• Herein, we performed a deep shotgun metagenomics study with the aim to obtain a more precise landscape of gut microbiome dysbiosis in HIV-1 infection. (frontiersin.org)
  • These findings advance our understanding of human gut microbiome and their potential associations with HIV-1 infection. (frontiersin.org)
  • Using a whole-genome association strategy, we identified polymorphisms that explain nearly 15% of the variation among individuals in viral load during the asymptomatic set-point period of infection. (duke.edu)
  • Cells armed with the nuclease-RNA combination proved impervious to HIV infection, the research states. (rt.com)
  • The gp36 (glycoprotein-36) is a HIV (human immunodeficiency infection)- 2 envelope transmembrane glycoprotein. (tigergenome.org)
  • HIV disease is caused by infection with HIV-1 or HIV-2, which are retroviruses in the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus. (medscape.com)
  • The patient with HIV may present with signs and symptoms of any of the stages of HIV infection. (medscape.com)
  • CDC guidelines recommend testing for HIV infection with a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antigen/antibody immunoassay that detects HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies and the HIV-1 p24 antigen, with supplemental testing after a reactive assay result to differentiate between HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies. (medscape.com)
  • If supplemental testing for HIV-1/HIV-2 antibodies shows nonreactive or indeterminant results (or if acute HIV infection or recent exposure is suspected or reported), an HIV-1 nucleic acid test is recommended to differentiate acute HIV-1 infection from a false-positive test result. (medscape.com)
  • 1 false-positive result per 100 people diagnosed with HIV infection). (medscape.com)
  • Due to its sequence specificity, RNAi is a potentially selective method for intracellular immunization against HIV-1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There is currently no cure for HIV infection. (europa.eu)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-specific broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are currently under development to treat and prevent HIV-1 infection. (nature.com)
  • Gp120 protrudes from the surface of HIV and binds to CD4+ T cells and gp41 embedded in the outer envelope help gp120 bind CD4+ T cells, and they both play a role in HIV's infection of CD4+ T cells . (proteopedia.org)
  • Because the cleave step results in infectious viral particles, Drugs called protease inhibitors can interfere with this step of the viral life cycle and further prevent HIV infection progressing. (proteopedia.org)
  • Since HIV-1 protease play a vital role for infection, it has been studied as a drug target. (proteopedia.org)
  • HIV infection is efficiently controlled but not cured by Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) (Deeks et al. (europa.eu)
  • These tests have been used for various purposes, including clinical diagnosis of HIV-1 infection--for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in counseling and testing programs--for seroprevalence surveys, and for blood-donor screening. (cdc.gov)
  • The purpose of this report is to provide guidance for interpreting Western blot test results and their use in diagnosing HIV-1 infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Antibodies to the HIV-1 major group-specific antigen (GAG) protein p24, and its precursor p55, are the earliest detected after infection by Western blot and tend to decrease or become undetectable with onset or progression of clinical symptoms (4-9). (cdc.gov)
  • More importantly, antitat also inhibited virus activation and replication in blood immune cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) taken from actual patients with HIV infection. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Further studies will be needed to demonstrate whether this approach will be effective in patients with HIV infection. (sciencedaily.com)
  • If treatment is interrupted, the latent HIV infection rebounds into active infection. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The emergence of drug resistant forms of HIV often underlies the failure of current antiretroviral therapies for HIV infection. (medindia.net)
  • In a study publishing in PLoS Computational Biology on October 26, 2007, researchers Suryavanshi and Dixit from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India present a new model of HIV dynamics that provides a detailed account of the emergence and growth of recombinant forms of HIV following infection with diverse viral genomes. (medindia.net)
  • Analysis of experimental data using the model establishes the high rate of HIV recombination and elucidates the origins of scaling relationships that link the relative prevalence of recombinant forms of HIV to the overall extent of infection. (medindia.net)
  • HIV-1 infection of the CNS has implications for both treatment and cure strategies. (natap.org)
  • Furthermore, about 80% Chinese men, who have sex with men (MSM), feel forced to enter eventually into heterosexual marriages due to the Chinese traditional marriage culture, which may cause HIV-1 infection in families. (scienceopen.com)
  • Accurate identification of the transmitted virus and sequences evolving from it could be instrumental in elucidating the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and in developing vaccines, drugs, or microbicides to prevent infection. (scienceopen.com)
  • These findings indicate that HIV-1 env genes, other viral genes, and even full-length viral genomes responsible for productive clinical infection can be identified by SGA analysis of plasma virus sampled at intervals typical in large-scale vaccine trials and that pathways of viral diversification and immune escape can be determined accurately. (scienceopen.com)
  • In a "groundbreaking discovery", researchers have successfully eliminated HIV-1 DNA, the virus responsible for AIDS, from the genomes of living animals in what could be a step towards a cure for infection in humans. (iflscience.com)
  • Researchers engineered mice to produce human T cells that were susceptible to HIV infection. (iflscience.com)
  • Antiretroviral therapy cannot cure HIV-1 infection due to the persistence of a small number of latently infected cells harboring replication-competent proviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The study, reported online July 2 in the journal Nature Communications , marks a critical step toward the development of a possible cure for human HIV infection. (templehealth.org)
