Genetic genealogy haplotypes. Medical search. Frequent questions

To demonstrate skewing when assuming the modal haplotype is the original haplotype, let's say I went to a family reunion and talked very convincingly of the merits of DNA testing and about the project and five 2nd cousins signed up to take the test. (kerchner.com)

It is thought that identifying these statistical associations and a few alleles of a specific haplotype sequence can facilitate identifying all other such polymorphic sites that are nearby on the chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
so, unlike autosomal haplotypes, there is effectively not any randomisation of the Y-chromosome haplotype between generations. (wikipedia.org)
2010). Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: A paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan con- nections and the spread of Chadic languages. (scirp.org)
DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. (scirp.org)
DNA genealogy of major haplogroups of Y chromosome (Part 1). (scirp.org)
Mutation rate constants in DNA genealogy (Y chromosome). (scirp.org)
A chromosome is a structure found in the nucleus of a cell that contains genetic material. (familytreedna.com)
The Cohanim Modal Haplotype (CMH) is the Y-chromosome (paternal) profile most frequently found in men with an oral tradition of Cohen ancestry. (familytreedna.com)
It is a Y-chromosome DNA STR (Short Tandem Repeat) haplotype. (familytreedna.com)
With their platform, you can find living relatives, discover your genetic risk for various conditions, and view a chromosome browser to look at your DNA. (genomelink.io)
Using the y polymorphism DNA method, genetic markers are used on my y chromosome and on the y chromosome of my presumed cousin with the same surname in Belgium. (duerinck.com)
A genetic study carried out by BritainsDNA compared the Y chromosome markers - DNA inherited from father to son - of more than 3,500 men to six DNA patterns that are rarely found outside of Scandinavia and are associated with the Norse Vikings. (uniwelry.com)
The Malanis are characterized by a generally low Y-chromosome haplotype diversity. (bioone.org)
This test studies genetic markers found in the 22 chromosome pairs which contain DNA from both of your parents. (oakgrovegenealogy.com)
For basic use in genealogy the science is divided into two groups, mtDNA(mitochondrial)and Y-DNA(Y- chromosome). (usgwarchives.net)
Small chemical "markers"(alleles) on the chromosome form patterns(haplotypes-sort of like a barcode)which have been shown to distinguish one male line from another. (usgwarchives.net)
Dr. Scheet's lab has helped pioneer methods to more accurately distinguish these alterations using information on the order of inherited alleles on a chromosome, i.e. the haplotypes. (mdanderson.org)

Ancestral vs. Modal Haplotype. (kerchner.com)
Modal haplotype would be skewed by many participants from one descendant branch haplotype close to the project coordinator. (kerchner.com)
Note the different allele at DYS576 when using the modal haplotype instead of triangulation method. (kerchner.com)
Working with Y-STRs (and Y-SNPs) and the various types of tests and Y-DNA tools requires covering the topics of genetic distance , modal haplotypes, ancestral haplotypes and the Most Recent Common Ancestor . (griffis.org)
What does it mean that the report says you're in the "Western Modal Haplotype" or the R1b1a1b1* haplogroup? (creativefamilytree.com)
In 2006, Laoise T. Moore and the folks at Trinity College in Dublin published a paper famous for identifying the modal haplotype of Irish High King Niall of the Nine Hostages. (blogspot.com)
A modal haplotype is a ghost of a person. (blogspot.com)
There is no way to determine if the modal haplotype is the actual haplotype of the historic individual we are researching (short of historic samples). (blogspot.com)

The haploid genotype (haplotype) is a genotype that considers the singular chromosomes rather than the pairs of chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Microfluidic whole genome haplotyping is a technique for the physical separation of individual chromosomes from a metaphase cell followed by direct resolution of the haplotype for each allele. (wikipedia.org)
A network analysis indicates that two closely related haplotypes account for a large proportion of Malani Y chromosomes. (bioone.org)
At Washington, he developed a statistical model that captured features of the genealogy of chromosomes in a population. (mdanderson.org)
This means that a complete look at geographic ancestry would include not just a point estimate of spatial location, but an estimate of uncertainty that accounts for the partially correlated genealogies of recombining chromosomes. (elifesciences.org)

