Genetics sex determination processes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Sex chromosomes are those that carry important information for determining sex. (csbsju.edu)
There are two sex chromosomes in mammals, X and Y. The X chromosome, which is much larger than the Y, has a centrally-positioned centromere. (csbsju.edu)
H umans have 46 total chromosomes: 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes. (csbsju.edu)
Or, 22 pairs (homologous chromosomes) of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes. (csbsju.edu)
The sex chromosomes are homologous to one another. (csbsju.edu)
Cells can tolerate imbalances of sex chromosomes better than imbalances of autosomes. (csbsju.edu)
One of the chromosomes in the set of 23 is X or Y (sex chromosomes), while the rest are assigned numbers 1 through 22. (encyclopedia.com)
If the one of the sex cells has the full complement of chromosomes (diploidy), then the zygote would have an extra set of chromosomes. (encyclopedia.com)
During meiosis, two rounds of cell division ensure that the sex cells receive the haploid number of chromosomes. (encyclopedia.com)
Research has established the broad mammalian developmental plan that genes on the sex chromosomes influence gonad development which determines gonadal hormone production (or its absence) leading to modification of the genitalia and simultaneously biasing the nervous system to organize adult sexual behavior. (hawaii.edu)
A second milestone can be considered the findings, in 1956 by Tjio and Levan , that the typical human chromosomal complement contained 46 chromosomes: 44 autosomes and the sex chromosomes, XX for females and XY for males. (hawaii.edu)
These now-classic papers, along with many others, established the broad developmental plan that, at least for mammals, the following pathway occurs: genes on the sex chromosomes influence gonad development which determines gonadal hormone production (or its absence) leading to modification of the internal and external genitalia and simultaneously biasing the nervous system to organize adult sexual behavior (see e.g. (hawaii.edu)
Autosomal" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. (genome.gov)
An autosome is one of the numbered chromosomes, as opposed to the sex chromosomes. (genome.gov)
b) A is the mother as she has XX sex chromosomes, which is a characteristics of females. (topperlearning.com)
Treaster, a third-year Ph.D. candidate in genetics, is analyzing the evolution of sex chromosomes and genetic sex determination using three-spine stickleback fish. (uga.edu)
Sex chromosomes evolve from autosomes and are typically extremely conserved, not only among species but entire classes of organisms. (nature.com)
either there was no chromosomal sex determination in the last common ancestor and both systems developed independently, or one lineage retained the ancestral sex chromosomes while in the other lineage a transition to the alternate system occurred. (nature.com)
Theoretically, such transitions can happen on the same pair of sex chromosomes (homologous transition) or involve an autosome, which then becomes a new sex chromosome (heterologous transition). (nature.com)
An intriguing scenario in sex chromosome evolution connected to speciation is hybridisation, particularly in crosses of species with different male and female heterogametic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Hybrids between different species might be expected to suffer deleterious incompatibilities because alleles from orthologous genes from different species may not interact well in hybrids, and if these genes are on the sex chromosomes and are recessive, the heterogametic sex is likely to suffer the most. (nature.com)
All the chromosomes are numbered, except the X and Y chromosomes, which are the sex chromosomes. (scopeheal.com)
Phylogenetic analysis indicates that TSD is the precursor of sex determination by genotypic mechanisms (e.g., sex chromosomes). (utexas.edu)
We all know about the sex chromosomes (XX for women and XY for men). (crossdreamers.com)
What many do not know is that only a small number of sex differences are directly caused by the sex chromosomes. (crossdreamers.com)
The TDF acts as a trigger that turns on genes that are found on the non-sex specific chromosomes, the ones that controls the development of the male testes. (crossdreamers.com)
Central questions we address are: Which chromosomes are the sex chromosomes and what genes do they contain among which is the master switch? (biomatix.org)

