• Marburg virus (MARV) causes a hemorrhagic fever disease in human and non-human primates with high levels of morbidity and mortality. (bvsalud.org)
  • Since its discovery in 1976, Ebolavirus has caused periodic outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever associated with severe and often fatal disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ebolaviruses are known for their ability to cause devastating viral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in humans and great apes, but the natural reservoir for EBOV has remained elusive for many years. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 2007 to 2008 a large outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever with a case-fatality rate of approximately 25% occurred in humans in Uganda. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ticks Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, various tick- borne encephalitis's etc. (slideshare.net)
  • Ebola virus is one of at least 30 known viruses capable of causing viral hemorrhagic fever syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • No specific therapy is available that has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. (medscape.com)
  • Some of the most virulent diseases are caused by viruses, e.g., the hemorrhagic fever caused by Ebola virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Viruses of the taxon Ebolavirus, which causes Ebola virus disease, are thought to have a natural reservoir in bats or other animals exposed to the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ebolavirus is endemic in Central Africa and the Philippines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [ 1 ] The outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa from 2014 to 2016, involving Zaire ebolavirus , was the largest outbreak of Ebola virus disease in history. (medscape.com)
  • With African-derived Ebolavirus infection, there is an incubation period (typically 3-8 days in primary cases and slightly longer in secondary cases). (medscape.com)
  • Genus Ebolavirus is 1 of 3 members of the Filoviridae family (filovirus), along with genus Marburgvirus and genus Cuevavirus. (aarogya.com)
  • Among workers in contact with monkeys or pigs infected with Reston ebolavirus, several infections have been documented in people who were clinically asymptomatic. (aarogya.com)
  • In 2008-09, evidence of Reston ebolavirus (RESTV) infection was found in domestic pigs and pig workers in the Philippines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dr. Hoven said that the deaths from the 2016 Ebola crisis in west Africa were directly caused by Ebola, but also indirectly caused by the collapsed health care system through the pandemic. (emedinexus.com)
  • There are no approved treatments for Lassa fever (LF), which is responsible for thousands of deaths each year in West Africa. (bvsalud.org)
  • EVD outbreaks occur primarily in remote villages in Central and West Africa, near tropical rainforests. (aarogya.com)
  • Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. (aarogya.com)
  • In Bangladesh, there was an initial report of Nipah virus infection in 2001, and since then recurrent outbreaks have occurred almost annually. (emedinexus.com)
  • Unlike the Malaysian outbreaks, no clusters of ill animals have been reported and a case-control study found that there was no increased risk of Nipah virus infection among individuals who had contact with a potential intermediate host (such as a pig). (emedinexus.com)
  • Ebola first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, in Nzara, Sudan, and in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. (aarogya.com)
  • BDBV, EBOV, and SUDV have been associated with large EVD outbreaks in Africa, whereas RESTV and TAFV have not. (aarogya.com)
  • As of September 17, 2019, an active outbreak of Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) had resulted in 3,034 confirmed and 111 probable cases of Ebola virus disease, including 2,103 attributable deaths. (medscape.com)
  • Nipah virus is a member of the Paramyxoviridae and was initially isolated and identified in 1999 during an outbreak of encephalitis and respiratory illness among pig farmers and people with close contact with pigs in Malaysia and Singapore. (emedinexus.com)
  • In addition to acute viral encephalitis, other less established and more unusual manifestations of viral infections include progressive neurologic disorders, such as postinfectious encephalomyelitis (such as may occur after measles or Nipah virus encephalitis) and conditions such as postpoliomyelitis syndrome, which has been considered by some to be as a persistent manifestation of poliovirus infection. (medscape.com)
  • In the Malaysian outbreak, human infection occurred through direct contact with respiratory secretions and urine from infected pigs. (emedinexus.com)
  • Following infection, virus is shed in the secretions and excretions from the animal for approximately two weeks. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals. (aarogya.com)
  • Ebola then spreads in the community through human-to-human transmission, with infection resulting from direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and indirect contact with environments contaminated with such fluids. (aarogya.com)
  • People are infectious as long as their blood and secretions contain the virus. (aarogya.com)