Genetic distance can also be calculated using Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by comparing the time distance between different haplogroup branches. (griffis.org)
Haplotypes are the unique composition of single nucleotide polymorphisms that we inherit as large fragments from our parents. (blogspot.com)
Using ~20,000 individuals in the Generation Scotland family cohort genotyped for ~700,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we exploit the high levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD) found in members of the same family to quantify the total effect of genetic variants that are not tagged in GWAS of unrelated individuals. (nature.com)
We test whether genetic variants not in LD with genotyped single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (including rare variants, copy number variants (CNVs) and structural variants) make a contribution to intelligence and personality differences using two separate methods. (nature.com)

In genetic genealogy, the ancestral haplotype is the set of marker values of your ancestor. (familytreedna.com)

An allele is a genetic variant at a specific point, locus , in our genetic code. (familytreedna.com)
Following data filtering and quality checks to remove missing data, 220 sequences were retained and analysed for the allele frequency spectrum, genetic diversity both within the host and between populations and signatures of selection. (biomedcentral.com)
Studied the accuracy of the ancestral allele of the investigated STR loci from a sample of haplotypes from the final population. (familytreedna.com)
Pedigree-based estimates and molecular genetic estimates may differ because current genotyping platforms are poor at tagging causal variants, variants with low minor allele frequency, copy number variants, and structural variants. (nature.com)

GENETICS AND GENEALOGY: Y Polymorphism and mtDNA Analyses", by Kevin F. Duerinck, Esq. (duerinck.com)
If you're interested in DNA, Native American History, or genetic genealogy, then you're undoubtedly heard of a new paper from PLoS ONE called " The Phylogeny of the Four Pan-American mtDNA Haplogroups: Implications for Evolutionary and Disease Studies . (thegeneticgenealogist.com)
In this laboratory-teaching unit, students use their own DNA to place themselves in the humans of the world mtDNA phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1 ) and to deduce and find the geographic origin of their maternal lineage and to estimate population genetic parameters. (biomedcentral.com)
World cladogram built with complete mtDNA of known haplotypes (for color see online version). (biomedcentral.com)
Students and professors that were successfully assigned to haplotypes (70% of sequences clustered to a known haplotype with a posterior probability higher than 65%) are plotted as dots on tips corresponding to their mtDNA haplotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
As mtDNA changes very slowly[and is only extended in the maternal line]it is best for deep genetic studies. (usgwarchives.net)
Since surnames change in our maternal lines with each marriage, mtDNA is not a great tool for genealogy research. (usgwarchives.net)

The term 'haplogroup' refers to the SNP/unique-event polymorphism (UEP) mutations that represent the clade to which a collection of particular human haplotypes belong. (wikipedia.org)
In genetic genealogy, two types of mutations are relevant: STR and SNP (pronounced snip). (uniwelry.com)
Through normal mutations, haplotypes can change over time to appear similar or identical to other haplotypes. (blogspot.com)

A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent. (wikipedia.org)
An organism's genotype may not define its haplotype uniquely. (wikipedia.org)

In genetic genealogy, this most often refers to the part of the mitochondrial genome that contains genes. (familytreedna.com)
GEDmatch Genesis is a platform which allows users to research their own genome using a number of tools for genealogy research. (genomelink.io)
More seriously, a DNA test is a powerful method of examining your genome (your complete set of genetic instructions) at specific locations. (oakgrovegenealogy.com)
Firstly, using a recently developed analytic design for combined pedigree and genome-wide molecular genetic data, we test whether rare genetic variants, CNVs, and structural variants make an additional contribution to the genetic variance in intelligence, neuroticism, and extraversion. (nature.com)
In natural populations, local mate selection and dispersal create correlations between geographic location and genetic variation - each individual's genome is a mosaic of material inherited from recent ancestors that are usually geographically nearby. (elifesciences.org)
Genotypic characterization and genome comparison reveal insights into potential vaccine coverage and genealogy of Neisseria meningitidis in military camps in Vietnam. (cdc.gov)