  • To test their idea, the researchers used mice engineered to produce human T cells susceptible to HIV infection, permitting long-term viral infection and ART-induced latency. (templehealth.org)
  • The big message of this work is that it takes both CRISPR-Cas9 and virus suppression through a method such as LASER ART, administered together, to produce a cure for HIV infection," Dr. Khalili said. (templehealth.org)
  • The n-butanol fraction showed a dose-dependent inhibition against HIV-1NL4.3 infection of the peripheral blood lymphocytes and against HIV-1BaL(R-5-tropic) as well as two different primary viral isolates of HIV-1 infection of TZM-bl cells. (nih.gov)
  • Daniel Shriner , Yi Liu , David C. Nickle , and James I. Mullins "EVOLUTION OF INTRAHOST HIV-1 GENETIC DIVERSITY DURING CHRONIC INFECTION," Evolution 60(6), 1165-1176, (1 June 2006). (bioone.org)
  • This post describes the case of a woman who appears to have been naturally cured of her HIV infection. (virology.ws)
  • The TWiV team covers outbreaks of eastern equine encephalitis virus in the US and poliovirus in the Philippines, and explain how a chemokine induced by HIV-1 infection helps release more virus particles from cells. (virology.ws)
  • When nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are used as monotherapy for HIV-1 infection, drug resistance develops rapidly. (antimicrobe.org)
  • The Association between CCL5/RANTES SNPs and Susceptibility to HIV-1 Infection: A Meta-Analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • Genetic polymorphisms in the C19orf66 gene influenced HIV-1 infection in a Yunnan population. (cdc.gov)
  • Since the first cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were identified, the number of children infected with HIV has risen dramatically in developing countries, the result of an increased number of HIV-infected women of childbearing age in these areas. (medscape.com)
  • Vertical HIV infection occurs before birth, during delivery, or after birth. (medscape.com)
  • Detection of antibody to HIV is the usual first step in diagnosing HIV infection. (medscape.com)
  • I am particularly interested in the virus-host interactions that take place when HIV establishes infection, and how HIV-2 can be used as a model to identify an HIV-1 vaccine or functional cure. (lu.se)
  • Ph.D. student, I hope to contribute to the knowledge in the field of HIV-1 plasma proteomics during acute infection and also characterize key drivers of HIV transmission and spread in Subsaharan Africa. (lu.se)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from 1 of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain infections and cancers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • HIV infection can be diagnosed by antibody, nucleic acid (HIV RNA), or antigen (p24) testing. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Infants and Children Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is caused by the retrovirus HIV-1 (and less commonly by the related retrovirus HIV-2). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Risk Behaviors for HIV and HCV Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs in Hai Phong, Viet Nam, 2014. (who.int)
  • In 2009, patient 1 had been identified as a contact of patient 2 and was offered screening for latent infection but had failed to attend appointments and was not under regular medical follow-up. (cdc.gov)
  • contained 0.5 µL of each primer (10 with serology suggestive of past HBV pmol/µL) and the probe (SP2, 10 infection and clearance of HBsAg [1,2]. (who.int)
  • World AIDS Day 2023 focuses on the theme 'Let Communities Lead,' emphasizing the power of the communities most affected by HIV in bringing an end to AIDS. (medindia.net)
  • In 2023, wild poliovirus type 1 continues to be detected in parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan, the last two remaining countries where the virus is endemic. (who.int)
  • In Pakistan, the genetic diversity of wild poliovirus type 1 transmission remains at a historic low, with only one strain remaining active in 2023. (who.int)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: A whole-genome association study of major determinants for host control of HIV-1. (duke.edu)
  • Whether you would like to screen the whole genome or simply automate image acquisition, we have some of the most advanced, fully automated systems available. (qmul.ac.uk)
  • Isolates are characterized using whole genome sequencing to determine serogroup and molecular typing information. (medscape.com)
  • Pairwise comparison of whole-genome sequences from M. tuberculosis isolated from patients 1 and 2 found that the 2 sequences differed at only 4 SNPs ( Table ). (cdc.gov)
  • data are preliminary and based on broth microdilution susceptibility testing and/or presence of resistance genes and mutations found in whole genome sequences of bacterial DNA. (cdc.gov)
  • Understanding why some people establish and maintain effective control of HIV-1 and others do not is a priority in the effort to develop new treatments for HIV/AIDS. (duke.edu)
  • Current pharmaceuticals utilized for HIV/AIDS treatment inhibit fundamental processes in the replication cycle of the retrovirus. (wikipedia.org)
  • As of January 2006, it has been estimated that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized on December 1, 1981. (proteopedia.org)
  • Major advances in HIV/AIDS treatment regimens have fundamentally altered the natural history of the disease and sharply reduced HIV-related morbidity and mortality in countries where such treatments are accessible. (europa.eu)
  • The development of sensitive and specific tests for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) progressed rapidly after this retrovirus was identified as the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (cdc.gov)
  • A study conducted in cell cultures, headed by a research team at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, has shown that inserting a beneficial gene into blood immune cells taken from patients infected with HIV blocked the AIDS virus from replicating in those cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The 35th World AIDS Day (WAD) marks an opportunity to review strides in HIV prevention, control, and management, acknowledging achievements. (medindia.net)