The known genes involved in sex determination often act as growth and/or differentiation factors and there is mounting evidence that they may be important in tumorigenesis in the gonads as well as other tissues. (nih.gov)
Despite the identification of the Y-chromosome gene SRY as the "testis determining factor" almost 15 years ago, the mechanisms and pathways of normal sex differentiation are still not well understood. (nih.gov)
Sex determination can be divided into steps consisting of establishment of the bipotential gonad, formation of the primordial gonad, and differentiation of the gonad. (nih.gov)
The AMH gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in male sex differentiation. (medlineplus.gov)
Rey R. Anti-Mullerian hormone in disorders of sex determination and differentiation. (medlineplus.gov)
A multitude of regulatory processes, both genetically and environmentally controlled, achieve this differentiation. (scopeheal.com)
A close inspection of sexual differentiation offers tons of evidence that genetics are involved, but research hints that it is more epigenetic than purely genetic. (factmyth.com)
Furthermore, the reduction in the size of the neuromuscular junctions on abdominal muscles in these animals suggests that one of fru's sex-nonspecific functions involves general aspects of neuronal differentiation. (ox.ac.uk)
Gene expression of male pathway genes sox9 and amh during early sex differentiation in a reptile departs from the classical amniote model. (biomatix.org)

Thus this gene is called X-linked (or sex-linked for a more general term). (csbsju.edu)
Sex determination, as an early embryological event, can help us address basic questions of the regulation of gene expression, cell-fate determination, and hormone signaling. (nih.gov)
A further level of complexity arises with gene dosage effects, such as XY sex reversal caused by duplication of Dax-1. (nih.gov)
More than 70 mutations involving the SOX9 gene have been found to cause campomelic dysplasia, a disorder that affects skeletal development, sex determination, and other processes in the body and is often life-threatening in the newborn period. (medlineplus.gov)
Alankarage D, Lavery R, Svingen T, Kelly S, Ludbrook L, Bagheri-Fam S, Koopman P, Harley V. SOX9 regulates expression of the male fertility gene Ets variant factor 5 (ETV5) during mammalian sex development. (medlineplus.gov)
Gene interactions, sex determination and sex-linked inheritance. (manchester.ac.uk)
Despite the discovery of the sex-determining gene SRY (sex-determining region Y) 15 years ago, the molecular mechanisms of sex determination remain poorly understood. (medscape.com)
At the molecular level, the gene(s) determining sex might have changed their mode of action, e.g. from female to male determination, or a novel sex-determining (SD) gene might have arisen and taken over (SD turnover) in the evolving lineage. (nature.com)
Sex ratios in both full- and half-sib families of the Pacific oyster show paternal control of sex ratio and suggest that a single major gene with 2 genotypes controls sex in the Pacific oyster, with FM oysters being male and FF oysters maturing as male or female. (elsevierpure.com)
Mutations of the anti-mullerian hormone gene in patients with persistent mullerian duct syndrome: biosynthesis, secretion, and processing of the abnormal proteins and analysis using a three-dimensional model. (medlineplus.gov)
Although scientist haven't found "a gay gene" (a gene that shows sexual preference hardwired into our genetic code), research has shown that there may be a link between genetics and sexual orientation . (factmyth.com)
The overall process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function. (biologyideas.com)
Molecular genetic dissection of the sex-specific and vital functions of the Drosophila melanogaster sex determination gene fruitless. (ox.ac.uk)
A preliminary investigation of several of the mutations described here showed that the fru gene also has a sex-nonspecific vital function. (ox.ac.uk)
The TDF has a gene called SRY (Sex Determining Region of the Y-chromosome. (crossdreamers.com)
Disruptions in this gene are the molecular etiology of a subgroup of differences of sex development (DSD) in 46,XY patients. (qxmd.com)

Of particular interest are the sequences that share homology with Drosophila genes involved in sex determination, olfaction, and reproductive behaviour. (unipv.it)