Written by CeCe Moore, an investigative genetic genealogist and television consultant. (yourgeneticgenealogist.com)
The Genetic Genealogist examines the intersection of traditional genealogical techniques and modern genetic research. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)
Well-known genetic genealogist Bonnie Schrack is listed among the authors of this groundbreaking paper, which was published in the American Journal of Human Genetics on Thursday. (yourgeneticgenealogist.com)
Fore example, here's what Blaine Bettinger on The Genetic Genealogist says about accusations of scam [ Another Questionable Article About Genetic Genealogy ]. (blogspot.com)
The Genetic Genealogist responds to the CBC segment. (blogspot.com)
Blain Bettinger, the Genetic Genealogist, points this out to us. (blogspot.com)

marker deviation of the overall population genetic differentiation. (unizg.hr)
Aims Based on the ITS sequences, we aimed to analyze the spatial genetic structure, genealogy relationship, and species differentiation of the Amygdalus ledebouriana, A. mongolica, A. pedunculata, A. tangutica in China, and provide data for the future studies on the four species' genetics and evolution. (plant-ecology.com)
The genetic diversity in KLNP was low and exhibited a higher degree of genetic differentiation compared with major Indian populations. (nature.com)

For a given individual, there are nine possible configurations (haplotypes) at these two loci (shown in the Punnett square below). (wikipedia.org)
For individuals heterozygous at both loci, the gametic phase is ambiguous - in these cases, you do not know which haplotype you have, e.g. (wikipedia.org)

Haplotype network analyses of sequences from 2 P. knowlesi genes, type A small subunit ribosomal 18S RNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, showed 2 genetically distinct divergent clusters, 1 from each of the 2 regions of Malaysia. (cdc.gov)

By simple DNA testing methods and the comparison of results, we can determine if individuals may be genetic cousins and share a common ancestor. (smgf.org)
A haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single-nucleotide polymorphism mutation. (wikipedia.org)

STRs define your haplotype. (uniwelry.com)
Target the core autosomal and Y-STRs with the ForenSeq MainstAY Product Line, the most accessible way to generate highly discriminating data for mainstream casework and forensic genetic genealogy confirmatory testing. (qiagen.com)
The genetic profile generated by ForenSeq MainstAY enables casework searches with Au-STRs as well as haplotype searches with a Y-STR database. (qiagen.com)
The Y-STRs produce a haplotype profile from male DNA which makes them extremely useful when working with male/female mixtures. (qiagen.com)
One of the many very exciting aspects of this discovery for genealogists is that the scientists were able to compare the values of six of the Y-STRs commonly tested for genealogical DNA tests from "Mr. A00 Perry's" results to a database at an academic institution to determine that this haplotype is similar to 11 samples from Mbo individuals, a Bantu speaking population from western Cameroon. (yourgeneticgenealogist.com)

Seven thousand five hundred fifty-six (7556) haplotypes of 46 subclades in 17 major haplogroups were considered in terms of their base (ancestral) haplotypes and timespans to their common ancestors, for the purposes of designing of time-balanced haplogroup tree. (scirp.org)

Unlike the Y DNA tree, which is literally defined and constructed by the genetic community, new mitochondrial DNA branches cannot be added to the official mitochondrial Phylotree by Family Tree DNA . (dna-explained.com)
If you recall, back in July of 2012, which is equivalent to the genetic dark ages (I know, right), the Y tree was also represented with the same type of letter number terminology used on the mitochondrial tree today. (dna-explained.com)
Instead, these tests mostly focus identifying haplotypes in the mitochondrial DNA which we inherit from our maternal lineage and, if we are male, our Y chromosomal DNA. (blogspot.com)

The transmission intensity and rates of recombination within and between populations influence the extent of its genetic diversity. (biomedcentral.com)
Understanding the extent and dynamics of PfCSP genetic diversity in different transmission settings will help to interpret the results of current RTS,S efficacy and Phase IV implementation trials conducted within and between populations in malaria-endemic areas such as Ghana. (biomedcentral.com)
The low frequencies of the Pfcsp vaccine haplotype in the analysed populations indicate a need for additional molecular and immuno-epidemiological studies with broader temporal and geographic sampling in endemic populations targeted for RTS,S application. (biomedcentral.com)
We found that Malanis have lost some genetic variability compared with the present-day cosmopolitan caste populations and highly mobile pastoral cultures of India. (bioone.org)
The species' activity was strongly associated with artificial water sources, and genetic samples from six captured individuals revealed that the populations of Pipistrellus maderensis in Porto Santo and Madeira have a close phylogenetic affinity. (copernicus.org)
Marks and Small, these genetic ancestry tests don't isolate specific genes in populations. (blogspot.com)
Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and among populations , and is a part of evolutionary biology . (654.pl)

