Genome replication virus replication. Medical search. Frequent questions

Since Cas9 has no DNA recognition specificity except for the PAM sequence, simple multiplication of gRNAs along with a common Cas9 protein results in multiplex genome engineering. (nature.com)
ORF1 codes for a polyprotein that is cleaved by the virus-encoded trypsin-like cysteine protease into eight proteins: seven non-structural proteins (p16, p23, helicase, p29, VPg, Protease, and RdRp) and the major structural protein corresponding to the capsid protein (VP60). (biomedcentral.com)
[ 4 ] High levels of M1 protein, which is encoded by an alternative splicing of the segment 6 of the viral genome, induces genome segments to be exported from the nucleus of the virion through nuclear export protein (NEP protein). (medscape.com)
Murine models of Dhori virus infection, which belongs to the Thogotovirus genus, demonstrate an exaggerated cytokine response, including tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, macrophage inflammatory protein 1, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and interferon (IFN). (medscape.com)
The SV40 T-antigen, the first protein the virus makes inside a host cell, is needed for the very first step of replication of the virus DNA. (cshl.edu)
The Stillman lab searched for the protein(s) that start cell chromosome duplication, rather than virus genome replication. (cshl.edu)
The encoded protein may be involved in replication-dependent histone mRNA degradation, and interacts directly with the enhancer of mRNA-decapping protein 4. (nih.gov)
The fact that many viruses generate their capsids from only one or two protein species makes them all the more remarkable. (gla.ac.uk)
the virus consists of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, and a protein coat that envelops that nucleic acid. (bibalex.org)
During this phase, the Virion, which, according to theFreeDictionary.com, is "a complete viral particle, consisting of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein shell and constituting the infective form of a virus", enters the host cell either through endocytosis (1) or membrane fusion. (bibalex.org)
A critical role of a cellular membrane traffic protein in poliovirus RNA replication. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Using live cell fluorescence microscopy we demonstrated that early during HCV infection the nascent viral genome replication complexes (identified by using non-structural protein NS5A as a marker) transiently colocalize with DFCP1-positive punctae (omegasomes), before the two structures move apart from each other. (whiterose.ac.uk)
Flavivirus nonstructural protein 2A (NS2A) is a component of the viral replication complex that functions in virion assembly and antagonizes the host immune response. (rcsb.org)
13 , 14 However, the amino acid perfectly maintains the stability of the mutual structural conformation of the virus S-protein and the ACE2 receptor in a holistic manner. (medsci.org)
Having a segmented genome is another way to get around the limitation that eukaryotic mRNAs can only encode one protein. (virology.ws)
Viruses with segmented RNA genomes can produce at least one protein per segment, sometimes more. (virology.ws)
The flavivirus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) functions in genome replication as an intracellular dimer and in immune system evasion as a secreted hexamer. (nih.gov)
Infection leads to injection of the virus nucleoprotein core (consisting of many gag-derived proteins, full-length genomic RNA, and the reverse transcriptase protein). (ukessays.com)
Once inside the cell, the nucleoprotein complex accesses intracellular DNA nucleotide triphosphate pools, where the reverse transcriptase protein initiates and creation of a double-stranded DNA copy of the genome of the virus is prepared for integration into the host cell chromosome. (ukessays.com)
Some viruses have an outer envelope consisting of protein and lipid, surrounding a protein capsid complex with genomic RNA or DNA and sometimes enzymes needed for the first steps of viral replication. (msdmanuals.com)
Phylogenetic analysis of the envelope protein genome sequence from 3 patients revealed 100% identity with the strain from the first patient (2014) in Japan. (cdc.gov)
Herpesviruses consist of a double-stranded DNA genome contained within a protein shell, termed the capsid, that is surrounded by an unstructured protein layer and a lipid-envelope. (lu.se)
Viral capsids are protein coats found inside viruses that contain and protect the viral genome. (lu.se)

Single-stranded genomes are designated as plus or minus depending on their relationship to the virus mRNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Plus-strand genomes have the same sequence as the mRNA (except that in DNA thymine replaces uracil), while minus-strand genomes have the sequence complementary to the mRNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
This phase involves the multiplication of the genome and the synthesis of the viral messenger RNA (mRNA). (bibalex.org)
The viral genome has to both replicate itself and become transcribed into viral mRNA molecules. (bibalex.org)
The viral mRNA can then be translated by the host cell's ribosomes into viral structural components and enzymes need for replication and assembly of the virus. (bibalex.org)
Transcription proceeds through the genome and mRNA is polyadenylated and processed using signals in transcribed regions from the 3′ LTR at the end of the transcribed R (repeat). (ukessays.com)
Positive-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded RNA genome that can serve as messenger RNA (mRNA) that can be directly translated to produce an amino acid sequence. (msdmanuals.com)

Dive into the research topics of 'New efficient replication system with hepatitis C virus genome derived from a patient with acute hepatitis C'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. (elsevierpure.com)
New efficient replication system with hepatitis C virus genome derived from a patient with acute hepatitis C . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , 371 (1), 104-109. (elsevierpure.com)