The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) issued by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), is to continue to support new studies on the genes, and genetic and epigenetic mechanisms influencing sex determination, fertility, reproductive health and reproductive aging, and other topics in Reproductive Genetics and Epigenetics. (nih.gov)
The purpose of reissuing the Reproductive Genetics PA is to indicate our continued desire to support new studies on the genes, and genetic and epigenetic mechanisms influencing sex determination, fertility, reproductive health and reproductive aging, and other topics in Reproductive Genetics and Epigenetics. (nih.gov)
NICHD encourages scientists interested in reproduction to lead the way in determining the genes and their mechanisms of action involved in the development of the gonads, reproductive ducts and genitalia, the processes of gametogenesis, normal and premature reproductive aging, and reproductive disorders such as infertility, cryptorchidism, endometriosis, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). (nih.gov)
The mechanisms by which the SEX of an individual's GONADS are fixed. (bvsalud.org)
Mechanisms of disease: Transcription factors in sex determination--relevance to human disorders of sex development. (medscape.com)
The remarkable diversity of sex determination mechanisms known in fish may be fuelled by exceptionally high rates of sex chromosome turnovers or transitions. (nature.com)
Although the mechanism of sex determination may ultimately prove more complex, simple genetic mechanisms can account for the broad features of sexual maturation in oyster families and the stability of sex ratios in populations. (elsevierpure.com)
A program that focuses on the application of physics principles to the scientific study of the mechanisms of biological processes and assemblies at all levels of complexity. (graduateschooltuition.com)
One of my research programs focuses on sex determination as a case study in how evolution has produced very different mechanisms for achieving the same end. (utexas.edu)
We are using novel genetic, molecular and cytological approaches to build a picture of the mechanisms of sex determination in the central bearded dragon, Pogona vitticeps and other squamates. (biomatix.org)
Plenary: Evolution of sex determination mechanisms. (biomatix.org)

In genotypic sex determination, also called genetic or chromosomal sex determination, an organism's genes determine which hormones are produced. (asu.edu)

Her studies in mammalian genetics provided the basis for understanding the chromosomic basis for sex determination in mammals and the effects occasioned by radiation, drugs, fuels and waste on mice. (wikipedia.org)
In 1993 she received the Enrico Fermi Award, the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) highest research honor, for her "outstanding contributions to genetics and radiation biology, including her discovery of the chromosomal basis for sex determination in mammals and her contributions to our knowledge of the effects of radiation on the developing embryo and fetus. (wikipedia.org)
Do not read this as the final word on the biological basis for sex and gender. (crossdreamers.com)

Both phenotypic and genotypic sex influence sex chromosome dosage compensation in a sex reversing lizard. (biomatix.org)

These results will define the ancestral sex----determination pathway and identify preconditions for self----fertility. (hhs.gov)

Based on Haldane's rule, one would expect that the heterogametic sex in hybrids tends to show greater inviability or sterility than the homogametic sex 18 and one proposed explanation for this is dominance theory 19 . (nature.com)
The female is thus the homogametic sex since all its gametes typically have an X chromosome. (scopeheal.com)

In humans, disruption of this process results in intersexuality, also referred to as disorders of sex development (DSD). (medscape.com)
The majority of disorders of sex determination with known causes are explained by mutations in one of three transcription factors at the core of the sex-determining pathway: SRY, SOX9 (SRY-box 9) and NR5A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A, member 1). (medscape.com)
Hypospadias is usually not related to an endocrine abnormality, but it may be seen in disorders associated with a testosterone biosynthesis defect, partial androgen insensitivity syndrome, or a defect in testicular determination. (medscape.com)
All affected children have non-syndromic forms of disorders/differences of sex development (DSD). (qxmd.com)

This unit introduces you to the topics of evolution, genetics and development. (manchester.ac.uk)
Population genetics and genetic variation, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, processes that change genotype and allele frequencies, evolution at the molecular level and genome evolution. (manchester.ac.uk)
During the hybridisation process, the sex-determining region of the X chromosome from one parental species was translocated to an autosome in the hybrids leading to the evolution of a new sex chromosome. (nature.com)
Our results highlight the complexity of factors contributing to patterns observed in hybrid genomes, and we experimentally demonstrate that hybridisation can catalyze rapid evolution of a new sex chromosome. (nature.com)
As intriguing as these concepts are, empirical evidence for the evolution of new sex chromosome systems following hybridization is very scant because these events have happened in the evolutionary past and would be expected to take long time periods to complete. (nature.com)
The evolution of sex allocation will depend on the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors governing patterns of investment in female and male function. (syr.edu)
Friedman, J & Barrett, SCH 2011, ' Genetic and environmental control of temporal and size-dependent sex allocation in a wind-pollinated plant ', Evolution , vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 2061-2074. (syr.edu)