  • In a major collaborative effort, researchers at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University and the University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) have for the first time eliminated replication-competent HIV-1 DNA - the virus responsible for AIDS - from the genomes of living animals. (templehealth.org)
  • If it is stopped, HIV rebounds, renewing replication and fueling the development of AIDS. (templehealth.org)
  • At Aarhus University in Denmark, Vincent speaks with Trine Mogensen, Søren Paludan, Ole Søgaard, and Madalina Carter-Timofte about their careers and their work on sensing herpesviral DNA, immunodeficiencies that predispose to severe viral infections, and the path to a cure for HIV/AIDS. (virology.ws)
  • However, through international efforts, as of 2021, an estimated 28.7 million people living with HIV were accessing antiretroviral therapy (up from 7.8 million in 2010), dramatically reducing deaths and transmission in many countries (see UNAIDS: Global HIV & AIDS statistics - Fact sheet ). (msdmanuals.com)
  • AACHRD), held in Dakar, Senegal, from 23 to 26 April 2001, noted with concern that, despite the significant increase in the volume of clinical research carried out in the past decade in the Region, especially in the field of HIV/AIDS, the bioethical aspects of this research have received little attention from Member States. (who.int)
  • These are the same T cell genes inhibited by digoxin, and since replication of integrated HIV-1 requires transcription of nearby genes, this provides an explanation for why wild type HIV-1 is more susceptible to digoxin: digoxin represses the genes that the virus more frequently targets for integration. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • However, HIV-lhNef demonstrated a severe production and replication defect, which we were able to solve by selecting spontaneous virus variants with truncated hairpin structures. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During viral replication, two genomes are combined in a process called dimerisation that is assumed to be a prerequisite for genome packaging. (europa.eu)
  • In genome packaging, viruses gather their genomes into capsids whose main purpose is to protect the genomes until they can be released into a new host for further replication. (europa.eu)
  • The partners in this collaborative research project consortium have long-term expertise in studying HIV-1/SIV replication and pathogenesis. (europa.eu)
  • HIV persistence may arise from ongoing residual virus replication and/or from latently-infected cells defined as the cellular reservoir in which long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells harbouring an integrated but transcriptionally silent provirus represent the largest pool in the blood (Chomont et al. (europa.eu)
  • Using genetic engineering techniques, the researchers inserted the antitat gene into a mouse retrovirus that can enter cells that are potential sites for HIV replication. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In those cells, the antitat gene inhibited HIV activation and replication. (sciencedaily.com)
  • HAART, a combination of drugs, decreases HIV replication to undetectable levels in many patients, confining the virus in a latent state. (sciencedaily.com)
  • HIV-1 RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can occasionally be genetically distinct from virus in the blood, indicating that the CNS can serve as a site for independent viral replication. (natap.org)
  • However, the source of HIV-1 in the CSF from within the CNS is unknown and thus the sites of viral replication, and sites of potential reservoirs, remain to be determined. (natap.org)
  • Our study shows that treatment to suppress HIV replication and gene editing therapy, when given sequentially, can eliminate HIV from cells and organs of infected animals," said study author Kamel Khalili of Temple University in a statement . (iflscience.com)
  • ART suppresses HIV replication but doesn't eliminate it. (iflscience.com)
  • Rather, it suppresses HIV replication long enough for CRISPR-Cas9 to "specifically and efficiently" excise fragments of HIV-1 DNA from the host genome. (iflscience.com)
  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV-1 replication but does not eradicate the virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Integration of viral DNA into the host genome is a central event in the replication cycle and the pathogenesis of retroviruses, including HIV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although antiretroviral therapy is able to suppress HIV replication in infected patients, the virus persists and rebounds when treatment is stopped. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our study shows that treatment to suppress HIV replication and gene editing therapy, when given sequentially, can eliminate HIV from cells and organs of infected animals," said Kamel Khalili, PhD , Laura H. Carnell Professor and Chair of the Department of Neuroscience, Director of the Center for Neurovirology, and Director of the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (LKSOM). (templehealth.org)
  • ART suppresses HIV replication but does not eliminate the virus from the body. (templehealth.org)
  • LASER ART targets viral sanctuaries and maintains HIV replication at low levels for extended periods of time, reducing the frequency of ART administration. (templehealth.org)
  • According to Dr. Khalili, "We wanted to see whether LASER ART could suppress HIV replication long enough for CRISPR-Cas9 to completely rid cells of viral DNA. (templehealth.org)
  • Retroviruses are enveloped RNA viruses defined by their mechanism of replication via reverse transcription to produce DNA copies that integrate into the host cell's genome. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A reduced tendency of alpha diversity and significantly higher beta diversity were found in HIV-1-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) compared to HIV-1-negative controls. (frontiersin.org)
  • The HIV virus operates by permanently inserting its genome into a patient's DNA, forcing them into a lifelong drugs regimen of antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to control the disease. (rt.com)
  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the current treatment for HIV-1. (iflscience.com)
  • Characterizing HIV genetic diversity and evolution during antiretroviral therapy (ART) provides insights into the mechanisms that maintain the viral reservoir during ART. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Current HIV treatment focuses on the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). (templehealth.org)