  • Significantly, species considered reservoirs for a given pathogen may not experience symptoms of disease when infected by the pathogen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Currently PPV is classified as the Protoparvovirus genus (species Ungulate protoparvovirus 1 ). (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • In recent years many novel porcine parvoviruses have been described such as porcine parvovirus 2 (PPV2) and porcine parvovirus 3 (PPV3) and these have been classified as Tetraparvovirus genus (species Ungulate tetraparvovirus 3 and Ungulate tetraparvovirus 2 , respectively), porcine parvovirus 4 (PPV4) into the Copiparvovirus genus (species Ungulate copiparvovirus 2 ). (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • The RESTV species, found in Philippines and the People's Republic of China, can infect humans, but no illness or death in humans from this species has been reported to date. (aarogya.com)
  • Thus, RESTV appears less capable of causing disease in humans than other Ebola species. (aarogya.com)
  • ABBR: BAV The type species of the southeast Asian genus Seadornavirus (family Reoviridae). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A virus commonly found in macaques (Old World monkeys) but not in other primates. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Handlers of macaques may be infected by bites or exposure to animal blood or body fluids. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The virus is harmless to macaques or may cause only a herpetic rash in macaques, but in humans it often produces fatal infections of the brain and meninges. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Viruses, except rubella and hepatitis C, are arboviruses. (slideshare.net)
  • The 400 known viruses are classified in several ways: by genome core (RNA or DNA), host (animals, plants, or bacteria), method of reproduction (such as retrovirus), mode of transmission (such as enterovirus), and disease produced (such as hepatitis virus). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • More recently, provocative studies have found high antibody seroprevalence to viruses such as Ebola, Marburg, and Lyssa viruses in multiple African countries, indicating the presence of a high number of undiagnosed cases every year, including high neutralizing titers of antibodies to rabies virus in 11% of a small cohort of asymptomatic Peruvians living in the Amazon with prior exposure to bats. (medscape.com)
  • A common criterion in other definitions distinguishes reservoirs from non-reservoirs by the degree to which the infected host shows symptoms of disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • By these definitions, a reservoir is a host that does not experience the symptoms of disease when infected by the pathogen, whereas non-reservoirs show symptoms of the disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Human reservoirs are human beings infected by pathogens that exist on or within the human body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Animal (non-human) reservoirs consist of domesticated and wild animals infected by pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infected cattle may develop gastrointestinal disease, immunosuppression with secondary infections, thrombocytopenia and reproductive failure. (zoologix.com)
  • The major clinical sign of PPV infections in pigs is maternal reproductive failure and was first described by Cartwright and Huck in 1967. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • Viruses are also responsible for the common cold, childhood exanthems (such as chickenpox, measles, rubella), latent infections (such as herpes simplex), some cancers or lymphomas (such as Epstein-Barr virus), and diseases of all organ systems. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Clinically relevant involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) by viruses is an uncommon event, considering the overwhelming number of individuals affected by the different human viral infections. (medscape.com)
  • An unusual CNS involvement leading to microcephaly due to infection of pregnant women by Zika virus has also been recently reported and highlights the constant need to look for new types of neurological manifestations of viral infections in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Kannur district administration on Wednesday directed hospitals to take necessary arrangements in view of the Nipah virus deaths in Kozhikode. (emedinexus.com)
  • In a cabinet meeting the Kerala government also remembered Lini - a nurse at EMS Memorial Cooperative hospital at Perambra in Kozhikode - who developed fever after attending to a Nipah patient. (emedinexus.com)
  • Case control studies showed that Nipah infected persons were more likely than controls to have had direct contact with pigs. (emedinexus.com)
  • Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are zoonotic paramyxoviruses in the genus Henipavirus (HNV) that emerged nearly thirty years ago. (bvsalud.org)
  • The district was in the news earlier due to Nipah virus cases. (ceezad.org)
  • Besides their function in the virus replication cycle, the viral glycoprotein, nucleoprotein, minor matrix protein and polymerase cofactor are viral determinants of pathogenicity, with evasion of the host innate and adaptive immune responses as the main mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These antibodies target the glycoprotein (GP) on the Ebola virus surface, thereby blocking attachment and entry of the virus on host cell membranes. (medscape.com)