We also expand the notion of "biologically based sex differences. (hawaii.edu)
Although many, and perhaps most, important sex differences arise from gonadal and hormonal development, also important are sex differences which are neither gonadal nor hormonal. (hawaii.edu)
One major issue is to comprehend, particularly in regard to behavior, factors which are important influences on sexual expression and the development of sex differences. (hawaii.edu)
Competitive displacement of one parasitoid by another in the context of biological control is a particularly fascinating outcome that is often tied to slight differences in the behavior, ecology or genetics of the species. (umn.edu)
One of these hypotheses involves differences in the sex determination method employed by the two species. (umn.edu)
The majority of sex differences are thought to be not sex linked , but sex limited . (crossdreamers.com)

Errors in the process can range in severity from complete sex reversal to gonadal dysgenesis or minor genital abnormalities. (nih.gov)
Metabolic consequences of sex-reversal in two lizard species: a test of the like genotype and like phenotype hypotheses. (biomatix.org)

In Drosophila , fl(2)d and vir are required for sex-dependent regulation of alternative splicing of the sex determination factor Sex lethal ( Sxl ) 13 . (nature.com)

The sex of an individual can be thought of in three different contexts: chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, and anatomical sex. (scopeheal.com)
One question concerns how the physical stimulus of temperature is transduced into a physiological stimulus that operates ultimately at a molecular level to determine an individual's gonadal sex. (utexas.edu)

The SOX9 protein is especially important for development of the skeleton and plays a key role in the determination of sex before birth. (medlineplus.gov)
The SOX9 protein attaches (binds) to specific regions of DNA and regulates the activity of other genes, particularly those that control skeletal development and sex determination. (medlineplus.gov)
SOX9 is found on a non-sex chromosome. (crossdreamers.com)

The sex of a reptile embryo partly results from the production of sex hormones during development, and one process to produce those hormones depends on the temperature of the embryo's environment. (asu.edu)
The production of sex hormones can result solely from genetics or from genetics in combination with the influence of environmental factors. (asu.edu)
I have demonstrated that sex steroid hormones are the physiological equivalent of incubation temperature, serving as the proximate trigger for male and female sex determination. (utexas.edu)
Given that I am planning to present Gilmartin's explanation for the existence of male lesbians in my next post, I believe it could be useful to have a popular summary of what contemporary science says about genes, hormones, sex and gender. (crossdreamers.com)

REPRODUCTIVE GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS RELEASE DATE: January 8, 2004 PA NUMBER: PA-04-049 March 2, 2006 (NOT-OD-06-046) - Effective with the June 1, 2006 submission date, all R03, R21, R33 and R34 applications must be submitted through Grants.gov using the electronic SF424 (R&R) application. (nih.gov)

Here we report on an over 30-year evolutionary experiment in which we tested the genomic consequences of hybridisation and selection between two Xiphophorus fish species with different sex chromosome systems. (nature.com)

The extensive colony helped drive mammalian genetics research for decades. (wikipedia.org)
Russell served as head of the Mammalian Genetics & Development Section between 1975 and 1995. (wikipedia.org)

Here I take advantage of the fact that in many reptiles the sex of the offspring depends on the incubation temperature of the egg, a process known as temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). (utexas.edu)
Reptiles and amphibians provide untapped potential for discovering how a diversity of genetic pathways and environmental conditions are incorporated into developmental processes that can lead to similar functional outcomes. (qxmd.com)
Sex in Reptiles -- On the cusp of a new wave of discovery. (biomatix.org)
Sex determination in reptiles - lessons from the dragon lizard and challenges for the future. (biomatix.org)