  • Impact of pretreatment low-abundance HIV-1 drug resistance on virological failure after 1 year of antiretroviral therapy in China. (cdc.gov)
  • In a study of HIV-1-infected, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-naive children, Yin et al found that beginning HAART at younger ages and healthier CD4 levels results in better immune recovery. (medscape.com)
  • PLoS Comput Biol 8(1): e1002359. (plos.org)
  • exome sequence data for 49 HIV elite long term non-progressors and rapid progressors. (ega-archive.org)
  • Complete genome sequence of an Israeli isolate of Xanthomonas hortorum pv. (tau.ac.il)
  • The secondary endpoints were changes in anti-PGT121 antibody titers and CD4 + T-cell count, and development of HIV-1 sequence variations associated with PGT121 resistance. (nature.com)
  • The requirement for a total of 6-12 fingers, each of which binds three base pairs, provides enough specificity to address a unique sequence in a genome as complex as the three billion base pairs of human DNA. (ddw-online.com)
  • The mechanism elucidated by this team might therefore explain the absence of puberty and the occurrence of infertility in some patients for whom no mutation or polymorphism (variation in DNA sequence) has been identified in the coding genome. (sciencedaily.com)
  • HIV rebound is directly attributed to the ability of the virus to integrate its DNA sequence into the genomes of cells of the immune system, where it lies dormant and beyond the reach of antiretroviral drugs. (templehealth.org)
  • Of the 14 cases among persons with HIV in 2022 that were not related to the outbreak primarily among MSM, nine were caused by a single strain of N. meningitidis serogroup Y clonal complex CC174 sequence type ST-1466. (medscape.com)
  • Host genetic variation at a locus near CHD1L impacts HIV sequence diversity in a South African population. (cdc.gov)
  • 8%) such as sub-Saharan Africa, and one complete HBV genomes and according consequence is the possible introduction to the criterion of 8% differences in into our country of genotype non-D HBV the complete nucleotide sequence of the infections. (who.int)
  • Called FARS-seq for short, it investigates the sequences and structures in HIV-1 that play an important role in dimerisation and genome packaging. (europa.eu)
  • Aided by FARS-seq, the team comprehensively identified sequences and structures within the 5′ untranslated region of HIV-1 messenger RNA that regulate the equilibrium between the two conformations. (europa.eu)
  • Single genome amplification was performed on blood, CSF, and brain tissue samples in order to obtain full-length HIV-1 env sequences. (natap.org)
  • With these technologies, the complete genome sequences of thousands of organisms have been determined, including those of many individual humans. (ddw-online.com)
  • For many scientists, the next step is to begin to manipulate these genome sequences for a variety of specific goals, including analysis of gene function, creating models of human disease, generating better models for drug discovery and, ultimately, human gene therapy. (ddw-online.com)
  • by Gertrud U. Rey Did you know that eight percent of the human genome consists of DNA sequences that are derived from retroviruses? (virology.ws)
  • There is also a worry that the genetic diversity of the HIV virus - it is prone to mutations - may mean that treatment has to be tailored towards each strand of the virus. (rt.com)
  • a ) Schematic of the HIV-1 5'UTR indicating introduced mutations. (elifesciences.org)
  • Specific mutations in the HIV genome confer resistance to individual drugs. (medindia.net)
  • Recombination, a process similar to sexual reproduction in higher organisms, can accelerate the accumulation of resistance mutations by mixing the contents of distinct viral genomes and expedite the failure of therapy. (medindia.net)
  • Multiple, linked human immunodeficiency virus type 1 drug resistance mutations in treatment-experienced patients are missed by standard genotype analysis. (scienceopen.com)
  • To investigate the extent to which drug resistance mutations are missed by standard genotyping methods, we analyzed the same plasma samples from 26 patients with suspected multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by using a newly developed single-genome sequencing technique and compared it to standard genotype analysis. (scienceopen.com)
  • In the last 30 years, the discovery of mutations in various parts of the genome in patients with disorders of puberty has made it possible to identify some genes involved in this process. (sciencedaily.com)
  • HEK293T cells were transfected with proviral HIV-1 NL4-3 expression plasmids carrying pol mutations encoding for the indicated IN substitutions. (elifesciences.org)
  • Resistance of NNRTIs occurs through mutations of the reverse transcriptase gene in the viral genome. (antimicrobe.org)
  • Deciphering human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission and early envelope diversification by single-genome amplification and sequencing. (scienceopen.com)
  • Here we describe an experimental approach to analyze HIV-1 env genes as intact genetic units amplified from plasma virion RNA by single-genome amplification (SGA), followed by direct sequencing of uncloned DNA amplicons. (scienceopen.com)
  • The objective of this series is to provide a comprehensive overview of the types of retroviruses, their basic biology, and pathogenic mechanisms, and the current and future approaches to the treatment of HIV disease, and pathways toward a successful HIV preventive vaccine. (hstalks.com)
  • Just like in other retroviruses, each viral particle of HIV contains two copies of the RNA genome. (europa.eu)
  • It can readily be embedded in extended models of the complete HIV-1 reverse transcription process, or analogous processes in other viruses and help to guide drug development and improve our understanding of the mechanisms of resistance development during treatment. (plos.org)
  • B ) Infectious titers of WT or IN mutant HIV-1 NL4-3 viruses in cell culture supernatants were determined on TZM-bl indicator cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • D ) A representative growth curve of HIV-1 NL4-3 IN D116N viruses trans-complemented with class II mutant IN proteins in cell culture. (elifesciences.org)
  • HIV-1 NL4-3 IN D116N viruses that were trans-complemented with WT IN, class II mutant INs, IN D116N , or an empty vector are denoted as red, black, dark blue, and light blue lines respectively. (elifesciences.org)