Journal of Genetic Genealogy, 5, 186-216. (scirp.org)
Journal of Genetic Genealogy, 5, 217-256. (scirp.org)

Any autosomal match between you and newly found cousins (shown on your results) indicates a possible genetic connection. (oakgrovegenealogy.com)

2011). Paternal lineages signal distinct genetic contributions from British Loyalists and continental Africans among different Bahamian islands. (scirp.org)

In order to understand what genetic markers may help us find out if one has Viking ancestry, we are to delve into some theory and terminology. (uniwelry.com)
This is where the genetic genealogy community can really help, by vetting the rare markers in samples with known phylogenetic positions. (yourgeneticgenealogist.com)
Your results are compared to others in the database who have similar lineage and ethnic patterns, then a comprehensive analysis will be run that identifies thousands of genetic markers. (oakgrovegenealogy.com)

The slowest 22 marker haplotype panel (out of the 67 marker panel) and their mutation rate constants employed for calculations timespans to the most ancient common ancestors. (scirp.org)
This part of the story focuses on the analysis of Y-STR test results to possibly locate genetic ancestors. (griffis.org)
CDCB & HA-USA Genetic Evaluations 04/2023 Genealogy for Manuel Barbosa de Faria (b. - 1689) family tree on Geni, with over 230 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. (sauerland-alm.de)

Get tens of millions of additional genetic variations from your file and use DNA Land Compass to search for specific SNPs The Team We are scientists who were trained at MIT, NYU, and Tel Aviv University. (netlify.app)
In our models, genetic variants in low LD with genotyped SNPs explain over half of the genetic variance in intelligence, education, and neuroticism. (nature.com)
We then replicated our finding using imputed molecular genetic data from unrelated individuals to show that ~50% of differences in intelligence, and ~40% of the differences in education, can be explained by genetic effects when a larger number of rare SNPs are included. (nature.com)

Given the genotypes for a number of individuals, the haplotypes can be inferred by haplotype resolution or haplotype phasing techniques. (wikipedia.org)
This model approximated important features of the established "coalescent" model but allowed for computationally efficient inference of important features, such as haplotypes and missing genotypes from panels of reference data. (mdanderson.org)

The phylogenies of haplogroups A2, B2, C1, and D1 reveal a large number of sub-haplogroups but suggest that the ancestral Beringian population(s) contributed only six (successful) founder haplotypes to these haplogroups. (thegeneticgenealogist.com)

In genetic genealogy, the most recent common ancestor ( tMRCA ) of any set of individuals is the most recent individual from which all the people in the group are directly descended. (griffis.org)

There are seven highlighted UME clusters in descendant branches shown in this example with haplotypes sorted by birth order or Henry Number. (kerchner.com)

Pedigree-based analyses of intelligence have reported that genetic differences account for 50-80% of the phenotypic variation. (nature.com)

These methods work by applying the observation that certain haplotypes are common in certain genomic regions. (wikipedia.org)

What sets population genetics apart from newer, more phenotypic approaches to modelling evolution, such as evolutionary game theory and adaptive dynamics , is its emphasis on such genetic phenomena as dominance , epistasis , the degree to which genetic recombination breaks linkage disequilibrium , and the random phenomena of mutation and genetic drift . (654.pl)

The results from an atDNA test provide you with matches to your genetic cousins for about five or six generations back. (oakgrovegenealogy.com)
If anything, a male offspring may be able to connect with genetic cousins, even if he is unable to trace his father. (blogspot.com)

Discover the fascinating world of genetic genealogy! (yourgeneticgenealogist.com)
Once again Maurice provided a fabulous programme for us with a good mix of speakers from both academia and the world of genetic genealogy. (blogspot.com)

Without three independent branches of descent and the triangulation method I would come to wrong conclusions as to the ancestor's original haplotype in this demonstration surname project table. (kerchner.com)