There are, however, some DNA viruses that replicate their genomes via an RNA intermediate and some RNA viruses that replicate their genomes via a DNA intermediate. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Class IV viruses copy their (+) RNA genomes via a (-) RNA intermediate, while class VI viruses replicate via a DNA intermediate. (basicmedicalkey.com)
T-antigen hijacks other proteins from the infected cell to replicate the virus genome. (cshl.edu)
To replicate the genome once and only once per cell division, there are many feedback loops, checks, and balances. (cshl.edu)
This was possible in the lab because the molecular biology of replication is well characterised and that measles virus is polyploid allowing the engineering of a tri-segmented genome that can replicate and be packaged into virions. (virology.ws)
Dr. Benjamin Kopek integrates advanced imaging methods with molecular biology techniques to investigate how viruses replicate and how they interact with hosts. (hope.edu)
DNA viruses typically replicate in the host cell nucleus, and RNA viruses typically replicate in the cytoplasm. (msdmanuals.com)

These variants are produced through replication errors of the viral genome by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). (nagasaki-u.ac.jp)
One of the key components of the replication machinery is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RdRp. (gla.ac.uk)
Influenza A viruses contain a segmented negative-sense RNA genome, which is transcribed and replicated by the viral-RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (FluPolA) composed of PB1, PB2 and PA subunits3-5. (ox.ac.uk)
Negative stranded RNA virus transcription, using polymerase stuttering is the method of transcription. (wikipedia.org)
Here we present the first structure of the vaccinia virus polymerase holoenzyme E9-A20-D4 at 3.8 Å obtained by cryo-electron microscopy. (biorxiv.org)
50-100 million cases of dengue fever brate hosts of dengue virus in nature cessed by multiplex polymerase chain and 500 000 of dengue haemorrhagic are humans and several species of Asian reaction (PCR) in which the presence fever (DHF) reported annually ( 4 ). (who.int)

We performed in vivo assays in rabbits to study virus replication kinetics in several tissues at the early stage of infection, and to estimate the minimum infective dose. (biomedcentral.com)
Of these viruses, only two have been identified in the United States: Aransas Bay virus (on the southern gulf coast of Texas), from soft ticks found in the nests of seabirds, and Bourbon virus, as a cause of human infection in Kansas and, more recently, in Missouri (although the pathogenesis remains undefined). (medscape.com)
This finding provides direct evidence that host genome acquisition by MDV actually occurs during virus replication, and that one or more such MDV genomes with host sequences may exist within MDV viral stocks, which tend to be polyclonal due to the strictly cell-associated nature of its infection process. (usda.gov)
Virus infections can range from a brief, superficial interaction between the virus and its host to a lifelong infection from before birth. (manchester.ac.uk)
Replication may be categorized into immediate early, delayed early, and late gene expression based on time of synthesis after infection. (medscape.com)
Thus virus particles are dynamic entities, molecular machines evolved to provide a robust protective shell for the genome and capable of undergoing dramatic conformational changes upon infection of a host cell and in response to specific environmental stimuli. (gla.ac.uk)
The establishment of these capabilities within a dedicated virus research laboratory gives us an exciting opportunity to visualise the process of virus infection at cellular scale and macromolecular resolution. (gla.ac.uk)
The virus exploits the host machinery to facilitate efficient viral replication, which ultimately leads to progression of infection. (news-medical.net)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been shown to induce autophagy but the mechanisms underpinning this process remain to be elucidated. (whiterose.ac.uk)
Here we present data demonstrating that both Vps34 and DFCP1 are required for HCV genome replication, in the context of both a subgenomic replicon and virus infection, but did not affect virus entry or initial translation. (whiterose.ac.uk)
In their quest for new treatments, scientists supported in part by the EU-funded T-FRAME project, coordinated by Jun-Prof. Neva Caliskan at Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Germany (HZI), have developed a new approach that can be used to analyse and impact key stages of the virus' life cycle. (europa.eu)
Dengue and Zika virus infection has been found to up against a human and mosquito immune defense mechanism and highjack specific host proteins for virus replication. (medindia.net)
In order to better understand differences in the outcome of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, we inoculated a very virulent (vv) strain into White Leghorn chickens of inbred line W that was previously reported to experience over 24% flock mortality, and three inbred lines (15I, C.B4 and 0) that were previously reported to display no mortality. (imperial.ac.uk)
Dengue virus infection has emerged as marker in clinical practice ( 11 ). (who.int)
Herpes Simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a prototypical model system to study the general infection mechanisms of herpesviruses. (lu.se)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection disproportionately affects people who inject drugs and men who have sex with men, but data on female sex workers (FSW) are limited. (who.int)
Alter, M.J., Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. (who.int)
Prevalence, infectivity, and risk factor analysis of hepatitis C virus infection in prostitutes. (who.int)
The virus exhibits persistent, asymptomatic infection with profuse urinary virus excretion in the ubiquitous rodent vector, Mastomys natalensi s. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
tent, asymptomatic infection, with profuse urinary virus excretion in Mastomys natalensi s, the ubiqui- The emergence of this highly virulent and contagious tous and highly commensal rodent host2,3. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

