Genomes eukaryotes proteins genes bacterial. Medical search. Frequent questions

We should think of the human genome as a database of critical information that serves as a tool for exploring the workings of the cell and, ultimately, understanding how a complex living organism functions. (learner.org)

What Is the Size Distribution of snRNA Genes and Related Sequences in the Genome? (cshlpress.com)
Introns are nucleotide sequences universal amongst the Eukarya domain. (bartleby.com)
Also, the comparison of nucliec acid sequences shows greater similarity between archaea and eukaryotes. (bartleby.com)
About a fourth of the Hr sequences were identified as N- or C-terminal domains of chimeric, chemotactic gene regulators. (wayne.edu)
Complete sequences of numerous mitochondrial, many prokaryotic, and several nuclear genomes are now available. (biomedcentral.com)
Researchers had hoped to find that matters would be clarified by myosin proteins derived from the DNA sequences of different single-celled eukaryotes, such as flagellated protozoa (protozoa with a whip-like tail), amoeboid protozoa, and algae. (icr.org)
They proposed basing family trees on differences in the building block sequences for genes and proteins. (biologyjunction.com)
Their approach is known as molecular phylogeny, and it states that individual genes are composed of unique sequences of nucleotides that typically serve as the blueprint for making specific proteins. (biologyjunction.com)
DNA sequences encoding 2 essential cellular proteins agreed that the last common ancestor spawned both the true bacteria and archaic bacteria and then the eukaryotes (with a nucleus) branched from the archaic. (biologyjunction.com)
Still, as the DNA sequences of complete genomes have become increasingly available, research groups have noticed patterns that are disturbingly at odds with the prevailing beliefs. (biologyjunction.com)
Fascinatingly, one core protein, the D-serine transporter as been shown to be one of the most commonly found sequences in nature. (ukri.org)
Here, we review the approaches to perform ensemble fluorescence experiments on next-generation sequencing chips for variations of DNA, RNA, and protein sequences. (bvsalud.org)
Typically plasmids contain the minimum essential DNA sequences for this purpose, which includes a DNA replication origin, an antibiotic-resistance gene, and a region in which exogenous DNA fragments can be inserted. (addgene.org)
The human genome contains DNA sequences of 3 billion base pairs, carried by 23 pairs of chromosomes. (your-doctor.net)
It was suggested that both estimates relate to the same event, fusion between an archaebacterium and a eubacterium, and the shift in the appearance time of bacterial genes to the present day was merely due to involvement in the analysis of mitochondrial and α-proteobacterial sequences. (harvard.edu)
Introns sequences account for about 30% of the genome. (blogspot.com)
By scanning the available genome sequences, Demuth et al. (blogspot.com)
The HMP in particular includes, for each sample, both 16S rRNA gene surveys and shotgun metagenomic sequences, from a subset of the subjects recruited at two geographically distant locations in the United States. (biomedcentral.com)
This is due to our limited access to genome sequences from uncultivated organisms, which are estimated to account for 99% in prokaryotes ( 11 ). (scienceintheclassroom.org)
To explore alternative genetic codes, we carried out a systematic analysis of stop codon reassignments from the canonical TAG amber , TGA opal , and TAA ochre codons in assembled metagenomes and metatranscriptomes from environmental and host-associated samples, single-cell genomes of uncultivated bacteria and archaea, and a collection of viral sequences ( Fig. 1A ) ( 15 ). (scienceintheclassroom.org)

These OMEGA systems are more ancestral to CRISPR and they are among the most abundant proteins on the planet, so it makes sense that they have been able to hop back and forth between prokaryotes and eukaryotes," says Saito. (mit.edu)
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are both believed to have originated from LUCA, the last universal common ancestor (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). (statesindex.org)
Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) play key roles in modulating gene expression in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (biomedcentral.com)
Blasticidin S is a microbial antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (atheistsforhumanrights.org)

Is Gene Density Uniform Across the Chromosomes? (cshlpress.com)
Do Gene-rich Chromosomes Have Smaller Genes? (cshlpress.com)
The genome was confirmed to comprise eight chromosomes (chromosomes 1-8 in decreasing size), the assignment of which is different from a previous report 7 ( Supplementary Table S1 and schematic drawing in Supplementary Fig. S1 ). (nature.com)
In eukaryotes , the DNA molecules that make up the genome are packaged with proteins into chromosomes, each of which contains a single linear DNA molecule. (jrank.org)
Over the next 100 years, many significant discoveries lead to the conclusions that genes encode proteins and reside on chromosomes, which are composed of DNA. (addgene.org)