  • Vincent and Erling resume their discussion of virology Nobel Prizes, focusing on awards for research on tumor viruses, bacteriophages, virus structure, reverse transcriptase, hepatitis B virus, HIV-1, human papillomaviruses and much more. (virology.ws)
  • Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are highly selective for HIV-1 but do not exhibit activity against other viruses. (antimicrobe.org)
  • One exception is hu- humanized SCID mice, the use of al oncogenic viruses that are strictly man T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 surrogate hosts has not proven very species-specific, causing cancer in (HTLV-1): in addition to its ability to useful for defining tumour site con- humans only. (who.int)
  • However, except non-primate species often do not mour viruses is often problematic, for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which accurately reflect the mechanism of Part 1 · Chapter 9. (who.int)
  • When a break is made in genomic DNA, cells hasten to repair the damage using two major pathways (Figure 1). (ddw-online.com)
  • Previous research has shown that HIV-1 integrates more frequently into human genes that are transcribed into RNA (the first step in gene expression), but the biological significance of this targeting has been unclear. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Subsequent RNA sequencing suggested that digoxin inhibits HIV-1 gene expression as well as the activation and metabolism of CD4+ T cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can be inhibited by means of RNA silencing or interference (RNAi) using synthetic short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or gene constructs encoding short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) or long hairpin RNAs (lhRNAs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In order to solve this problem, we constructed an HIV-1 variant with a 300 bp long hairpin structure in the 3' part of the genome corresponding to the Nef gene (HIV-lhNef). (biomedcentral.com)
  • An alternative method to inhibit HIV-1 is the use of gene constructs encoding HIV-1-specific long hairpin RNAs (lhRNAs, transcripts folding an extended hairpin structure) or long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs, two complementary transcripts that form an extended duplex). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In collaboration with Julianna Lisziewicz, Ph.D., of the Research Institute for Genetic and Human Therapy in Washington, D.C., the researchers took advantage of the fact that an HIV gene called tat is essential for the virus to replicate in the infected cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • They designed an antitat gene that blocks the function of the tat gene and thereby prevents HIV from replicating. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In this way, the antitat gene therapy might contribute to maintaining HIV in a dormant state in latently infected cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Previous studies in rats and mice have shown that gene editing through CRISPR-Cas9 technology is capable of removing HIV DNA from genomes that hold the virus, successfully cutting large fragments of HIV DNA from infected cells and inhibiting viral gene expression. (iflscience.com)
  • But gene editing can't eliminate HIV on its own. (iflscience.com)
  • In previous work, Dr. Khalili's team used CRISPR-Cas9 technology to develop a novel gene editing and gene therapy delivery system aimed at removing HIV DNA from genomes harboring the virus. (templehealth.org)
  • In rats and mice, they showed that the gene editing system could effectively excise large fragments of HIV DNA from infected cells, significantly impacting viral gene expression. (templehealth.org)
  • Similar to ART, however, gene editing cannot completely eliminate HIV on its own. (templehealth.org)
  • This discrepancy between the known mutation rate of HIV-1 and the average level of genetic variation in the env gene observed in vivo is reflected in comparisons of the actual numbers of productively infected cells, estimated as 10 7 , and the effective population size, estimated as 10 3 . (bioone.org)
  • Association of cytokine gene polymorphisms with peripheral neuropathy susceptibility in people living with HIV in Greece. (cdc.gov)
  • Association of Toll-Like Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with Tuberculosis in HIV-Positive Participants. (cdc.gov)
  • And, more significantly, the progress achieved recently in human genomics research,1 the creation of genetically-modified foods2 and the gene therapy3 have added to the major bioethical issues the Region is likely to face in the near future. (who.int)
  • HIV-1 integrates its own genome into the genome of human immune system cells known as CD4+ T cells, hijacking their cellular machinery to make more copies of itself. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • HIV-1 infects cells of the immune system called CD4 + T cells,' the authors further explain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Scientists have been struggling to find a cure for HIV for more than three decades, but the virus' ability to " replicate unrelentingly despite everything the immune system can throw at it ," have made a cure an elusive goal, according to virologist Ron Desrosiers. (rt.com)
  • Since HIV-1 is never cleared by the immune system, removal of the virus is required in order to cure the disease, " said Khalili. (rt.com)
  • The persistence of HIV in treated patients results from the establishment of a viral reservoir insensitive to ART and poorly visible to the immune system. (europa.eu)
  • Without ART, HIV can rebound and integrate its DNA into the genomes of immune system cells, lying dormant and out of reach of antiretroviral drugs. (iflscience.com)
  • These data suggest that further investigation of the potential of antibody-based therapeutic strategies for long-term suppression of HIV is warranted, including in individuals off ART and with low viral load. (nature.com)
  • Several bNAbs have been tested to date in HIV-1-infected individuals, including the CD4-binding, site-specific antibodies VRC01, 3BNC117, VRC07-523LS and N6-LS, the V3-glycan-specific antibody 10-1074 and the V2-apex-specific antibodies PGDM1400 and CAP256-VRC26.25 (refs. (nature.com)
  • PGT121 is a monoclonal antibody isolated in 2011 from an African donor infected with HIV-1 subtype A, whose sera had demonstrated superior neutralization breadth and potency in an observational cohort, and so was considered an 'elite neutralizer' 9 . (nature.com)
  • Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is the most widely used serologic test for detecting antibody to HIV-1. (cdc.gov)
  • Serum samples that are repeatedly reactive in the EIA for HIV-1 antibody are then retested with a supplemental and more specific test, the most common of which is the Western blot (1-3). (cdc.gov)
  • Any HIV antibody from the patient's serum is detected by an antihuman immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody conjugated with an enzyme that in the presence of substrate will produce a colored band. (cdc.gov)
  • Predicted broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) resistance and associated envelope characteristics of adults with HIV-1 seroconversion in Botswana. (cdc.gov)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV )-1 may have evolved to integrate its genetic material into certain immune-cell-activating genes in humans, according to new research published in PLOS Pathogens . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Further analysis showed that wild type HIV-1 tends to integrate itself into or near genes affecting CD4+ T cell activation and metabolism more frequently than does the mutant strain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In this paper, we report that HIV-1 prefers to integrate into o near genes that control such changes in CD4+ T cells so that the virus is better able to remain coupled to the CD4+ T cell status. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • An additional analysis of the time to HIV disease progression implicated two genes, one of which encodes an RNA polymerase I subunit. (duke.edu)
  • HIV genome contains three main genes: gag, pol, and env. (proteopedia.org)
  • In terms of diagnosis, the study carried out by Vincent Prévot's team in Lille shows the interest of analysing DNA segments from which microRNAs are transcribed, as well as the genome segments that encode their binding sites on the target genes. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Expression of the lhNef hairpin within the HIV-1 genome results in potent trans-inhibition of wild-type HIV-1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ideally, a single lhRNA should generate multiple effective siRNAs upon intracellular processing, providing more durable inhibition of HIV-1 than a single shRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, many drug designs or much pharmaceutical research conduct by understanding the structure of HIV-1 protease active site and by inhibition of its activity disrupts HIV's ability to replicate and infect additional cells. (proteopedia.org)
  • von Kleist M, Metzner P, Marquet R, Schütte C (2012) HIV-1 Polymerase Inhibition by Nucleoside Analogs: Cellular- and Kinetic Parameters of Efficacy, Susceptibility and Resistance Selection. (plos.org)
  • The active n-butanol fraction was evaluated for its inhibition against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease, pro-viral genome integration and viral Tat protein mediated transactivation. (nih.gov)
  • The results presented here show a potential anti-HIV-1 activity of A. catechu mediated by the inhibition of the functions of the viral protein and Tat. (nih.gov)
  • Our model correctly predicts for HIV-1 that resistance against nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) can be conferred by decreasing their incorporation rate, increasing their excision rate, or decreasing their affinity for the polymerase enzyme. (plos.org)
  • Through mathematical modeling, we assess the mechanisms by which HIV-1 can develop resistance against nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI). (plos.org)
  • It allows an overall quantification of all viral forms of HIV DNA in infected cells, each playin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Findings from integrated behavioral and biologic survey among males who inject drugs (MWID) - Vietnam, 2009-2010: evidence of the need for an integrated response to HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus. (who.int)
  • HIV gag stem loop 3 (GSL3) is a secondary structural component of the Retroviral Psi packaging element, also known as the psi recognition element. (wikipedia.org)
  • Table 1 lists the major structural proteins coded for by the HIV genome. (cdc.gov)
  • Cryo-EM structural data have been deposited in the EMDataBank under accession codesEMD-5582 andEMD-5639, and the MDFF atomic model of the CA HOH and models of HIV-1 capsid have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession numbers 3J34 , 3J3Q , 3J3Y . (nature.com)
  • What do we learn from a Genome Wide Association Study performed on HIV-1 infected Long Term Non Progressors individuals? (hal.science)
  • Here we performed a GWAS on a cohort of 160 HIV-1 infected Caucasian Long Term Non Progressors (LTNP) from the EC-funded European-African ''GISHEAL'' Consortium in order to explore whether novel genetic factors could account for the LTNP phenotype (i.e. maintenance of CD4 T cell counts >500 cells/μl and good health conditions without therapy). (hal.science)
  • Electron microscopy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 virions. (medscape.com)
  • HIV-1 protease cleaves an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) precursor proteins, such as cleaving the env protein , glycoprotein (GP) 160 , into gp41 and gp120 . (proteopedia.org)
  • In other words, HIV-1 protease is responsible for maturation of the virion by cleaving proteins into their mature form. (proteopedia.org)
  • HIV-1 Protease acts as 'chemical scissors' to cleave the polyproteins into functional constituent proteins. (proteopedia.org)
  • The Western blot assay is a method in which individual proteins of an HIV-1 lysate are separated according to size by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast, antibodies to the envelope (ENV) precursor protein gp160 and the final ENV proteins (gp120 and gp41) can be detected in specimens from virtually all HIV-infected persons regardless of clinical stage (4-9). (cdc.gov)
  • He maintains it shows signs of nanotechnological tinkering and the insertion of proteins from HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus. (aljazeera.com)
  • NMR structure of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein bound to stem-loop SL2 of the psi-RNA packaging signal. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a tubular HIV-1 capsid-protein assembly at 8 Å resolution and the three-dimensional structure of a native HIV-1 core by cryo-electron tomography. (nature.com)