This paper calculated and compared the mutation rates in genome replication of IAV and SARS-CoV-2 and revealed that the mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 is about 1/24 of that of IAV. (nagasaki-u.ac.jp)
In this study, we calculated and compared the mutation rates in genome replication of IAV and SARS-CoV-2. (nagasaki-u.ac.jp)
The genome analysis showed a newly observed mutation in the 5′ untranslated region of a lagovirus, whose role remains unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
However, when R84 was replaced with E, the mutation attenuated both viral RNA synthesis and virus production. (rcsb.org)
Mutation is an important source of RNA virus diversity that is made possible by the error-prone nature of RNA synthesis. (virology.ws)
The mechanism elucidated by this team might therefore explain the absence of puberty and the occurrence of infertility in some patients for whom no mutation or polymorphism (variation in DNA sequence) has been identified in the coding genome. (sciencedaily.com)
Because RNA transcription does not involve the same error-checking mechanisms as DNA transcription, RNA viruses, particularly retroviruses, are particularly prone to mutation. (msdmanuals.com)

RHDV has a polyadenylated positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome of about 7.5 kb, comprising two open reading frames (ORFs) [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
[ 3 ] Their genome is composed of 6 segments of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA. (medscape.com)
Negative-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded negative-sense genome that first must synthesize a complementary positive-sense antigenome, which is then used to make genomic negative-sense RNA. (msdmanuals.com)

Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of genomic viral RNA (vRNA) replication-which proceeds through a complementary RNA (cRNA) replicative intermediate, and requires oligomerization of the polymerase7-10-remain largely unknown. (ox.ac.uk)
However, to achieve these, we need a better understanding of the molecular processes underlying key states in the virus' life cycle. (europa.eu)
These two conformations therefore act like a molecular switch to direct the fate of the viral RNA, and thus viral replication. (europa.eu)
During his doctoral studies in the Cellular and Molecular Biology program at the University of Wisconsin - Madison, he worked in the lab of Dr. Paul Ahlquist studying RNA viruses. (hope.edu)
Expanded Molecular Testing on Patients with Suspected West Nile Virus Disease. (cdc.gov)
The majority of the molecular typing studies that have been reported involve adaptation of viruses in clinical samples to cell culture prior to typing. (cdc.gov)
They facilitate many cellular functions, from DNA replication to molecular motion, energy production, and even the production of other proteins. (lu.se)

Influenza A viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and have a segmented negative-sense RNA genome ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)

Just like in other retroviruses, each viral particle of HIV contains two copies of the RNA genome. (europa.eu)
Immunosuppression can be caused by pathogens such as chicken infectious anemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus, reovirus, and some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). (imperial.ac.uk)
However, because these retroviruses crash-landed into our genomes many millions of years ago, they have long lost the ability to produce infectious particles. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Retroviruses are the only animal viruses that integrate into the host cell's genome during the normal growth cycle. (ukessays.com)
Certain single-strand, (+) sense RNA viruses termed retroviruses use a very different method of replication. (msdmanuals.com)
Retroviruses use reverse transcription to create a double-stranded DNA copy (a provirus) of their RNA genome, which is inserted into the genome of their host cell. (msdmanuals.com)
Examples of retroviruses are the human immunodeficiency viruses and the human T-cell leukemia viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
The sequencing of the human genome revealed that at least 1% of the human genome consists of endogenous retroviral sequences, representing past encounters with retroviruses during the course of human evolution. (msdmanuals.com)
the genome of RNA viruses ranges from 3.5 kilobases (some retroviruses) to 27 kilobases (some reoviruses), and the genome of DNA viruses ranges from 5 kilobases (some parvoviruses) to 280 kilobases (some poxviruses). (msdmanuals.com)

The replication of a virus genome is initiated at a specific nucleotide sequence that is recognized by the proteins that initiate replication. (basicmedicalkey.com)
For most linear genomes this sequence is at one of the ends of the nucleic acid. (basicmedicalkey.com)
This project will explore determine how sequence variation in the UTR's of the influenza vRNA's (particularly, HA and NA) impact the replication/fitness of influenza A viruses by focusing our analysis on the UTR's of high yield reassortants used as vaccine seed stocks and selected naturally circulating strains. (jcvi.org)
The sequence of the complete genomes including the HA and NA UTRs of low and high yield reassortant vaccine candidate, and seed stocks and their parental viruses (wild type). (jcvi.org)
The year 2022 was marked by the mpox outbreak caused by human monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is about 98 % identical to vaccinia virus (VACV) at the sequence level regarding the proteins involved in DNA replication. (biorxiv.org)
Sequence-distinct virus populations were consistently detected in throat- and lung samples of one same patient. (medrxiv.org)
Classification of viruses is principally according to their genome sequence taking into consideration nature and structure of their genome and their method of replication, but not according to the diseases they cause (see International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), 2021 release ). (msdmanuals.com)