In order to extrapolate this method into eukaryotes to develop a gene editing method, a Cas9 protein, a recognition sequence RNA, and a transactivating RNA are required. (wikipedia.org)
The Cas9 protein binding is further affected by a number of mechanisms: The seed sequence determines the frequency of a seed plus PAM in the genome and controls the effective concentration of Cas9 sgRNA complex. (wikipedia.org)
How many mobile elements, simple sequence repeats, or protein kinases are encoded in the genome? (cshlpress.com)
Using a recent assembly of the human genome sequence, Stewart Scherer has compiled answers to a broad range of questions about the structure and function of the human genome. (cshlpress.com)
In 1986 Nobel laureate Renato Dulbecco laid down the gauntlet to the scientific community to sequence the complete human genome. (learner.org)
The capstone, of course, was the completion of the human genome sequence. (learner.org)
In 2001 two rival teams jointly announced the completion of a draft sequence of the entire human genome, consisting of more than three billion nucleotides. (learner.org)
It requires not only finding the nucleotide sequence of small pieces of the genome, but also ordering those small pieces together into the whole genome. (learner.org)
Genome Sequence of Mariprofundus sp. (darkenergybiosphere.org)
Genome Sequence of Hydrogenovibrio sp. (darkenergybiosphere.org)
Eukaryotic genomes are known to have garnered innovations from both archaeal and bacterial domains but the sequence of events that led to the complex gene repertoire of eukaryotes is largely unresolved. (darkenergybiosphere.org)
Reb proteins display very good conservation at the sequence level, suggesting that they may produce functional R-bodies. (pasteur.fr)
The blocks of A. oryzae -specific sequence are enriched for genes involved in metabolism, particularly those for the synthesis of secondary metabolites. (nature.com)
Thus, the increase in genome size seems to be due to an A. oryzae lineage-specific acquisition of sequence, rather than loss of sequence in A. nidulans and A. fumigatus . (nature.com)
This suggests that the genome size differences are largely due to sequence acquisition in A. oryzae . (nature.com)
Nuclear genome sequence and gene expression of an intracellular fungal endophyte stimulating the growth of cranberry plants. (umontreal.ca)
Higher sections of the universal tree of life have based many of their branching patterns on sequence analysis of rRNA genes. (biologyjunction.com)
In 1989, research groups led by J. Peter Gogarten of the University of Connecticut and Takashi Miyata of the Kyushu University in Japan used sequence information from genes for other cellular components to establish the "root" for the universal tree of life. (biologyjunction.com)
Following duplication events, the resulting stretches of homologous sequence can promote recombination between gene copies. (elifesciences.org)
or the transmembrane protein gene cassettes of some pathogenic bacteria ( Santoyo and Romero, 2005 ), gene conversion can also generate sequence diversity. (elifesciences.org)
In order to isolate a particular gene from human chromosomal DNA, it would be necessary to isolate a sequence of a few hundred or few thousand basepairs from the entire human genome. (addgene.org)
Digesting the human genome with restriction enzymes would yield about two million DNA fragments, which is far too many to separate from each other for the purposes of isolating one specific DNA sequence. (addgene.org)

Here we present the analysis of the genome of this enigmatic and important model organism and compare it with closely related species. (duke.edu)
Novel bacterial phyla are often represented by a handful of strains, and the number of species interacting with eukaryotes is likely underestimated. (nih.gov)
By 2003 biologists had sequenced genomes from about one hundred different species. (learner.org)
Here, through the enrichment of hydrothermal vent microorganisms, we recovered two circularized genomes of Heimdallarchaeum species that belong to an Asgard archaea clade phylogenetically closest to eukaryotes. (darkenergybiosphere.org)
Comparison of the three aspergilli species revealed the presence of syntenic blocks and A. oryzae -specific blocks (lacking synteny with A. nidulans and A. fumigatus ) in a mosaic manner throughout the genome of A. oryzae . (nature.com)
For example, the Drosophila melanogaster genome contains only twice as many genes as some bacterial species, although the former is far more complex in its genome organization than the latter. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, post-translational modifications can also contribute to the increased complexity and diversity of protein species [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Recent expansion of metabolic versatility in Diplonema papillatum , the model species of a highly speciose group of marine eukaryotes. (umontreal.ca)
Botstein also has helped to create, with Michael Ashburner and Gerald Rubin, a bioinformatics initiative to unify the representation of gene and gene product attributes across all species, called Gene Ontology. (nih.gov)
Of these, 3,114 were single genes confined to a single species. (blogspot.com)
Here we analyze the P. anserina transcriptional responses to two bacterial species, Serratia fonticola to which P. anserina survives and S. marcescens to which P. anserina succumbs, and compare these to the transcriptional response induced under VI conditions. (hal.science)

It is no longer debatable that viral, bacterial, and archaeal genomes have been forged by foreign genes for several billion years. (avcr.cz)

Unlike CRISPR proteins, Fanzor enzymes are encoded in the eukaryotic genome within transposable elements, and the team's phylogenetic analysis suggests that the Fanzor genes have migrated from bacteria to eukaryotes through so-called horizontal gene transfer. (mit.edu)
MCCUTCHEON, John P. Functional horizontal gene transfer from bacteria to eukaryotes. (avcr.cz)

Our results suggest that the predicted T3SS genes of V. spinosum could encode a functional T3SS, although further work is needed to determine whether V. spinosum produces a T3SS injectisome that delivers the predicted effectors. (nih.gov)
These genomes reveal diverse mobile elements, including an integrative viral genome that bidirectionally replicates in a circular form and aloposons, transposons that encode the 5,000 amino acid-sized proteins Otus and Ephialtes. (darkenergybiosphere.org)
Recent studies suggest that most of the genome are transcribed, among the transcripts only a small portion encode for proteins, whereas a large portion of the transcripts do not encode any proteins, which are generally termed non-protein coding RNAs (npcRNA). (biomedcentral.com)
Scientists believe that the study of genes that encode the proteins for molecular motors will help solve the mysteries of evolution. (icr.org)