Extensive genetic diversity in the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) is a major contributing factor to the moderate efficacy of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine. (biomedcentral.com)

Thousands of people have been able to extend their family trees across generations, continents and cultures through the power of Molecular Genealogy and through tools developed by SMGF. (smgf.org)
SMGF is actively engaged in Y-DNA research and Y-DNA results and genealogies. (smgf.org)
Another thing I might mention is that our African American project members are a far closer match to the Bangwa people, whose haplotypes are found in the SMGF database . (yourgeneticgenealogist.com)

Introduce, discuss, compare and apply molecular, statistical and computational methods for the analysis of genetic diversity which are most often used in population genetics, molecular ecology, spatial genetics, phylogenetics, biology conservation and epigenetic researches. (unizg.hr)
To complement interests in large-scale genetic data and population genetics, he pursued studies in Statistics, with a master's (Iowa, 2000) and Ph.D. (Washington, 2006), followed by a postdoctoral fellowship at Univ. (mdanderson.org)
The two topics I chose were Ellis Island (because my great-grandparents arrived there in 1909 and 1912) and Genetic Genealogy (because of course I'm a genetics nerd, so I had to throw a plug to my favorite subject! (blogspot.com)

However, it is possible to estimate the probability of a particular haplotype when phase is ambiguous using a sample of individuals. (wikipedia.org)
The more STR's sampled and compared, the more reliable is the estimate of genetic distance. (griffis.org)
However, molecular genetic studies using unrelated individuals typically report a heritability estimate of around 30% for intelligence and between 0 and 15% for personality variables. (nature.com)

By capturing these additional genetic effects our models closely approximate the heritability estimates from twin studies for intelligence and education, but not for neuroticism and extraversion. (nature.com)
Most organisms are more closely related to nearby than distant members of their species, creating spatial autocorrelations in genetic data. (elifesciences.org)

The ancestral signature is the oldest known or suspected haplotype for a lineage. (familytreedna.com)
Genealogy's latest tool has its limitations In genealogy we are always looking for ways to extend our lineage into the past. (usgwarchives.net)

Their finding has major implications for population genetic studies on Jews , because most major claims in that field, including those on origin of priestly families, came from Hammer and colleagues. (homolog.us)
The population structure revealed by multidimensional scaling analysis of standard genetic distances lends support to the AMOVA. (bioone.org)
Population genetic models are used both for statistical inference from DNA sequence data and for proof/disproof of concept. (654.pl)

23andMe does offer DNA testing, as well as reports on your ancestry, genetic traits, and other genetic insights. (genomelink.io)
Why not start with Genetic Genealogy and learn about how to research your genetic ancestry. (searchmytree.com)

Generate reliable Y-STR haplotype frequency estimates for Y-STR haplotypes to be used in the quantitative assessment of matches in forensic and kinship casework. (netlify.app)

Honestly, the Statistical Accounts of Scotland for genealogy information are amazing sources. (creativefamilytree.com)

A number of genetic studies argue that all humans are related genealogically to each other over what can be considered as surprisingly short time scales. (griffis.org)

Genetic drift and limited gene flow leading to reduced genetic diversity were important in determining the present genetic structure of the highly endogamous Malana village. (bioone.org)
Species diversity can be inferred using multiple data types, however, results based on genetic data can be at odds with patterns of phenotypic variation. (mdpi.com)

General intelligence has been found to be heritable, with twin and family studies estimating that 50 to 80% [ 5 ] of phenotypic variance is due to additive genetic factors, a proportion that increases with age from childhood to adulthood [ 6 ]. (nature.com)

Molecular Genealogy (also called "Genetic Genealogy") is the application of DNA to traditional genealogical research. (smgf.org)
The idea of a genealogical common ancestor resists attempts to demonstrate its existence with a genetic, DNA equivalent. (griffis.org)
It reminds us that genetic and genealogical relationships are different from each other. (griffis.org)
So anyways, this afternoon I've been working on the Genetic Genealogy brochure and I thought that in the past there's been a bit of discussion about the pros and cons of genealogical DNA tests for donor conceived adults, but I have not discussed the topic in-depth, until now! (blogspot.com)