Keystone Symposia: Cell Biology of Virus Entry, Replication and Pathogenesis. (usda.gov)

In their replication cycle, viruses must generate a protective shell (or capsid) to ferry their genome between hosts. (gla.ac.uk)
The retroviral promoter can direct high-level, efficient expression of genes encoded within the viral capsid of its genome using chromatin. (ukessays.com)

Our study provides high-resolution structures of medically relevant FluPol A , as well as insights into the replication mechanisms of the viral RNA genome. (nature.com)
The viral RNA genome is converted to DNA in the cell. (rkm.com.au)

Called FARS-seq for short, it investigates the sequences and structures in HIV-1 that play an important role in dimerisation and genome packaging. (europa.eu)
6 , 8 , 10 The genome and subgenome of the new coronavirus contain at least 6 open reading frames (ORFs), which generally have 5' leader and 3' end sequences. (medsci.org)
I would be very interested to know if the conclusions of this work would be changed by the ability to determine the sequences of all the viral genomes recovered from a single infected cell . (virology.ws)
PacBio Genome Sequences of Escherichia coli Serotype O157:H7, Diffusely Adherent E. coli , and Salmonella enterica Strains, All Carrying Plasmids with an mcr-1 Resistance Gene. (cdc.gov)

The high genetic variability of influenza A viruses poses a continual challenge to seasonal and pandemic vaccine development, leaving antiviral drugs as the first line of defense against antigenically different strains or new subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
Influenza A viruses are one of the most important respiratory pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
Based on the antigenic properties of these viral glycoproteins, influenza A viruses are classified into different subtypes. (frontiersin.org)

We employed mutagenesis using a sub-genomic replicon system to probe the importance of these interactions for replication. (gla.ac.uk)
In Cas9 nuclease-mediated genome editing, we constructed an all-in-one vector expressing Cas9 nuclease and seven gRNAs and targeted seven genomic loci. (nature.com)
In this study, we aimed to understand processing of this polyprotein and its role in viral replication using a combination of in vitro translation experiments and HEV sub-genomic replicons . (bvsalud.org)
Using two sub-genomic replicon systems, we demonstrate that mutagenesis of these sites prevents replication, as does pharmacological inhibition of serine proteases including thrombin . (bvsalud.org)
Four tested doses, negligible (10 − 1 viral genome copies), low (10 4 ), high (10 7 ) and very high (10 11 ) were quantified using a method combining density gradient centrifugation of the viral particles and an RT-qPCR technique developed to quantify genomic RNA (gRNA). (biomedcentral.com)
Genomic DNA replication is carried out by so-called replicative DNAPs, which have evolved to copy the genome with high processivity and fidelity. (pasteur.fr)
These viral proteins and viral genomic RNA raft together just beneath the cell membrane and assemble spontaeously into new virus particles. (rkm.com.au)
To be able to find an efficient drug, which prohibits the novel coronavirus from causing the disease COVID-19, one important aim is to understand how to block the virus from replicating its genomic material. (lu.se)

These host cell receptors are normal surface molecules involved in routine cellular function, but since a portion of a molecule on the viral surface resembles the chemical shape of the body's molecule that would normally bind to the receptor, the virus is able to attach to the host cell's surface. (bibalex.org)
The viral genome directs the host cell's metabolic machinery (ribosomes, tRNA, nutrients, energy, enzymes) to synthesize viral enzymes and viral parts. (bibalex.org)

Direct evidence of host genome acquisition by the alphaherpesvirus Marek's disease virus (MDV)[Abstract]. (usda.gov)

Host 5'-3' Exoribonuclease XRN1 Acts as a Proviral Factor for Measles Virus Replication by Downregulating the dsRNA-Activated Kinase PKR. (nih.gov)
Why do totiviruses have single-component dsRNA genomes when reoviruses need 10-12 components? (virology.ws)
I see +ssRNA, -ssRNA and dsRNA genomes as all part of the same process of RNA replication, just depends which has evolved to be put in the virion. (virology.ws)

Here, using crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, we determine the structures of FluPol A from human influenza A/NT/60/1968 (H3N2) and avian influenza A/duck/Fujian/01/2002 (H5N1) viruses at a resolution of 3.0-4.3 Å, in the presence or absence of a cRNA or vRNA template. (nature.com)
Here, using the RdRp from foot-and-mouth disease virus (termed 3Dpol), we report fibril structures, solved at ~7-9 Å resolution by cryo-EM, revealing multiple conformations of a flexible assembly. (gla.ac.uk)
For those viral genomes that are replicated in the cytoplasm, nucleic acid synthesis usually takes place inside structures within the cytoplasm. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Although the structures of rotavirus and other members of the Reoviridae have been extensively studied, little is known about the structures of virus-encoded non-structural proteins that are essential for genome replication and packaging. (nih.gov)
Although the high-resolution crystal structure of FluPolA of bat influenza A virus has previously been reported6, there are no complete structures available for human and avian FluPolA. (ox.ac.uk)
Here, using crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, we determine the structures of FluPolA from human influenza A/NT/60/1968 (H3N2) and avian influenza A/duck/Fujian/01/2002 (H5N1) viruses at a resolution of 3.0-4.3 Å, in the presence or absence of a cRNA or vRNA template. (ox.ac.uk)
Viruses attain this level of economy by assembling their capsids in a highly symmetrical manner making these structures not only scientifically interesting but also beautiful. (gla.ac.uk)
Specifically, they identified the presence of stem-loops at the 5' end of the RNA genome and other structures involved in frameshifting and replication. (news-medical.net)
Picornaviruses form replication complexes in association with membranes in structures called replication organelles. (microbiologyresearch.org)
This structure, together with several recent structures from monkeypox virus, provide a static view of the complex with a previously undescribed contact between E9 and D4. (biorxiv.org)
We report crystal structures for full-length, glycosylated NS1 from West Nile and dengue viruses. (nih.gov)