What is the evolutionary relationship between mitochondria and hydrogenosomes (H 2 -generating and ATP-producing organelles that are found in eukaryotes lacking mitochondria)? (biomedcentral.com)
In: Plant Mitochondria: From Gene to Function. (umontreal.ca)
Lately, a proteomic research of the complete mitochondrion discovered 401, 196, and 283 protein that might be designated to mitochondria with high, moderate, and low self-confidence, respectively (16). (irjs.info)
A follow-up research examined mitochondrial membrane fractions and discovered 202 proteins that included a number of forecasted transmembrane helices and had been connected with mitochondria with several levels of self-confidence (17). (irjs.info)
Actually, what sort of mitochondria had been isolated in the research described above shows that they may be depleted of OM proteins (20). (irjs.info)
This important lipid component of bacterial inner membranes is not found in the membranes of eukaryotic cells-except for the inner membranes of mitochondria. (reasons.org)
The endosymbiont hypothesis proposes that mitochondria formed after a prokaryote that had evolved into an early eukaryote engulfed and then kept one or more alpha-proteobacteria cell. (biologyjunction.com)
For example, it has only three copies of ribosomal genes, almost no introns, no myosin genes, and two dynamin genes that are used only for division of mitochondria and plastids. (asmblog.org)
Division of both mitochondria and chloro-plasts involves both FtsZ (a homolog of the bacterial division protein, now encoded in the nuclear genome) and dynamin (a eukaryote-specific protein). (asmblog.org)
[1] pl. mitochondria ) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes , such as animals , plants and fungi . (wikipedia.org)
[5] The eukaryote Monocercomonoides is known to have completely lost its mitochondria, [6] and the multicellular organism Henneguya salminicola is known to have retained mitochondrion-related organelles in association with a complete loss of their mitochondrial genome. (wikipedia.org)
[20] This finding has led to general acceptance of the endosymbiotic hypothesis - that free-living prokaryotic ancestors of modern mitochondria permanently fused with eukaryotic cells in the distant past, evolving such that modern animals, plants, fungi, and other eukaryotes are able to respire to generate cellular energy . (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotes contain two protein translational systems, one in the cytoplasm and one in the mitochondria. (nih.gov)

Although they possess many valuable roles this does not explain the ubiquity of introns within eukaryotic genomes. (bartleby.com)
P.1604 left column 2nd paragraph: 'Timing of the appearance of eubacterial genes in eukaryotic genomes is another way to attempt to distinguish between different hypotheses about the origin of the pro-eukaryotic genome. (harvard.edu)

Because of this elaborate mosaic of cellular features, the development of any evolutionary story for the origin of eukaryotes has been fraught with much difficulty. (icr.org)
Archaea and the origin of eukaryotes. (avcr.cz)

Although they can be found in archaea and eukaryotes, they play the most significant biological role in bacteria where they can be passed from one bacterium to another by a type of horizontal gene transfer (conjugation), usually providing a benefit to the host, such as antibiotic resistance. (addgene.org)

Identification of predicted pathogenesis and symbiosis determinants such as the Type III Secretion System (T3SS) in the genomes of "free-living" bacteria suggests that these microbes participate in uncharacterized interactions with eukaryotes. (nih.gov)
We found that reb genes are much more widespread than previously thought, being present in representatives of major Proteobacterial subdivisions, including many free-living taxa, as well as taxa known to be involved in various kinds of interactions with eukaryotes, from mutualistic associations to pathogenicity. (pasteur.fr)
The potential involvement of R-bodies in as yet unexplored interactions with eukaryotes and the consequent ecological implications are discussed. (pasteur.fr)

Hence, the proportion of introns in the LECA genome is considerably greater than in contemporary eukaryotic lineages, excluding some vertebrates (Figure.1). (bartleby.com)
One promising approach to study these lineages is single cell genomics (SCG), whereby an individual cell is captured from nature and genome data are produced from the amplified total DNA. (nature.com)
The authors stated, 'The number of myosin genes varies markedly between lineages [types of eukaryotes],' and 'holozoan genomes, as well as some amoebozoans and heterokonts, have the highest numbers of myosins of all eukaryotes. (icr.org)
Advances in single-cell sequencing and metagenome assembly technologies have enabled the reconstruction of genomes of uncultivated bacterial and archaeal lineages ( 12 - 14 ) and the discovery of a previously unknown reassignment of TGA opal stop codons to glycine ( 4 , 5 , 14 ). (scienceintheclassroom.org)

When a virus infects the bacteria, this system incorporates segments of the viral DNA into the bacterial genome. (wikipedia.org)
The involvement of viral DNA-binding proteins in the regulation of virulence genes, transcription, DNA replication, and repair make them significant targets. (mdpi.com)
Transfection also has been used to refer to infecting a cell specifically with viral nucleic acid that is either isolated from a eukaryote virus or from a bacteriophage . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Originally, the term was used for the artificial insertion of viral nucleic acid into bacterial cells, resulting in multiplication of mature viral particles (Dorland 2007). (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Two general strategies have been used in the sequencing of large genomes: clone-based sequencing and whole genome sequencing (Fig. 1). (learner.org)
It turns out that the size of the nucleus is related to the size of the cell, such that large genomes give rise to large nuclei and large cells. (blogspot.com)