Speciation may occur in any geographical context, but is thought to be more common in allopatry, where mutation and random genetic drift might suffice. (africandivingltd.com)

If you get a genetic test through 23andMe, you will be able to download a DNA file which is compatible with GEDmatch. (genomelink.io)

He also commented on the role that he envisions for our citizen scientists within the genetic genealogy community in partnership with Geno 2.0. (yourgeneticgenealogist.com)

It also lets you download your raw DNA data, which you can then upload into GEDmatch's site to gain additional information about your unique genetic makeup. (genomelink.io)
Genetic distance is based on the analysis of STR data, is the result of calculating the number of mutation events which have occurred between two or more individuals in their respective haplotypes . (griffis.org)
Did Trinity get Niall's haplotype correct with the limited data they had at the time? (blogspot.com)
Re-evaluating the Uí Néill data also shows that Trinity was correct in their identification of a 17-marker Uí Néill haplotype. (blogspot.com)
New data and new techniques allow us to produce a 67-marker haplotype. (blogspot.com)

As special as either of 'these recent individuals' are within our genealogy, it is very likely that most living people have inherited no DNA from these individuals at all. (griffis.org)

In this post, I'm going to do a review of the book, Forensic Genealogy, by Colleen Fitzpatrick, Ph.D., published in 2005 by Rice Book Press. (creativefamilytree.com)

The minimum genetic distance among the four almond species is greater than the maximum genetic distance within species, and there are significant genetic differentiations among species. (plant-ecology.com)

It's very common for those conducting genetic research for themselves or their families to consult multiple sources of genetic information. (genomelink.io)
Research on the Uí Néill haplotype started with a geographical selection and then a subsequent reduction by sept surnames (Moore et al 2006). (blogspot.com)
SearchMyTree.com How to research your genealogy, genetic genealogy and family history with sources and databases. (searchmytree.com)

Clade here refers to a set of haplotypes sharing a common ancestor. (wikipedia.org)

This paradox, that cognitive ability and personality appear to be under selective pressure yet retain heritable variation, could be resolved if rare variants, which are less amenable to selection, are found to play a major role in the genetic contribution to variance in these traits. (nature.com)

The most recent common ancestor of a group of men and the most common ancestor of man are concepts used in genetic genealogy. (griffis.org)
genetic distance based on the most recent common ancestor. (griffis.org)

For personality traits these effects are smaller, with 34-48% of the variance being explained by genetic differences. (nature.com)

Important findings The total length of the ITS1-ITS4 fragment after corrected alignment was 634 bp, 27 nucleotide variants detected, and a total of 28 haplotypes were identified. (plant-ecology.com)
From an evolutionary genetic perspective, a substantial contribution of rare genetic variants to individual differences in intelligence, and education is consistent with mutation-selection balance. (nature.com)
Twelve AVR-Pib haplotypes encoding three novel AVR-Pib variants were identified among the remaining 90 isolates. (researchsquare.com)

Anatomy2

Organisms3

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs19

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment17

Phenomena and Processes53

Disciplines and Occupations5

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena4

Humanities1

Information Science10

Named Groups3

Health Care15

Geographicals10

Assuming the modal haplotype1

Chromosome17

Modal8

Chromosomes5

Single-nucleotide po4

Ancestral haplotype1

Allele4

MtDNA7

Mutations3

Genotype2

Genome6

Genealogist6

Differentiation3

Loci2

Sequences1

Share a common ancestor2

STRs5

Haplogroup1

Mitochondrial3

Populations7

Journal of Genetic Genealogy2

Autosomal1

Lineages1

Markers3

Ancestors3

SNPs3

Genotypes2

Haplogroups1

TMRCA1

Descendant1

Analyses1

Genomic1

Recombination1

Cousins2

World of genetic genealogy2

Surname project1

Vaccine1

SMGF3

Genetics3

Estimate3

Closely2

Lineage2

Population3

Ancestry2

Frequency1

Statistical1

Humans1

Diversity2

Proportion1

Genealogical4

Drift1

Test1

Citizen scientists1

Data5

Individuals1

Forensic1

Species1

Research3

Refers1

Variation1

Common2

Traits1

Variants3