Not only are ORC proteins involved in DNA replication, but they also help divide the chromosomes equally into the two new cells. (cshl.edu)

We use a combination of cell-based and in vitro assays to show that the interface of the FluPol A dimer is required for vRNA synthesis during replication of the viral genome. (nature.com)
The replacement did not affect MDV replication in vitro, despite the virus having only one copy of ICP4. (usda.gov)
The Yanagi group in Japan managed to segment the naturally nonsegmented measles virus into three segments and the recovered viruses were viable in vitro. (virology.ws)

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing is a next-generation strategy for genetic modifications, not only for single gene targeting, but also for multiple targeted mutagenesis. (nature.com)
It ensures the integrity of the genome and the accurate transfer of genetic information. (pasteur.fr)
There are various ways to achieve genetic variation and gene expression, and viruses explore all aspects of this space. (virology.ws)
I think beside the benefit of genetic reassortment, having a segmented genome in influenza would probably mean all 8 segments can be made into proteins at the same time, shortening replication time. (virology.ws)
Unlike humans, viruses do not have a genetic repair system," says Henrik Salje. (medindia.net)
When we examine the genetic information collected in Thailand, we see that the virus has been circulating for at least 16 years, and probably even longer. (medindia.net)
In order to keep up, evolution simply retooled the genetic material that was previously supplied by viruses. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Replication in a single cell imposes a genetic bottleneck, as few viral genomes are present. (virology.ws)
either DNA or RNA viruses may have single or double strands of genetic material. (msdmanuals.com)
Like other arenaviruses, Lassa virus lacks a ogy and clinical presentation, treatment, prevention conventional negative-strand coding arrangement and control as well as the current theories of its patho- and the isolates of the virus differ in their genetic, genesis and efforts in vaccine development. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

The genome of the infecting virus is replicated so that viral transcription can be amplified and to provide copies of the genome for progeny virions. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The synthesis of DNA from an RNA template (reverse transcription) is also a characteristic of class VII viruses. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Replication and transcription occur in the cell nucleus. (medscape.com)
Thogotoviruses undergo replication and transcription within the cell nucleus. (medscape.com)
Non-structural proteins are involved in the transcription and replication of the virus. (medsci.org)
Reverse transcriptase is the essential enzyme that carries out the reverse transcription process that take the RNA genome to a double-stranded DNA preintegrate form. (ukessays.com)
Reverse transcription is accomplished using the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which the virus carries with it inside its shell. (msdmanuals.com)

As we saw in Chapter 5, when viruses infect eukaryotic cells the genomes of some are delivered to the cytoplasm and some are conveyed to the nucleus. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Organisms within the archaeal domain of life possess a simplified version of the eukaryotic DNA replication machinery. (pasteur.fr)