  • Structure of the amino-terminal core domain of the HIV-1 capsid protein. (nature.com)
  • Crystal structure of dimeric HIV-1 capsid protein. (nature.com)
  • Structure of the HIV-1 full-length capsid protein in a conformationally trapped unassembled state induced by small-molecule binding. (nature.com)
  • [ 2 ] This report describes an increase in meningococcal disease among persons with HIV in the United States in 2022. (medscape.com)
  • Based on preliminary data, 29 meningococcal disease cases have been reported among persons with HIV in 2022, accounting for 9.8% of all cases. (medscape.com)
  • Among the 29 meningococcal disease cases among persons with HIV in 2022, 22 had not received MenACWY vaccine, six had unknown MenACWY vaccination history, and one had received MenACWY vaccine, but the number of doses received was unknown. (medscape.com)
  • however, after excluding MSM outbreak-associated cases for all years, a substantial increase in meningococcal disease cases among persons with HIV in 2022 remained (i.e., 14 cases compared with four to eight cases per year during 2017-2021) (Figure). (medscape.com)
  • In 2022, one case of wild poliovirus type 1 was reported from Lilongwe in Malawi (with onset of paralysis in 2021) and eight from the Tete province of Mozambique. (who.int)
  • Thanks to a subregional, multi-country emergency response across five countries of the subregion, no wild poliovirus type 1 has been detected since 10 August 2022. (who.int)
  • HIV-1 Protease is a viral aspartic protease that responsible for maturation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) . (proteopedia.org)
  • Therefore, HIV-1 protease make the virus have the ability to infect new cells by the cleave process. (proteopedia.org)
  • The new viral particles cannot enter the host cell without maturation which require HIV-encoded protease. (proteopedia.org)
  • The genome products (red circle) that require protease to process. (proteopedia.org)
  • Crystal Structures of Highly Constrained Substrate and Hydrolysis Products Bound to HIV-1 Protease. (proteopedia.org)
  • However, compared to this potential, populations of HIV-1 within individuals exhibit little genetic variation. (bioone.org)
  • Of the models we examined, the metapopulation model, in which HIV-1 evolves within an individual as a large collection of small subpopulations subject to frequent migration, extinction, and recolonization, was most consistent with the observed levels of genetic variation and the average frequencies of those variants. (bioone.org)
  • In the new study, Alexander Zhyvoloup of University College London, U.K., and colleagues sought to gain more insight into the life cycle of HIV-1 by comparing a normal, 'wild type' strain of the virus to a mutated strain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The amplicon generated with these primer spans across nt 1 of the 5,229-bp circular virus genome. (cdc.gov)
  • US scientists have physically cut the HIV virus out of infected cells by using enzymes. (rt.com)
  • The cell, now free of the HIV virus, then repairs itself. (rt.com)
  • But, although the HAART treatment allows people to live a relatively normal life, there are growing problems of HIV drug resistance and the virus becomes active again if treatment is ever stopped. (rt.com)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a blood-borne virus typically transmitted via sexual intercourse, shared intravenous drug paraphernalia, and during the birth process or via human milk (vertical transmission). (medscape.com)
  • Although these escape variants lost the ability to trans-inhibit HIV-1, they effectively outgrew the wild-type virus in competition experiments in SupT1 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • World wide, the predominant virus is HIV-1 - associated with high number of deaths. (proteopedia.org)
  • It's estimated that more than 36.9 million people around the world are infected with human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) and more than 5,000 people become infected every day. (iflscience.com)
  • Instead, the virus lives within human genomes in "reservoirs" throughout the body. (iflscience.com)
  • In their new treatment method, researchers use a therapeutic antiretroviral method called long-acting slow-effective release (LASER) ART, which strategically targets viral sanctuaries holding HIV and keeps the virus from replicating at high levels over the course of a long period of time. (iflscience.com)
  • Trans-complementation of the HIV-1 NL4-3 IN D116N virus with mutant IN molecules restored particle release to levels comparable to WT IN (red), partially restored particle release (gray) or could not restore particle release (blue). (elifesciences.org)
  • The aqueous and 50% ethanolic extracts of A. catechu showed IC50 values of 1.8 ± 0.18 μg/ml and 3.6 ± 0.31 μg/ml, respectively in cell-free virus based assay using TZM-bl cells and HIV-1NL4.3 (X-4 tropic). (nih.gov)
  • Association of TREX1 polymorphism with disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infected patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Genome layout of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and HIV-2. (medscape.com)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • HIV-1 originated in Central Africa in the first half of the 20th century, when a closely related chimpanzee virus first infected humans. (msdmanuals.com)
  • B is associated with faster hepatitis Be are chronic carriers of the virus [ 1,2 ]. (who.int)
  • The results may have implications for HIV-1 latency, in which integrated HIV-1 remains dormant in the human genome before being reactivated at a later point. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The chemical structure of antiretroviral drugs was modified into nanocrystals that were then distributed to tissues where HIV is likely to be dormant. (iflscience.com)
  • The modified drug was packaged into nanocrystals, which readily distribute to tissues where HIV is likely to be lying dormant. (templehealth.org)
  • Russian scientists have developed a potential HIV vaccine. (medindia.net)
  • The Phase 1 trial for a preventive HIV vaccine candidate has initiated enrollment in both the United States and South Africa. (medindia.net)