That work also highlighted similarities between prokaryotic OMEGA systems and Fanzor proteins in eukaryotes, suggesting that the Fanzor enzymes might also use an RNA-guided mechanism to target and cut DNA. (mit.edu)
The highly conserved bacterial YbeY RNase has structural similarities to the MID domain of AGOs. (biomedcentral.com)
We find some very striking similarities, including recurring genomic rearrangements, alterations of the regulation of specific growth-promoting genes, population-genetic features that affect the fitness trajectories of growth rate variants in evolving populations, and physiological and metabolic similarities derived from the conservation of the basic plan of growth and cell multiplication among all eukaryotes. (nih.gov)
The main problem with this idea is that, not only does no such creature exist, but eukaryotes also contain molecular similarities to both bacteria and archaea-prokaryotes that are found in completely separate domains of cellular life. (icr.org)
They see the biochemical similarities between mitochondrial and bacterial genomes as further evidence for the evolutionary origin of these organelles. (reasons.org)

These similarites include introns, histones, several types of RNA polymerase, and methionine as the first amino acid in protein synthesis. (bartleby.com)
Such interactions generally result in a decrease in protein synthesis, either by stimulating mRNA degradation or by inhibiting translation. (biomedcentral.com)
RNA codons and protein synthesis. (crossref.org)

Complemented with extensive transcriptome data, we define approximately 31,000 gene loci, providing unexpected insights into early eukaryote evolution. (duke.edu)

Another major problem is that many complex molecular and cellular features unique among eukaryotes are not found in any prokaryotes. (icr.org)
Since this association also occurs in yeasts, the authors suggest that this mecha-nism may be widespread among eukaryotes. (asmblog.org)

Physarum polycephalum is a well-studied microbial eukaryote with unique experimental attributes relative to other experimental model organisms. (duke.edu)
A team of researchers led by Feng Zhang at the McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard has uncovered the first programmable RNA-guided system in eukaryotes - organisms that include fungi, plants, and animals. (mit.edu)
CRISPR-Cas was first discovered in prokaryotes (bacteria and other single-cell organisms that lack nuclei) and scientists including those in Zhang's lab have long wondered whether similar systems exist in eukaryotes. (mit.edu)
The expansion in genome size appears to be characteristic of the organisms closely related to A. oryzae , as the estimated genome size of its close relatives A. flavus (W. Nierman, personal communication) and Aspergillus niger 8 is comparable to that of A. oryzae . (nature.com)
With the identification of microRNAs and siRNAs in diverse organisms, increasing evidences indicate that these short npcRNAs play important roles in development, responses to biotic and abiotic stresses by cleavage of target mRNAs or by interfering with translation of target genes [ 5 - 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytosine C5 methylation is an important epigenetic control mechanism in a wide array of eukaryotic organisms and generally carried out by proteins of the C-5 DNA methyltransferase family (DNMTs). (mdpi.com)
This process allows a variety of important applications, including the study of gene regulation, the analysis of the expression of proteins within eukarotic cells such as those of mammals, the production of transgenic organisms , and the methods of gene therapy. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Given the apparent ubiquity of the canonical genetic code, the design of genomically recoded organisms with noncanonical codes has been suggested as a means to prevent horizontal gene transfer between laboratory and environmental organisms ( 8 - 10 ). (scienceintheclassroom.org)
which is found in almost all organisms and which sometimes contains operon structures in bacterial genomes. (easyomics.org)

How Are the Ribosomal RNA Genes Organized in the Genome? (cshlpress.com)
Comparison of nuclear-encoded cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins and mitochondrial ribosomal proteins showed that intron positions were conserved (Yoshihama et al. (bartleby.com)

What Is the Base Composition of the Nuclear Genome? (cshlpress.com)
Which Genes Host Small Nuclear RNAs and Small Nucleolar RNAs? (cshlpress.com)
In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)
Since the DNA introduced in the transfection process is usually not inserted into the nuclear genome, the foreign DNA is lost at the later stage when the cells undergo mitosis . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
At approximately 16 Mbp, its nuclear genome is among the smallest known for non-symbiotic eukaryotes and cur-rently ranks as the smallest of all photosynthetic eukaryotes. (asmblog.org)
In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal–regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)

Genomics has resulted in a parallel consensus that the central functions of all eukaryotes are highly conserved, not only at the level of individual protein functions, but also complex biological pathways and systems. (nih.gov)
Despite the hundreds of millions of years of evolutionary history separating eukaryotes and prokaryotes, the features of the replication process have been highly conserved between them. (jrank.org)

The mitochondrial genome does not have tRNA genes, indicating that trypanosomatids, unlike almost every other eukaryotes, import all mitochondrial tRNAs in the cytosol (5). (irjs.info)

2014. Evolution and classification of myosins, a paneukaryotic whole genome approach. (icr.org)

Two years ago, Zhang lab members discovered a class of RNA-programmable systems in prokaryotes called OMEGAs, which are often linked with transposable elements, or "jumping genes," in bacterial genomes and likely gave rise to CRISPR-Cas systems. (mit.edu)