A classic 1988 Cold Spring Harbor monograph, The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, described the basic genetics, anatomy and development of the organism. (cshlpress.com)
It is the purpose of this discourse to discuss aspects of sexual development and to offer insight as to why understanding such processes is much more complicated than initially assumed. (hawaii.edu)
Historically one of the first breakthroughs was the determination by Jost and colleagues ( Jost, 1953 , 1961 ) that the fetal gonad, responding to its genetic endowment, elaborates substances that can influence the development of the internal and external genitalia. (hawaii.edu)
Projects within the department focuses on fundamental questions relating to response and adaptation to environmental stress, animal nutrition and metabolism, embryonic development, and genetics. (agri.gov.il)
Given that it was the first true fruitfly species to extend its species range, the medfly has been the subject of the majority of tephritid genetic studies over the last two decades and has become a model species for the study of invasion processes and for the development and refinement of control methods, particularly the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). (unipv.it)
Thus, fru functions both in the sex-determination regulatory hierarchy to control male sexual behavior through sex-specific transcripts and sex-nonspecifically to control the development of imaginal discs and motorneuronal synapses during adult development through sex-nonspecific transcript classes. (ox.ac.uk)
i t was observed that certain prenatal development processes are known by the pregnant women. (bvsalud.org)
Historical records since the antiquity revel the search to uncover the inherent processes to the human prenatal development, investigation that keeps always advancing, evidenced in the scientific publications of modern embriology 4,5 . (bvsalud.org)

Forensic DNA typing and subsequent molecular methods of sex determination in humans have been proven to be an imperious tool to criminal justice system. (nih.gov)
An animal model is a non-human species used in biomedical research because it can mimic aspects of a biological process or disease found in humans. (genome.gov)
Black ants collect and store these and other seeds in their nest, where humans can gather them en masse. (solarnavigator.net)

She (and many other biologists) argue that the sex of an embryo is evident even before the gonads differentiate into ovaries or testes. (crossdreamers.com)

Reproductive genetics is a broad research area, and the topics discussed and listed below are not meant to be exclusive areas of interest, but rather a sampling of the types of problems that this program announcement intends to address. (nih.gov)

During fertilization, the sex cell of the father combines with the sex cell of the mother to form a new cell, the zygote, which eventually develops into an embryo. (encyclopedia.com)

Sex allocation in hermaphrodites can be affected by spatial and temporal variation in resources, especially in plants where size-dependent gender modification is commonplace. (syr.edu)

You will learn how the interaction of organisms with each other and with their environment influences the outcome of the evolutionary process. (manchester.ac.uk)
To provide an introduction to the principles of inheritance and to appreciate the importance of genetics in understanding evolutionary and developmental processes. (manchester.ac.uk)

Deciphering the functional diversity of the mutations affecting the sex-determining pathway has immediate clinical impact on the diagnosis, outcome studies and classification of patients with DSD. (medscape.com)

C. glomerata was introduced in the mid-1800's and C. rubecula in the late 1900's and this latter species is now displacing C. glomerata in much of the continent and appears to be providing better pest control in the process. (umn.edu)
Finding that condors can reproduce asexually - potentially increasing the species' chances of producing offspring - is therefore a pretty big deal, said study co-author Cynthia Steiner, an associate director in conservation genetics at the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance. (livescience.com)
How does temperature exert its influence in species with thermolabile sex? (biomatix.org)

Our study has revealed intriguing findings regarding the transcript regulation of sex determination genes, as well as insights into the comparative genomics of genes implicated in chemosensory reception and reproduction. (unipv.it)

Temperature appears to accomplish this end by acting on genes coding for steroidogenic enzymes (e.g., steroidogenic factor 1 and aromatase) and sex steroid hormone receptors (e.g., estrogen and androgen receptors), and other transcription factors and signaling molecules (e.g. (utexas.edu)

Russell conducted genetics research focused on radiation-induced mutations. (wikipedia.org)
Analysis of clinically relevant mutations of sex-determining genes in individuals with DSD has provided considerable insight into the function of these genes. (medscape.com)
It also discusses genetics, providing examples of inherited diseases including those caused by mutations that affect specific components of the cell. (researchgate.net)

Many of the sex determining genes act in multiple steps, but SRY mainly functions in shaping the primordial gonad into a testis. (nih.gov)
Sex determination is the series of molecular events that direct the undifferentiated bipotential gonad to become either a testis or an ovary. (medscape.com)

Genetics of complex characters and human genetics. (manchester.ac.uk)
Human Genetics: What is it? (scopeheal.com)

This clarification of basic genetics gave hope that further related discoveries would soon follow. (hawaii.edu)

Josso N, Picard JY, Imbeaud S, di Clemente N, Rey R. Clinical aspects and molecular genetics of the persistent mullerian duct syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)