We also show that a nanobody (a single-domain antibody) that interferes with FluPol A dimerization inhibits the synthesis of vRNA and, consequently, inhibits virus replication in infected cells. (nature.com)
One probable reason why viruses avoid replicating their nucleic acids free in the cytoplasm is to protect them from defense mechanisms of the host cells. (basicmedicalkey.com)
In addition, the isolation of virophages has led us to discover previously unknown features displayed by their host viruses and cells. (mdpi.com)
Blank cells indicate that the specific variant does not occur in the referred chikungunya virus isolate. (cdc.gov)
We also show that a nanobody (a single-domain antibody) that interferes with FluPolA dimerization inhibits the synthesis of vRNA and, consequently, inhibits virus replication in infected cells. (ox.ac.uk)
Genome editing using clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 is an easy and efficient strategy for the generation of gene-modified cells and organisms 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
Cured cells obtained with interferon treatment of sAH1 cells were used for transfection with genome-length HCV RNA possessing four mutations found in sAH1 replicon. (elsevierpure.com)
By the comparison of AH1 cells with the O cells supporting genome-length HCV RNA (HCV-O strain) replication, we found different anti-HCV profiles of interferon-γ and cyclosporine A between AH1 and O cells. (elsevierpure.com)
Thogoto virus initially attaches to sialic acid receptors in host cells through glycoproteins. (medscape.com)
Furthermore, we have shown that the variant MDV genome containing the duck genome substitution is present in the parental Md11 population and has been maintained through several subsequent propagations of the virus on chicken cells. (usda.gov)
Two classes of approved drugs against influenza A virus infections have been available for years: adamantane-based M2 ion channel blockers, which prevent acidification of the endosome and therefore release of the viral particles into the cytosol ( 10 ), and neuraminidase inhibitors, which prevent the release of newly formed viral particles from infected cells ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
The released virus particles can now land and dock with other cells that have the appropriate receptors on their plasma membranes. (rkm.com.au)
The virus enters human cells via endocytosis by binding the ACE2 receptor and releasing its positive-sense RNA genome. (news-medical.net)
In infected cells, type III phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4KIIIs) generate elevated levels of PI4P, which is then exchanged for cholesterol at replication organelles. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Our results showed that, in contrast to the enteroviruses and the cardioviruses, FMDV replication does not require PI4KIII (PI4KIIIα and PI4KIIIβ), and PI4P levels do not increase in FMDV-infected cells and PI4P is not seen at replication organelles. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In mutant cells lacking the foreign code the adjacent immune genes could not turn on properly in response to interferon, demonstrating that they act as virus-derived switches. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Further, when cells lacking the viral DNA element near the AIM2 immune defense gene were infected with virus, their ability to execute an effective immune response was greatly reduced. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
The replicase proteins p33 and p92 of Cymbidium ringspot virus (CymRSV) were found to support the replication of defective interfering (DI) RNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Two yeast strains were used, differing in the biogenesis of peroxisomes, the organelles supplying the membranous vesicular environment in which CymRSV RNA replication takes place in infected plant cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
DI RNA replication occurred in yeast cells, as demonstrated by the presence of monomers and dimers of positive and negative polarities. (microbiologyresearch.org)
DI RNA replication also took place in yeast cells devoid of peroxisomes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
It is suggested that replication in these cells was targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Single cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) were isolated using a glass microcapillary, and incubated overnight to allow completion of virus replication. (virology.ws)
The key is that MOI only describes the infectious virus particles that are delivered to cells. (virology.ws)
Furthermore, it is known that some RNA viruses may be transmitted to other cells in groups, either by aggregation of particles or within a membrane vesicle. (virology.ws)
Viruses depend completely on cells (bacterial, plant, or animal) to reproduce. (msdmanuals.com)

DNA polymerases (DNAPs) are the key enzymes of DNA replication and diverse DNA repair processes. (pasteur.fr)
Viral genome-encoded enzymes that facilitate the replication of RNA VIRUSES. (bvsalud.org)

The -OH group of the nucleotide at the 3′ end forms a linkage with the first nucleotide, then DNA synthesis proceeds to copy the whole genome. (basicmedicalkey.com)

The largest, ORF-1, codes for the nonstructural proteins responsible for viral replication. (medscape.com)
RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)

The researchers say this heralds the application of these molecules as chemical probes to explore viral biology and produce specific antivirals targeting RNA regions of the coronavirus genome. (news-medical.net)

Replication of DNA, and of some viral RNAs, requires priming, which is the reaction of a nucleotide with an -OH group on a molecule at the initiation site. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Functional analysis using replicon and genome-length RNAs of DENV-2 indicates that P85 is not important for viral replication. (rcsb.org)

and viral genome condensation for virion assembly. (news-medical.net)

Seasonal epidemics of influenza are also known to occur because of new variants of influenza A virus (IAV), which are generated by the introduction of mutations by viral RdRp with low fidelity. (nagasaki-u.ac.jp)
Replicative DNA polymerases have evolved the ability to copy the genome with high processivity and fidelity. (pasteur.fr)

Researchers have visualized the structure of this complex, dissected its mechanisms in starting DNA replication, and discovered other roles the ORC plays. (cshl.edu)
Details of the pathogenic mechanisms used by viruses to cause disease will be explained using examples such as the influenza virus and HIV. (manchester.ac.uk)

We will also investigate changes in the HA and NA UTRs of a subset of ~6-10 reassortants vaccine seeds which have been serially passaged in mammalian cell culture or eggs to determine if the substrate/species used to propagate the viruses selects for changes in the UTRs that enhance growth under specific conditions. (jcvi.org)
In the mammalian genome, this group of proteins assembles at tens of thousands of sites all at once, ensuring each chromosome is copied precisely once per cell division. (cshl.edu)
From these animals the virus can spread to domestic poultry or directly to humans and other mammalian hosts ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
An example of the evolutionary importance of reassortment is the exchange of RNA segments between mammalian and avian influenza viruses that give rise to pandemic influenza. (virology.ws)
Within mammalian genomes are reservoirs of viral DNA that have fueled innovation of the innate immune system. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