Off-target genome editing refers to nonspecific and unintended genetic modifications that can arise through the use of engineered nuclease technologies such as: clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN), meganucleases, and zinc finger nucleases (ZFN). (wikipedia.org)
With this being said, off-target genetic modifications are frequent and can alter the function of otherwise intact genes. (wikipedia.org)
Which genes are commonly associated with genetic diseases? (cshlpress.com)
The three-domain tree, containing Eukarya, Archea, and Bacteria, soon became too simplistic due to the realization that some bacteria possessed the ability to exchange genetic information by horizontal gene transfer (Koonin and Wolf, 2012). (bartleby.com)
The quest to understand the workings of human cells will not be over until we understand how this genetic blueprint is used to produce a particular set of proteins - the proteome - for each type of cell and how these proteins control the physiology of the cell. (learner.org)
This genetic inventory was sufficient to place the cell within the ToL using multigene phylogenetics and provided preliminary insights into the complex evolutionary history of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the MAST-4 lineage. (nature.com)
A major aim of the Zhang lab is to develop genetic medicines using systems that can modulate human cells by targeting specific genes and processes. (mit.edu)
Its genome includes two genetic components, minicircles and maxi-, which are extremely topologically interlocked and localized to a discrete area inside the organelle (3). (irjs.info)
David Botstein's fundamental contributions to modern genetics include the development of genetic methods for understanding biological functions and the discovery of the functions of many yeast and bacterial genes. (nih.gov)
Genetic material, such as sections of DNA coding for proteins , may be transfected. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
This study reveals a new mechanism for the fluid gain of beneficial mutations in genetic regions undergoing active recombination in viruses and illustrates the value of long read sequencing technologies for investigating complex genome dynamics in diverse biological systems. (elifesciences.org)
Gene duplication is long recognized as a potential source of genetic innovation ( Ohno, 1970 ). (elifesciences.org)
The concept of genes as carriers of phenotypic information was introduced in the early 19th century by Gregor Mendel, who later demonstrated the properties of genetic inheritance in peas. (addgene.org)
The order of these 4 nucleotides makes up the genetic code and provides the instructions to make every protein within an organism. (addgene.org)
The transfected gene integrates into the genome of the host cell, and as a result, are able to express the transfected genetic material. (atheistsforhumanrights.org)
A central idea in genetics is that all microbes follow the same genetic code when producing proteins. (scienceintheclassroom.org)
Since the discovery of the genetic code and protein translation mechanisms ( 1 ), a limited number of variations of the standard assignment between unique base triplets (codons) and their encoded amino acids and translational stop signals have been found in bacteria and phages ( 2 - 7 ). (scienceintheclassroom.org)
Question: How much alternative genetic coding of uncultivated bacteria and phage genomes can be detected in all the metagenome data sets found in JGI's IMG database? (scienceintheclassroom.org)
Recent multi-omics studies have revealed the heterogeneity and complexity of tumor features such as their genetic mutations, transcriptome, proteins, and signaling pathways. (rsc.org)

We have applied a multipronged approach of loss-of-function studies, genome-wide mRNA and sRNA expression profiling, pathway analysis, target prediction, literature mining and network analysis to unravel YbeY-dependent molecular responses of E. coli exposed to hydroxyurea (HU). (biomedcentral.com)
The most extensively characterized class of bacterial sRNAs are the trans -encoded sRNAs that are encoded distant from the genes for their mRNA targets and that typically have only limited complementarity (10-30 nt) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Transcriptional and posttranscriptional control determine the level of messenger RNA (mRNA) that is available to make a protein, while translational and posttranslational control determine the final outcome of functional proteins. (your-doctor.net)
The biological system is complex with many regulatory features such as DNA, mRNA, proteins, metabolites, and epigenetic features such as DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications (PTMs). (rsc.org)

The genome is littered with simple and complex repeats and the coding regions are frequently interrupted by introns with a mean size of 100 bases. (duke.edu)
Which Genes Have the Largest Introns? (cshlpress.com)
Which Genes Are Located in the Introns of Other Genes? (cshlpress.com)

Phylogenomic analysis indicates that reb genes underwent a complex evolutionary history and allowed the identification of candidates potentially involved in R-body assembly, functioning, regulation, or toxicity. (pasteur.fr)
Functional prediction analyses suggested that ArsR M is a difunctional protein with transcriptional regulation and methyltransferase activities. (biomedcentral.com)
A limited study had indicated that in Sinorhizobium meliloti the YbeY ortholog regulates the accumulation of sRNAs as well as the target mRNAs, raising the possibility that YbeY may play a previously unrecognized role in bacterial sRNA regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
Transcriptional responses to both bacteria largely overlap, however the number of genes regulated and magnitude of regulation is more important when P. anserina survives. (hal.science)

1 Instead of finding a pattern of evolving myosin 'motor' genes (simple to complex) as life seemingly became more advanced, they found that the highest numbers of different types of myosin genes were found in single-celled eukaryotes. (icr.org)
According to this idea, complex cells originated when symbiotic relationships formed among single-celled microbes after free-living bacterial and/or archaeal cells were engulfed by a "host" microbe. (reasons.org)

Specifically, the presence of tyrosine kinases in Acanthamoeba and Physarum as representatives of two distantly related subdivisions of Amoebozoa argues against the later emergence of tyrosine kinase signaling in the opisthokont lineage and also against the acquisition by horizontal gene transfer. (duke.edu)
Using these partial data we included the MAST-4 cell in the ToL using multigene phylogenetics and gained insights into its complex evolutionary history of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). (nature.com)
Horizontal gene transfer: building the web of life. (avcr.cz)
Symbioses and horizontal gene transfers play a fundamental role in the evolution of life. (avcr.cz)
This paper overviews the role of endosymbioses and horizontal gene transfers for the evolution of eukaryo-tes and introduces the most recent evolutionary hypotheses. (avcr.cz)
EuGI: a novel resource for studying genomic islands to facilitate horizontal gene transfer detection in eukaryotes. (cdc.gov)

