1407-1413. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Parietal cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted by active transport into the stomach. (wikidoc.org)
  • Pancreatic enteroendocrine cells are located in the islets of Langerhans and produce most importantly the hormones insulin and glucagon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pancreatic non-beta-cell hyperplasia is rare but has been reported in children. (medscape.com)
  • In pancreatic islets, GLUT2 allows a rapid equilibration of glucose between the extracellular space and the interior of the cells and it may play a crucial role in the glucose signaling mechanism leading to insulin secretion (43). (justia.com)
  • pancreatic cells to glucose remains debated. (justia.com)
  • Hydrogen ions are pumped out of the cell into the canaliculi in exchange for potassium ions, via the H + /K + ATPase . (wikidoc.org)
  • Secretin also has been found in cells in the BRAIN and other tissues. (nih.gov)
  • [2] Furthermore, among the four aforementioned intestinal cell lineages, Paneth cells live the longest (approximately 57 days). (handwiki.org)
  • Paracrine regulation refers to the production of amines and hormones by cells that exert a local effect on the target cells by diffusion through the extracellular space. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The gland makes too much T4 and T3 hormones. (preparingtobecome.com)
  • This increases intracellular cyclic AMP , which leads to activation of protein kinase A. Protein kinase A phosphorylates proteins involved in the transport of H + /K + ATPase from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane . (wikidoc.org)
  • They are located below the intestinal stem cells in the intestinal glands (also called crypts of Lieberkühn) and the large eosinophilic refractile granules that occupy most of their cytoplasm . (handwiki.org)
  • L cells secrete glucagon-like peptide-1, an incretin, peptide YY3-36, oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also called Delta cells, D cells secrete somatostatin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Paneth cells are stimulated to secrete defensins when exposed to bacteria (both Gram positive and Gram-negative types), or such bacterial products as lipopolysaccharide , lipoteichoic acid , muramyl dipeptide and lipid A . [9] They are also stimulated by cholinergic signaling normally preceding the arrival of food which potentially may contain a new bacterial load. (handwiki.org)
  • Anterior pituitary cells that produce GROWTH HORMONE. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Dopamine-containing cells in sympathetic ganglia. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Absence of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in some catecholamine-containing sympathetic ganglion cells of the dog: evidence for dopaminergic autonomic neurones. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Although the APUD concept provided a unifying theory for explaining some endocrine diseases and ectopic hormone productions, the hypothesis that the cells were all of neural crest origin, as postulated by Pearse, was later disproved by the experiments of LeDouarin ( 5 ) and others. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Microbiota play key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses in these enteroendocrine cells via their fermentation product (short chain fatty acid), acetate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intestinal enteroendocrine cells are not clustered together but spread as single cells throughout the intestinal tract. (wikipedia.org)
  • The enteroendocrine cells sense the metabolites from intestinal commensal microbiota and, in turn, coordinate antibacterial, mechanical, and metabolic branches of the host intestinal innate immune response to the commensal microbiota. (wikipedia.org)
  • The current neuroendocrine classification of cells and tumors uses immunohistochemical (IHC), ultrastructural, and molecular biologic features to define members of the DNS ( 6 , 7 and 8 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell secreting histamine. (wikipedia.org)
  • This structure allows defensins to insert into membranes, where they interact with one another to form pores that disrupt membrane function, leading to cell lysis. (handwiki.org)
  • [7] Paneth cells support the physical barrier of the epithelium by providing essential niche signals to their neighboring intestinal stem cells. (handwiki.org)
  • Protection and stimulation of these stem cells is essential for long-term maintenance of the intestinal epithelium , in which Paneth cells play a critical role. (handwiki.org)
  • On the other hand, insulinoma cells that had lost their normal glucose responsiveness have low GLUT2 content, but some glucose sensitivity may be recovered after reintroducing GLUT2 expression through stable transfection of these cells (10,16). (justia.com)
  • In 1914, Gosset and Masson demonstrated that carcinoid tumors might arise from enterochromaffin cells (Kulchitsky cell) within glands of Lieberkühn using silver impregnation techniques. (medscape.com)
  • The principal defense molecules secreted by Paneth cells are alpha-defensins, which are known as cryptdins in mice. (handwiki.org)
  • [4] This close relationship to the stem cell region suggests that Paneth cells are important in defending the gland stem cells from microbial damage, [4] although their function is not entirely known. (handwiki.org)
  • Upon stimulation, adenylate cyclase is activated within the parietal cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • Neural crest cells are precursors of APUDoma and neurogenic cells. (medscape.com)
  • The large luteal cells derive from the GRANULOSA CELLS . (nih.gov)
  • The small luteal cells derive from the THECA CELLS . (nih.gov)
  • [10] For example, research showed that in the secretory granules, murine and human Paneth cells express high levels of TLR9 . (handwiki.org)
  • Wu X, Wan S, Lee MM. Key factors in the regulation of fetal and postnatal Leydig cell development. (umassmed.edu)
  • [11] Surprisingly, murine Paneth cells do not express mRNA transcripts for TLR4 . (handwiki.org)
  • cell lines, these transcripts are translated into immunodetectable cytoplasmic and nuclear protein. (justia.com)
  • Wu X, Arumugam R, Baker SP, Lee MM. Pubertal and adult Leydig cell function in Mullerian inhibiting substance-deficient mice. (umassmed.edu)
  • In contrast, the lamina propria is composed of immune cells such as dendric cells, T cells, and macrophages. (handwiki.org)
  • The bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 - ) is exchanged for a chloride ion (Cl - ) on the basal side of the cell and the bicarbonate diffuses into the blood. (wikidoc.org)
  • APUD cells Neuroendocrine tumors List of human cell types derived from the germ layers Rehfeld JF (October 1998). (wikipedia.org)