  • Porcine parvovirus (PPV, Protoparvovirus genus) is a small non-enveloped virus and is considered to be one of the major causes of porcine reproductive failure. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • History has proven, an effective vaccine is developed after the origin of the virus is discovered. (usa-evote.com)
  • With the technology today, the origin of a virus can be easily traced, identified, and studies can lead to a safe and effective vaccine. (usa-evote.com)
  • It has four times the antigen, (the part of the vaccine that helps your body build up protection against flu viruses), than Fluzone Quadrivalent and other standard-dose inactivated flu vaccines. (icanfixupmyhome.com)
  • Ebola Zaire vaccine is approved in Europe and the United States. (medscape.com)
  • The live recombinant vaccine has shown effectiveness of 97.5% in preventing infection among 90,000 individuals in an active Ebola virus outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo. (medscape.com)
  • Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are considered to be the natural host of the Ebola virus. (aarogya.com)
  • In Africa, infection has been documented through the handling of infected chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest. (aarogya.com)
  • The World Medical Association has echoed the call from the World Health Organisation for a vigorous response to the latest Ebola outbreak in the Congo, which has so far caused more than 20 deaths. (emedinexus.com)
  • Today, how certain are we that we can protect ourselves from another global virus outbreak? (emedinexus.com)
  • The patients are interviewed, and the local Norwegian Food Safety Authority takes samples from food products in the homes of those who are infected, if residues are available, to identify the source of the outbreak if possible. (ceezad.org)
  • Viruses are good inducers of interferon, which can account for the flulike symptoms of infection. (slideshare.net)
  • The incubation period, that is, the time interval from infection with the virus to onset of symptoms, is 2 to 21 days. (aarogya.com)
  • it is the population of interest because it has disease when infected by the pathogen (for example, humans are the target population in most medical epidemiological studies). (wikipedia.org)
  • Humans have been infected after eating venison. (scienceopen.com)
  • More studies of RESTV are needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn about the pathogenicity and virulence of this virus in humans. (aarogya.com)
  • However, we have extensive experience with children and adults experiencing co-infection with two or more respiratory viruses. (icanfixupmyhome.com)
  • Porcine circoviruses (PCVs), as members of the Circovirus genus of the Circoviridae family, have been linked to a variety of pig disease conditions, including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), respiratory disease, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, and reproductive disorders. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Porcine parvovirus 6 (PPV6) is described by ICTV as a related, unclassified virus in the Copiparvovirus genus. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • Porcine parvovirus 5 (PPV5) is still not classified in the ICTV taxonomy proposal, but genetic analysis showed that this virus is most closely related to PPV4. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • Porcine parvovirus was first found in primary cell cultures from porcine kidney and testicle used to cultivate hog cholera virus in 1965 in Munich, Germany, by Anton Mayr and coworkers. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • The particles were similar to the Kilham rat virus (a parvovirus) and due to the replication ability of the virus in cell lines from swine, it was isolated and classified as a porcine parvovirus. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • ABBR: AAV A genus in the parvovirus family whose members cannot replicate without the presence of another virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Primary exposure - This typically involves travel to or work in an Ebola-endemic area. (medscape.com)
  • Parasitic blood-flukes of the genus Schistosoma, responsible for schistosomiasis, spend part of their lives inside freshwater snails before completing their life cycles in vertebrate hosts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Viruses maintained in nature principally, or to an important extent, through biological transmission between susceptible vertebrate hosts by haematophagus arthropods or through trans ovarian and possibly venereal transmission in arthropods. (slideshare.net)
  • Currently, PPV vaccines represent cell culture derived virus (usually the non-pathogenic NADL-2 strain) which is chemically inactivated (by formalin, beta-propiolactone or binary ethyleneimine), mixed with oil or aluminium hydroxide as adjuvants and administered parenterally. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • The common influenza viruses have antigens that mutate or combine readily, requiring new vaccines with each mutation. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The reservoir concept applies only for pathogens capable of infecting more than one host population and only with respect to a defined target population - the population of organisms in which the pathogen causes disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Disease Mechanisms of Toga viruses and Flavivirus Viruses are cytolytic, except for rubella. (slideshare.net)