This expression may still vary in its clinical severity (this is expressivity) (See Zlotogora J. Genetics in Medicine 2003 ). (dorak.info)
The aim is to provide children's nurses with an accessible introduction to cell biology and genetics linked to their clinical practice. (researchgate.net)

Figure 2: m 6 A methylation is required for Sxl alternative splicing in sex determination and dosage compensation. (nature.com)

Her research allowed better understanding of genetic processes in mammals, mutagenesis and teratogenesis effects on mammals, and knowledge of how these processes can be prevented and avoided. (wikipedia.org)

Sex cells are formed in a special kind of cell division called meiosis. (encyclopedia.com)

However, huge discrepancies have been observed with amelogenin based sex determination mostly due to X and Y deletion in the population and mutation in primer binding sites. (nih.gov)
Some ethnicities such as those in Indian population are affected badly with inappropriate sex determination by amelogenin marker due to the presence of high frequency of Y deletion in the population. (nih.gov)
Despite research into the behaviour and classical and population genetics of this organism, the quantity of sequence data available is limited. (unipv.it)
During the process in which an allele that is advantageous or detrimental and thus is a target of natural selection may sweep to fixation or be lost very rapidly in the population, variants that are selectively neutral, or nearly so, and lie in positions on the chromosome nearby a new mutation may hitchhike along with the mutation to fixation or loss. (biologyideas.com)

Considering an estimated 19% overlap in the transcriptomes of the two libraries, they represent about 9614 unique transcripts involved in a wide range of biological processes and molecular functions. (unipv.it)
Gestation is a period marked by the surge of many expectations in relation to the birth of the future child that pervade the biological plane, triggered by the slow transformation of the cell in a new human being and also in the psychological plane, influenced by the preparation process of the mother for the relationship with this new being, by the construction of the so called imaginary baby 1 . (bvsalud.org)
The combination of all the sex limited genes forms the biological basis of the sex identifying aspects of a personality. (crossdreamers.com)

The phenomenon of homosexuality is of uncertain cause and is not related to the determinants above of sex. (scopeheal.com)

Several studies in the field of psychology verified the pregnant women conception about the process of fetus personification, some of them even refer to the maternal influence in the developing fetus, since this one demonstrates to prefer the mother's voice before other people's voices 2,3 . (bvsalud.org)

If the sperm containing X and Y are produced in equal numbers, then, according to the simple possibility, one would expect the sex ratio at conception (fertilization) to be half of the boys and half of the girls, or eleven. (scopeheal.com)

True, "organizational" factors doubtless play a large role in the integrity of the hereditary process. (nih.gov)
In oysters, sex is determined partly by environment, but previous studies employing controlled crosses suggest that genetic factors are also important. (elsevierpure.com)

NIEHS research uses state-of-the-art science and technology to investigate the interplay between environmental exposures, human biology, genetics, and common diseases to help prevent disease and improve human health. (nih.gov)

The timing of sex function also varied, with significant genetic variation for dichogamy within environments and plasticity of this trait between environments. (syr.edu)
These sex difference genes can be dichotomous (which is a fancy word for an on/off switch) or they can be continuous, which large variation between two extremes. (crossdreamers.com)

A process by which parents with different alleles give rise to progeny with genotypes that differ from either parent. (biologyideas.com)

Anatomy8

Organisms13

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs13

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes27

Disciplines and Occupations3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Humanities2

Information Science3

Health Care3

Chromosomes27

Differentiation9

Gene16

Genes involved in sex determination1

Mechanisms11

Chromosomal sex determination1

Basis for sex3

Chromosome Dosage Compensation1

Ancestral sex1

Homogametic sex2

Disorders4

Evolution7

Differences6

Reversal2

Drosophila1

Gonadal2

SOX93

Hormones4

Epigenetics1

Genomic1

Mammalian2

Reptiles4

Development8

Humans3

Gonads1

Reproductive Genetics1

Embryo1

Hermaphrodites1

Evolutionary2

Pathway1

Species3

Genomics1

Transcription Factors1

Mutations3

Gonad2

Human genetics2

Basic genetics1

Molecular genetics1

Clinical2

Dosage1

Mammals1

Meiosis1

Population4

Biological3

Determinants1

Maternal1

Fertilization1

Factors2

Diseases1

Variation2

Different alleles1