Multigene phylogenetic analysis using cultivated microbial eukaryotes (protists) has provided an important backbone to the eukaryote tree of life (ToL) 1 but has failed to address a fundamental problem with these taxa: sparse taxon sampling. (nature.com)
These data are however often insufficient to reliably reconstruct ToL phylogenetic relationships and do not address genome evolution. (nature.com)
A Bayesian phylogenetic tree revealed a split into two clades, one encompassing archaea, bacteria and fungi, and the other comprising the remaining eukaryotes. (wayne.edu)
Phylogenetic analysis of the three aspergilli using the whole-genome data showed that A. nidulans branched off earlier than A. oryzae and A. fumigatus 5 . (nature.com)
Phylogenetic affiliations of mesopelagic acantharia and acantharian-like environmental 18S rRNA genes off the southern California coast. (mbl.edu)
Genes up regulated tend to be clustered in the genome, and display limited phylogenetic distribution. (hal.science)

Acquisition of virulence genes by a carrier strain gave rise to the ongoing epidemics of meningococcal disease in West Africa. (cdc.gov)

Genome Biol Evol , 8 (1). (duke.edu)

Instead, they noted that 'we provide an integrative and robust classification, useful for future genomic and functional studies on this crucial eukaryotic gene family. (icr.org)
Sample-specific meta-genomic assembled genomes (MAGs) were used as reference genomes to accurately identify the origin of RNA reads, and transcript ratios of genes with opposite transcription responses were compared to eliminate biases related to differences in organismal abundance, an approach hereafter named the "diametric ratio" method. (osti.gov)
The Giardia lamblia vsp gene repertoire: characteristics, genomic organization, and evolution. (mbl.edu)

Which Transfer RNAs Are Present in the Genome? (cshlpress.com)
Co-first author Makoto Saito of the Zhang lab led the biochemical characterization of the Fanzor proteins, showing that they are DNA-cutting endonuclease enzymes that use nearby non-coding RNAs known as ωRNAs to target particular sites in the genome. (mit.edu)
Emerging evidences suggest that long non-protein coding RNAs (npcRNAs) are developmentally regulated and play roles in development and stress responses of plants. (biomedcentral.com)

How Does Codon Usage Vary Among Human Genes? (cshlpress.com)
In 1980, Botstein and three colleagues proposed a method for mapping human genes that laid the groundwork for the Human Genome Project. (nih.gov)

In transfection, the introduced nucleic acid may be transient, such that it does not replicate, or it may be stable and integrate into the genome of the recipient and replicate when the host genome replicates. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

In particular, the haptophyte Emiliania huxleyi has the highest number of myosin genes (53), followed by the ichthyosporean Pirum gemmata (43), the filasterean M. vibrans (39), and the metazoan Homo sapiens (38). (icr.org)
Specifically, the ideas of convergent evolution and lineage-specific expansions are nothing more than fancy terms for the fact that these different types of myosin genes appeared suddenly in unrelated creatures at the same time. (icr.org)
But C. merolae lacks a conventional cytoskeleton, as indicated by the absence of actomyosin , myosin genes, and undetectable expression of actin genes. (asmblog.org)

In: Organelle Genetics 2012, Part 2: evolution of organelle genomes and gene expression (C. Bullerwell, ed), Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, Germany, p. 41-77. (umontreal.ca)
Presumably, the endosymbiont gradually evolved into an organelle through a process referred to as genome reduction. (reasons.org)
Still, you get the idea that in this eu-karyote, with the smallest of all phototrophic genomes, organelle division is a reliable and well-regulated process coordinating components of bacterial as well as eukaryotic origin. (asmblog.org)
Massive protein import into the early-evolutionary-stage photosynthetic organelle of the amoeba Paulinella chromatophora. (avcr.cz)

A broad swath of eukaryotic microbial biodiversity cannot be cultivated in the lab and is therefore inaccessible to conventional genome-wide comparative methods. (nature.com)
The physiological conditions experienced by a microbial community can thus be inferred using meta-transcriptomic sequencing by comparing transcription levels of specifically chosen genes. (osti.gov)

We showed the putative T3SS structural genes to be transcriptionally active, and that expression of predicted effector proteins was toxic to yeast in an established functional screen. (nih.gov)
A search for putative Hrs in the genomes of 43 archaea, 444 bacteria and 135 eukaryotes, revealed their presence in 3 archaea, 118 bacteria, several fungi, one apicomplexan, a heterolobosan, a cnidarian and several annelids. (wayne.edu)

Other bacterial sRNAs, referred to as cis -encoded sRNAs, are present in close proximity to their targets, such as upstream, opposite of the 5′ UTR of the target, or between two genes in an operon [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The number of archaea- and bacteria-related genes follow strikingly different scaling laws in Asgard archaea, exhibiting a genome size-dependent ratio and a functional division resembling the bacteria- and archaea-derived gene repertoire across eukaryotes. (darkenergybiosphere.org)