  • Doctors confirmed on Dec. 24 that the boy was infected with Shigella bacteria that leads to intestinal disease shigellosis. (ceezad.org)
  • The latter was in a village situated near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name. (aarogya.com)
  • Men who have recovered from the disease can still transmit the virus through their semen for up to 7 weeks after recovery from illness. (aarogya.com)
  • When viruses enter a cell, they may immediately trigger a disease process or may remain quiescent for years. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Structural perspectives of beak and feather disease virus and porcine circovirus proteins. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Between Nov. 6 and Dec. 15, 52 suspected cases of yellow fever, including 14 deaths, were reported in Guinea. (ceezad.org)
  • For example, shark bite wounds may be infected with Vibrio spp. (scienceopen.com)
  • A pathogen that is composed of nucleic acid within a protein shell but can grow and reproduce only after infecting a host cell. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In infected pregnant cows, the virus is transmitted to a fetus with a high degree of efficiency, leading to fetal loss, malformations or birth of a persistently infected calf. (zoologix.com)
  • however, the virus can cross the placental barrier during the infection and is characterized by embryonic and fetal infection and death. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • A major challenge in developing effective medical countermeasures against LF is the high diversity of circulating Lassa virus (LASV) strains with four recognized lineages and four proposed lineages. (bvsalud.org)
  • Authorities in Kozhikode district in Kerala went into high alert mode after a boy was found infected with the contagious Shigella bacterium. (ceezad.org)
  • For example, camels have been noted to have serologic evidence of infection with Coxiella burnetii, but human cases of Q fever as a result of contact with camels or ingestion of camel milk have often been poorly documented. (scienceopen.com)
  • The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. (aarogya.com)
  • Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus classified as a pestivirus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. (zoologix.com)
  • AAVs are nonenveloped single-stranded DNA viruses used in gene therapy to insert copies of missing genes into host cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • which are commonly found in salt water and as part of the normal oral flora of sharks, whereas freshwater alligator bites are most commonly infected with Aeromonas hydrophila, an organism that is found in fresh water and as part of the normal alligator oral flora. (scienceopen.com)
  • Dr Chris Smith , clinical virologist from Oxford discussed the lurking or hidden reservoir of virus that causes a second wave. (schneier.com)
  • PPV is ubiquitous in pig populations world-wide and is one of the most common and important infectious agents of infertility. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • The virus can be transported between herds via fomites (e.g. clothes, boots and equipment) and it is also speculated that infected boars can introduce the virus into new herds. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • Analysis performed at the Nongo, Conakry Laboratory of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers revealed that 10 cases of suspected YF were IgM positive for YF. (ceezad.org)
  • Ebola virus was isolated from semen 61 days after onset of illness in a man who was infected in a laboratory. (aarogya.com)
  • The rep gene can be found on the virus sense strand, while the cap gene can be found on the complementary sense strand. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Most animal viruses are also surrounded by a lipid envelope (a bilayered membrane analogous to a cell membrane). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • No one knows for sure how most people will react to simultaneous infection with these two viruses," says Michael B. Grosso, MD , medical director of Huntington Hospital in Huntington, New York. (icanfixupmyhome.com)
  • It would be premature to extrapolate the health effects of the virus to all population groups, such as immuno-compromised persons, persons with underlying medical conditions, pregnant women and children. (aarogya.com)
  • EVD is a severe acute viral illness often characterized by the sudden onset of fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. (aarogya.com)
  • Two nonstructural proteins, NS1 and NS2, operate in the replication of the virus, particularly for DNA replication. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • Arthropod-borne Viruses Arthropod-borne viruses (arbovirus) are viruses that can be transmitted to man by arthropod vectors. (slideshare.net)
  • All of them can attach to cell membranes, enter the cytoplasm, take over cellular functions, reproduce their parts, and assemble themselves into mature forms capable of infecting other cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The initial event in the replicative cycle of a virus is its interaction with receptors present on the surface of a cell. (medscape.com)