  • Coverage among persons with HIV, however, remains low: in a study of administrative claims data during January 2016-March 2018, only 16.3% of persons with HIV received ≥1 doses of MenACWY vaccine within 2 years after their diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • At the same time, outbreak responses to both circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1 and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 are continuing in order to urgently stop outbreaks of all three strains. (who.int)
  • The Democratic Republic of the Congo continues to be affected by both type 1 and type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus, particularly in the east of the country. (who.int)
  • The new model provides a framework for predicting the development of multi-drug resistance in HIV patients. (medindia.net)
  • Forty years on, there are still around 38 million people living with HIV - including 1.7 million children under 15 years of age. (europa.eu)
  • The overarching aim of my research is to understand the key mechanisms of HIV transmission and the rate of disease pathogenesis. (lu.se)
  • In the above assay, n-butanol fraction exhibited anti-HIV-1 activity with an IC50 of 1.7 ± 0.12 μg/ml. (nih.gov)
  • Recent years have seen a substantial increase in the number of tools available to monitor and study HIV reservoirs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The estimated time from known contact between patients 1 and 2 until the clinical presentation of patient 1 was 49 months. (cdc.gov)
  • HIV is a retrovirus and can be transmitted vertically, sexually, or via contaminated blood products or IV drug abuse. (medscape.com)
  • For each sequenced strain, a random subset of reads was aligned at ≈100× coverage to the M. tuberculosis H37Rv reference genome by using BWA version 0.5.9-r16 ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Study first author and HIRI researcher Liqing Ye explains further: "We were able to show that the genome of HIV-1 exists in two different RNA conformations. (europa.eu)
  • In this study, we identified HIV-1 transmission in a family and the direction of HIV-1 transmission from a MSM to his wife and infant, which indicated Chinese MSM may have become a potential bridge of HIV-1 transmission to their wives and children. (scienceopen.com)
  • A ) Location of class II IN substitutions used in this study displayed in red on a single IN monomer within the context of the HIV-1 IN tetramer intasome structure consisting of a dimer of dimers (PDB 5U1C). (elifesciences.org)
  • The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-HIV-1 activity of the extracts from stem bark of A. catechu. (nih.gov)
  • Estimating the burden of disease attributable to injecting drug use as a risk factor for HIV, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. (who.int)
  • In this cohort of 5 untreated people with HAD, the burden of HIV- infected cells varied across different regions of the brain, ranging from below the limit of detection to over 100,000 copies per million cells. (natap.org)
  • No association between HLA -B*57:01 and prevalence and/or outcome of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a French Nationwide HIV cohort. (cdc.gov)
  • T-cells and monocytic cells are the main cell types infected by HIV-1, so they are the most important targets for this technology," Khalili said. (rt.com)
  • The major breakthrough is the identification of a biomarker of HIV persistent cells in vivo. (europa.eu)
  • One group of target cells consisted of HIV-infected U1 and ACH-2 cells, cell lines used in HIV research because of their resemblance to human blood immune cells latently infected by HIV. (sciencedaily.com)
  • C ) The relative quantity of reverse-transcribed HIV-1 DNA in MT-4 target cells infected with HIV-1 NL4-3 at 6 hpi. (elifesciences.org)
  • HEK293T cells were co-transfected with the HIV-1 NL4-3 IN D116N proviral plasmid along with Vpr-IN expression plasmids encoding for the indicated IN substitutions or an empty vector control. (elifesciences.org)
  • Although most cells infected with HIV are rapidly eliminated in vi. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among the different markers of HIV persistence in infected cells, total HIV DNA is to date the most widely used. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Reverse transcription of HIV-1 results in the generation of a linear cDNA that serves as the precursor to the integrated provirus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, understanding HIV persistence and developing drugs able to flush out HIV, in order to achieve viral eradication or "sterilizing cure" remain outstanding challenges. (europa.eu)
  • Indeed, we were successful in identifying key regulators of HIV persistence and permissiveness. (europa.eu)
  • 2011). Addressing the source of HIV persistence is required to achieve a cure for HIV. (europa.eu)
  • Thus, targeting the sources of HIV persistence is required to achieve HIV cure in addition to ART. (europa.eu)
  • Being able to accurately measure HIV persistence in ART-treated individuals is necessary for monitoring the response to ART, as well as the effectiveness of curative interventions aimed at HIV remission. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This thematic series in Retrovirology contains a collection of review articles that describe traditional and novel methods of quantitation of HIV persistence in vivo . (biomedcentral.com)
  • These results suggest that, with further work, this technique may keep HIV-infected patients free of disease symptoms," said the study's senior author, Wenzhe Ho, M.D., of the Division of Immunologic and Infectious Diseases at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Focusing on HIV-1, the variant responsible for the vast majority of HIV infections, the researchers have now developed a new technology called Functional Analysis of RNA Structure. (europa.eu)
  • HIV-1 causes most HIV infections worldwide, but HIV-2 causes a substantial proportion of infections in parts of West Africa. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In the United States, at the end of 2019, an estimated 1,189,700 people ≥ 13 years were living with HIV, including an estimated 158,500 (13%) people whose infections had not been diagnosed. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To investigate the origins of the infections, they were compared with 36 South Africa strains (including 1 from the Tugela Ferry outbreak [ 4 ]) sequenced by using Illumina HiSeq 2000 platforms. (cdc.gov)
  • This discovery will certainly open new research avenues towards the characterization, control and eradication of the latent HIV reservoir. (europa.eu)