Fig. 2: Mutations at the interface of the FluPol A dimer inhibit cRNA to vRNA replication. (nature.com)
Using biolayer interferometry we showed that indeed, the E9-D4 interaction is weak and transient although very important as it has not been possible to obtain viable viruses carrying mutations of key residues in the E9-D4 interface. (biorxiv.org)
In the last 30 years, the discovery of mutations in various parts of the genome in patients with disorders of puberty has made it possible to identify some genes involved in this process. (sciencedaily.com)
Indeed, greater virus yields per cell was associated with more mutations in the progeny. (virology.ws)

The genomes of positive-sense RNA viruses encode polyproteins that are essential for mediating viral replication . (bvsalud.org)
In terms of diagnosis, the study carried out by Vincent Prévot's team in Lille shows the interest of analysing DNA segments from which microRNAs are transcribed, as well as the genome segments that encode their binding sites on the target genes. (sciencedaily.com)

Other picornaviruses, for example the cardioviruses, are believed to initiate replication at the endoplasmic reticulum and subvert PI4KIIIα to generate PI4P. (microbiologyresearch.org)

We report for the first time a new RNA replication system with a hepatitis C virus (HCV) strain (AH1) derived from a patient with acute hepatitis C. Using an HCV replicon RNA library constructed with the AH1 strain (genotype 1b), we first established a cloned cell line, sAH1, harboring the HCV replicon. (elsevierpure.com)

The circulation of the dengue virus for the past sixty years in South-East Asia is relatively well known. (medindia.net)
Dengue virus serotype 1 was detected in 18 patients. (cdc.gov)
None of the patients had traveled overseas during the 3 months before the outbreak of dengue virus type 1 (DENV-1) in Japan. (cdc.gov)
Locations of presumptive exposure to dengue virus mosquito vectors for 19 patients, Tokyo, Japan, August 26-September 22, 2014. (cdc.gov)
We determined the frequency of different serotypes of dengue virus to highlight its hyperendemicity in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. (who.int)
Dengue virus is transmitted to was approved by the Ethics Committee borne viral diseases worldwide ( 1 ). (who.int)

Of the 532 single nucleotide differences identified, 36 were also present in the parental virus stock. (virology.ws)
The 496 single nucleotide changes that were not present in the parent virus arose after the bottleneck imposed by single cell replication. (virology.ws)
The single-cell bottleneck restricted the parental virus diversity to 36 nucleotide changes. (virology.ws)
This manageable size together with the current advances in nucleotide sequencing technology means that partial and whole virus genome sequencing will become an essential component in epidemiologic investigations of disease outbreaks. (msdmanuals.com)

Other segmented viral genomes include those of reoviruses, arenaviruses, and bunyaviruses. (virology.ws)

This encouraged the teams to take their inquiry further by examining the viral genome. (medindia.net)

We use these data to propose models for the role of higher-order 3Dpol complexes as a dynamic scaffold within which RNA replication can occur. (gla.ac.uk)
Origin recognition complexes (ORCs) initiate the task of DNA replication throughout an entire genome in a controlled, temporal pattern. (cshl.edu)
This observation is reminiscent of the transient association of LC3 and DFCP1 during omegasome formation, and therefore we propose that omegasomes are utilized by HCV to generate the double-membrane vesicles which are the hallmark of HCV replication complexes. (whiterose.ac.uk)

Some ssDNA viruses and some ssRNA viruses have ambisense genomes. (basicmedicalkey.com)

The retroviral genomes can accommodate changes to its configuration. (ukessays.com)
At the beginning of the life cycle the retroviral genome is a DNA element integrated into and covalently attached to the DNA of the host cell. (ukessays.com)

and (-) strands are not indicated for the dsDNA of the class I viruses because the genomes of most of these viruses have ORFs in both directions. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) genome contains three open reading frames (ORFs). (medscape.com)

Subsequently, clathrins from the host cell lead to endocytosis of the virus. (medscape.com)

The 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain is a reassortant of avian, human, and swine influenza viruses. (virology.ws)

8 It has an envelope and contains a very large RNA virus genome. (medsci.org)
The specificity of the virus-cell interaction is determined most commonly by the envelope proteins of the retrovirus. (ukessays.com)

This proteolysis can be performed by virally-encoded proteases as well as host cellular proteases , and is generally believed to be a key step in regulating viral replication . (bvsalud.org)
Over the next few decades researchers would use SV40 replication to discover dozens of cellular proteins that are necessary for human cell genome replication. (cshl.edu)
Viruses have been described as "organisms at the edge of life" due to the fact that they possess genes but not a cellular structure as any other living organism. (bibalex.org)
RNA viruses rewire cellular pathways to build replication organelles. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Because similar virus-derived switches are embedded close to many immune genes, the implication is that together they help coordinate our cellular defenses. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

Replication of many positive-sense RNA viruses occurs within intracellular membrane-associated compartments. (gla.ac.uk)

Our system provides an efficient targeting strategy for multiplex genome/epigenome editing, simultaneous activation/repression of multiple genes and beyond. (nature.com)
DNA viruses such as herpesvirus and poxvirus have multiple genes, some of them host-derived, which interfere with effective innate or acquired immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)
Published in Science on March 4, the scientists report that bits of viral DNA embedded in our genome are regulating genes that are integral components of our innate immune system, the first line of defense against pathogens, including viruses. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