Mitochondrial DNA may also lose genes whose functions are substituted for by unrelated genes encoded in the nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)
Adventure Story Chests, While we don't know what these organsims were like genetically, we do know that they had no true nucleus and were morphologically similar to … He presents an original scenario which envisages the transition of prokaryotes to eukaryotes in a quasi-solid milieu in which loss of the bacterial wall is followed by the expansion of the cytoplasmic membrane to permit phagocytosis. (statesindex.org)
The fictional LECA creature represents the final stage of a transition between a bacterial-archaeal prokaryote (the smallest and simplest organism) and a one-celled eukaryote (a cell with a nucleus and other organelles). (icr.org)
Eventually the bacterium gave up its ability to live on its own and transferred some of its genes to the nucleus of the host becoming a mitochondrion. (biologyjunction.com)
The genomes of bacterial cells ( prokaryotes ), which lack a nucleus, are typically circular DNA molecules that associate with special structures in the cell membrane. (jrank.org)
Although most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus , the mitochondrion has its own genome ("mitogenome") that is substantially similar to bacterial genomes. (wikipedia.org)

A notable example is the replacement of an original multi-subunit bacteria-like RNA polymerase (inherited from the proto-mitochondrial ancestor and still encoded in certain jakobid - but no other - mitochondrial genomes) by a single-subunit bacteriophage T3/T7-like RNA polymerase, which directs mitochondrial transcription in virtually all eukaryotes [ 24 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Evolutionary biologists view the presence of the diminutive mitochondrial genome as a vestige of this organelle's evolutionary history. (reasons.org)

Only about 10,000 of these genes have been annotated by the sea urchin sequencing team. (blogspot.com)
BoxCar acquisition method enables single-shot proteomics at a depth of 10,000 proteins in 100 minutes. (cdc.gov)

Prior to the development of DNA technology and the sequencing of organismal genomes, Charles Darwin suggested that the "tree" of life can be traced back to a single root (Koonin and Wolf, 2012). (bartleby.com)
Like the conquest of space, sequencing the human genome required the development of wholly new technologies. (learner.org)
One major surprise emerged from the sequencing of the human genome. (learner.org)
Sequencing a genome is an enormous task. (learner.org)
One special type of plasmid used for genome sequencing is a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) , which can contain DNA fragments of about 150 kb. (learner.org)
Sequencing has also shown that mitochondrial genomes have, to variable extents, undergone a streamlining process ("reductive evolution" [ 20 ]), leading to a marked loss of coding capacity compared to that of their closest eubacterial relatives. (biomedcentral.com)
Sequencing of the A. oryzae genome was accomplished using the whole-genome shotgun (WGS) approach. (nature.com)
Variations of this method enabled the sequencing phase of the Human Genome Project. (nih.gov)
Using long sequencing reads from the Oxford Nanopore Technologies platform, we phased SNVs within large gene copy arrays for the first time. (elifesciences.org)
Comparative genome analysis and characterization of the Salmonella Typhimurium strain CCRJ_26 isolated from swine carcasses using whole-genome sequencing approach. (cdc.gov)

Trypanosomatids, unlike almost every other eukaryotes, possess a single constant mitochondrion throughout their lifestyle and cell routine (10, 11). (irjs.info)
The OM may be the 1st barrier-imported proteins that tRNAs encounter while they may be being transported in to the mitochondrion. (irjs.info)
Later, some mitochondrion bearing eukaryote ingested a cyanobacterium that became a chloroplast. (biologyjunction.com)
[22] A mitochondrion contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins . (wikipedia.org)

Each created kind is genetically unique and has its own special and complex gene repertoire needed for the niche that it fills. (icr.org)

How Many Genes Are in the Major Transcription Factor Families? (cshlpress.com)
Other evidence shows that the enzymes involved in processes such as transcription and translation are more closely related to in Eukaryotes and Archaea compared to bacteria. (bartleby.com)
Transcription mechanisms in eukaryotes differ from those in prokaryotes. (your-doctor.net)
Therefore, unlike bacteria, eukaryotes undergo uncoupled transcription and translation. (your-doctor.net)

Our analysis characterizes P. polycephalum as a prototypical eukaryote with features attributed to the last common ancestor of Amorphea, that is, the Amoebozoa and Opisthokonts. (duke.edu)
hence, it appears that in metazoans the Hr gene was lost in deuterostome ancestor(s) after the radiata/bilateria split. (wayne.edu)
These data confirm that the mitochondrial genome originated from a eubacterial (specifically α-proteobacterial) ancestor but raise questions about the evolutionary antecedents of the mitochondrial proteome. (biomedcentral.com)
The first is that ATP production, coupled to electron transport, and translation of mitochondrial proteins represent the essence of mitochondrial function: these functions are common to all mitochondrial genomes and can be traced unambiguously and directly to an α-proteobacterial ancestor. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, trypanosomatids may actually have got diverged from all the eukaryotes extremely early in progression and therefore present many exclusive features, a few of which might reveal primitive traits which were within the general ancestor of most eukaryotes (2). (irjs.info)

any degree of intron conservation in modern eukaryotes is suggestive of function, despite appearing to exist solely for removal. (bartleby.com)

This gene encodes one of the mitochondrial translation elongation factors. (nih.gov)

However, this analysis requires accurate reference genomes to identify the specific genes from which RNA reads originate. (osti.gov)

Many mitochondrial genes represent cryptogenes whose principal transcripts need to be prepared via comprehensive RNA editing to allow them to become useful mRNAs (4). (irjs.info)
In eukaryotes, the initial transcript is often the precursor to final mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs. (your-doctor.net)

Distribution and expression of the genes on chromosome 1. (nature.com)