In the process of cloning the entire Md11 genome in a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vector, we obtained an infectious clone in which the entire terminal repeat short segment (TRS) was replaced by a portion of the duck genome. (usda.gov)
MDV generated from this infectious MDV-BAC clone can induce lymphomas in infected birds, the major hallmark of Marek's disease, however, at a frequency considerably lower than the parental Md11 virus stock. (usda.gov)
Infectious virus was readily isolated from throat- and lung-derived samples, but not from stool samples in spite of high virus RNA concentration. (medrxiv.org)
About 8 percent of our DNA is viral in origin: remnants of ancient battles between infectious viruses and our ancestors. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
By doing so the virus will "die out" over time as it fails to reproduce or make infectious particles. (lu.se)

Surprisingly, viruses evolve by natural selection and have the ability to reproduce by creating multiple copies of themselves in no time. (bibalex.org)
Pharyngeal virus shedding was very high during the first week of symptoms (peak at 7.11 × 10 8 RNA copies per throat swab, day 4). (medrxiv.org)

Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. (mdpi.com)
Viruses are of various different types, but they all infect all kinds of organisms and they all have exactly the same anatomical structure. (bibalex.org)
For a virus to infect a host cell, that cell must have receptors for the virus on its surface and also be capable of supporting viral replication. (bibalex.org)

The other family members include herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1 or HHV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2 or HHV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), human herpes virus (HHV)-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8. (medscape.com)

Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? (mdpi.com)
Hepatitis E has many similarities with hepatitis A . Hepatitis E has been associated with chronic hepatitis in solid-organ transplant recipients, patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and in an individual on rituximab treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (medscape.com)
Since March 2013, human infections with a previously undescribed H7N9 virus were observed, which also circulates in domestic birds without causing severe disease ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
We show that some of these endogenous viruses have shaped our biology," says Cédric Feschotte, PhD, co-senior author and associate professor of human genetics. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Fecal parvoviruses and the RA1 virus have been reported but not confirmed to be human pathogens (16,17). (cdc.gov)

RNA viruses must carry out error-prone replication to adapt to new environments. (virology.ws)

Filamentous (A) and spherical (B) virus particles with distinct surface projection are visible in culture supernatant that was fixed in 2.5% paraformaldehyde. (medscape.com)
Arrows indicate virus particles that have been endocytosed. (medscape.com)
As they bud from the host cell surface, the virus particles become cloaked in cell membrane and so are known as enveloped viruses. (rkm.com.au)
This is all about the self-assembly of the virus particles. (bibalex.org)
They are essential for virus-cell receptor binding and the production of structurally complete virus particles. (medsci.org)

Because of this, microRNAs are not part of the "coding genome," but constitute what some people call the epigenome. (sciencedaily.com)

We recently discovered a high internal DNA pressure of tens of atmospheres in HSV-1 capsids, resulting from tight genome confinement and repulsive DNA-DNA interactions. (lu.se)

Here we provide a detailed virological analysis of nine cases, providing proof of active virus replication in upper respiratory tract tissues. (medrxiv.org)
Active virus replication in the upper respiratory tract puts prospects of COVID-19 containment in perspective. (medrxiv.org)

The genomes of most DNA viruses are replicated in the nucleus, but those of some dsDNA viruses are replicated in the cytoplasm. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The genomes of most RNA viruses are replicated in the cytoplasm, but there are exceptions amongst the minus-strand RNA viruses ( Table 7.1 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)

They infered that the C-terminal PIP-box, plays a dual role in binding either PCNA or primase, and could be a master switch between an initiation phase and a processive phase during replication. (pasteur.fr)

Anatomy17

Organisms72

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs60

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Phenomena and Processes87

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care2

Protein23

MRNA7

Hepatitis C virus geno2

Replicate7

Polymerase6

Infection20

Mutation7

Single-stranded3

Molecular7

Negative-sense RNA1

Retroviruses9

Sequence7

Pathogenesis1

Capsid2

Viral RNA genome2

Sequences4

Influenza A viruses3

Genomic8

Host cell's2

Abstract1

DsRNA3

Structures11

Proteins involved in DNA replication1

Vitro3

Genetic10

Transcription7

Eukaryotic2

Cells26

Enzymes2

Synthesis1

Nonstructural Proteins2

Coronavirus1

RNAs2

Virion assembly1

Fidelity2

Mechanisms2

Mammalian5

Mutations4

Encode2

Initiate replication1

Replicon1

Dengue virus6

Nucleotide4

Reoviruses1

Examining the viral1

Complexes3

SsRNA1

Retroviral2

ORFs2

Endocytosis1

Strain1

Envelope2

Cellular5

Intracellular1

Genes3

Infectious5

Copies2

Infect3

Herpes simpl1

Human5

Error-prone1

Particles5

Epigenome1

Interactions1

Upper respi2

Cytoplasm2

Initiation1