Loss of ybeY function, which results in a marked resistance to HU, had global affects on sRNA-mediated gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
In the 1990s Botstein, having moved to Stanford University School of Medicine, collaborated with Patrick O. Brown of Stanford in exploiting DNA microarrays to study genome-wide gene expression patterns in yeast and in human cancers. (nih.gov)
Our recent work has focused on analysing the roles of both bacterial and host metabolism in affecting bacterial gene expression. (ukri.org)
Generation of a stable cell line refers to the process of developing homogenous populations of cells that demonstrate expression of a transfected gene insert. (atheistsforhumanrights.org)
Four major steps in the control of eukaryotic gene expression (Fig. below). (your-doctor.net)
The cell cycle is connected with signal transduction pathways as well as gene expression. (your-doctor.net)
In this review, we discuss considerations of the study design for each data feature, the limitations in gene and protein abundance and their rate of expression, the current data integration methods, and microbiome influences on gene and protein expression. (rsc.org)
In addition to the host regulatory mechanisms response to disease, the microbiome can make changes to the expression of the host features such as their genes, proteins, and/or PTMs. (rsc.org)

However, the result of a study published in the journal Genome Biology and Evolution has only served to support the predictions of special creation-that unique variants of cellular complexity and innovation exist at all levels of life. (icr.org)
Similarly, the archaeal proteins responsible for several crucial cellular processes have a distinct structure from the proteins that do the same tasks in more modern bacteria. (biologyjunction.com)
If the consensus tree were correct, transferred genes would be ones involved in cellular respiration or photosynthesis and not in other cellular processes. (biologyjunction.com)

Genes encoding for secondary metabolites and histidine kinase signaling are also up regulated in all three conditions. (hal.science)

After lecturing on genomics at Caltech in 2004, his efforts have centered on writing about the human genome. (cshlpress.com)
In: Comparative genomics: Empirical and analytical approaches to gene order dynamics, map alignment and the evolution of gene families (D.Sankoff and J.H. Nadeau, eds. (umontreal.ca)

Which Amino Acids Are Commonly Located in the Amino-terminal Region of a Protein? (cshlpress.com)
What Proteins Are Rich in Particular Amino Acids? (cshlpress.com)
Which Proteins Lack Specific Amino Acids? (cshlpress.com)
Which Amino Acids Are Introduced into Proteins by Post-translational Modifications? (cshlpress.com)
These proteins are in turn composed of particular strings of amino acids. (biologyjunction.com)
Proteins are made up of amino acids. (addgene.org)

We describe extensive use of histidine kinase-based two-component systems and tyrosine kinase signaling, the presence of bacterial and plant type photoreceptors (phytochromes, cryptochrome, and phototropin) and of plant-type pentatricopeptide repeat proteins, as well as metabolic pathways, and a cell cycle control system typically found in more complex eukaryotes. (duke.edu)
Which Types of Proteases Are Found in the Human Genome? (cshlpress.com)
The first RNA-guided DNA-cutting enzyme found in eukaryotes, Fanzor could one day be harnessed to edit DNA more precisely than CRISPR/Cas systems. (mit.edu)
It is the first time this mechanism has been found in eukaryotes, such as animals. (mit.edu)
So, how did the authors explain the incredible complexity found across the spectrum of life in myosin gene content that had no clear evolutionary patterns? (icr.org)
They explained it by 1) convergence (the sudden and simultaneous appearance of a gene with no evolutionary patterns in different taxa), 2) lineage-specific expansions (different myosin gene complements found in different creatures), and 3) gene losses (missing genes that evolutionists thought should have been there). (icr.org)
However, archaic have been found to contain a substantial store of bacterial genes. (biologyjunction.com)
We have found that the amino acid D-serine drives niche adaptation and bacterial evolution by affecting gene selection in E. coli. (ukri.org)
We characterized the sensor by depositing Cr metal using a stencil mask and found a mass-resolution that is sufficient to weigh very small particles, like large proteins and protein complexes, with potential applications in the fields of nanobiology and medicine. (bvsalud.org)
We analyzed twenty fecal samples taken from four premature infants (4-6 time points from each infant), and found significantly higher diametric ratios of genes associated with low oxygen levels in samples of infants later diagnosed with NEC than in samples without NEC. (osti.gov)

Anatomy15

Organisms34

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs64

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes117

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science11

Health Care2

Living organism1

Sequences20

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes4

Chromosomes5

Sequence22

Species11

Archaeal genomes1

Bacteria to eukaryotes2

Encode4

Mitochondria13

Eukaryotic genomes2

Origin of eukaryotes2

Archaea and eukaryotes1

Interactions with eukaryotes3

Lineages4

Viral4

Large genomes2

Similarities5

Synthesis3

Early eukaryote1

Among eukaryotes2

Organisms9

Ribosomal2

Nuclear6

Highly conserved2

TRNA genes1

Whole genome approach1

Transposable elements1

Genetic19

MRNA4

Introns3

Regulation4

Single-celled2

Horizontal6

Phylogenetic6

Virulence genes1

Biol Evol1

Genomic3

RNAs3

Human Genes2

Host genome1

Myosin genes3

Organelle4

Microbial2

Putative2

Operon1

Functional1

Nucleus6

Polymerase1

Evolutionary history1

10,0002

Sequencing10

Mitochondrion4

Complex gene repertoire1

Transcription4

Ancestor5

Intron1

Encodes1

Specific genes1

MRNAs2

Chromosome1

Expression8

Cellular3

Secondary metabolites1

Genomics2

Amino Acids6

Found10