• We investigate PAR1 evolution using population genomic datasets of extant humans, eight populations of great apes, and two archaic human genome sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent progress in genome assembly of the sex chromosomes and the availability of population genomic datasets have now made it possible to study divergence and diversity processes of this important region in detail. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Consequently, PAR1 of humans and great apes is a small genomic region evolving under a concentration of strong population genetic forces. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The simplified and known genetic background of captive mouse populations such as the Collaborative Cross, BXD recombinant inbred strain panel, the Diversity Outbred population, and collections of diverse inbred strains render them uniquely powerful resources for studying the mechanisms of short-term genome evolution and genomic inheritance. (jax.org)
  • With the broad goal of elevating the profile of wild mice in biomedical research, my group is pursuing population genomic investigations in wild mice to understand the natural evolutionary forces that shape variation in wild mouse populations. (jax.org)
  • Evolutionary genetics is at an exciting crossroads due to the growing ability to functionally characterize non-coding regions enabled by high-throughput genomic technologies. (harvard.edu)
  • This is the first time anyone has sequenced the whole genomes of SD chromosomes and therefore been able to make inferences about both the history and the genomic consequences of being a supergene," Presgraves says. (eurekalert.org)
  • We use a combination of in silico approaches and DNA sequencing and SNP analysis to study evolutionary processes at the sequence, genomic, expression and proteomic levels. (uu.se)
  • Examples of areas in focus for our research include the genomic landscape of species differentiation, the role of evolutionary processes (like recombination) and genomic features (like methylation) on molecular evolution and the evolution of base composition, sex chromosome evolution and conservation genetics. (uu.se)
  • We examined different methods for accessing genetic diversity and estimating genetic diversity parameters at the genomic level. (scirp.org)
  • 2010. Probing the meiotic mechanism of intergenomic exchanges by genomic in situ hybridization on lampbrush chromosomes of unisexual Ambystoma (Amphibia: Caudata). (uoguelph.ca)
  • Using comparative, evolutionary and functional genomic approaches, we profiled genome-wide allelic imbalance in mammalian placental samples including marsupials, mouse, cattle, dog and interspecific equid hybrids (mules and hinnies), and characterized different forms of X chromosome inactivation and their epigenetic regulation in the placenta. (xuwang.us)
  • In collaboration with Canine Performance Sciences Program at Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine (AUCVM-CPS), we are working on the genetic enhancement of detection dogs using genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, metabolic and metagenomic approaches. (xuwang.us)
  • Moreover, as the first gapless genome assembly in the genus Saccharomycopsis including members with desirable traits for bioconversion, the unique genomic features of S. fibuligera and its hybrid will provide in-depth insights into fungal genome dynamics as evolutionary adaptation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We combine genomic, evolutionary and ecological studies to ask and answer questions about the distribution, diversification and conservation of biodiversity within and among species, and in particular how these patterns and processes are affected by the interaction between plants and insects. (lu.se)
  • Although some scientists expected to find at least 100,000 genes coding for proteins, only about 30,000-35,000 of such genes appear to be in the human genome. (learner.org)
  • In regards to alternative splicing patterns, as the following paper states, "A major question in vertebrate evolutionary biology is "how do physical and behavioral differences arise if we have a very similar set of genes to that of the mouse, chicken, or frog? (uncommondescent.com)
  • Ruth Williams - December 20, 2012 Excerpt: A major question in vertebrate evolutionary biology is "how do physical and behavioral differences arise if we have a very similar set of genes to that of the mouse, chicken, or frog? (uncommondescent.com)
  • and "As many as 100,000 distinct isoform transcripts could be produced from the 20,000 human protein-coding genes (Pan et al. (uncommondescent.com)
  • It is thought that this is due to species differences in the organization of the Y chromosome, differences in the set of genes escaping X-inactivation, and the presence of species/lineage specific sex-linked genes with functions in development and reproduction. (pacb.com)
  • Autosomes can be described as the non-sex chromosomes that play diverse roles in the human body like harboring genes for the body's metabolism, functioning, and growth. (biologyonline.com)
  • Understanding the role and significance of autosomes in human genetics is crucial for uncovering the complex interplay of genes, their expression, and their impact on health and disease. (biologyonline.com)
  • Aberrations in autosomal genes can give rise to a wide range of genetic disorders. (biologyonline.com)
  • The team identified 1,215 blocks of genes that consistently occur on the same chromosome in the same order across all 32 genomes. (bionity.com)
  • The scientists found nine whole chromosomes, or chromosome fragments in the mammal ancestor whose order of genes is the same in modern birds' chromosomes. (bionity.com)
  • This remarkable finding shows the evolutionary stability of the order and orientation of genes on chromosomes over an extended evolutionary timeframe of more than 320 million years," Lewin says. (bionity.com)
  • Fruit flies share about 70 percent of the same genes that cause human diseases, and because they have such short reproductive cycles-less than two weeks-scientists are able to create generations of the flies in a relatively short amount of time. (eurekalert.org)
  • Because it has evolved into what researchers refer to as a "supergene"-a cluster of selfish genes on the same chromosome that are inherited together. (eurekalert.org)
  • The long-term undifferentiation of molluscan sex chromosomes is potentially sustained by the unexpected intertwined regulation of reversible sex-biased genes, together with the lack of sexual dimorphism and occasional sex chromosome turnover. (nature.com)
  • The pleiotropic constraint of regulation of reversible sex-biased genes is widely present in ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes and might be resolved in heteromorphic sex chromosomes through gene duplication followed by subfunctionalization. (nature.com)
  • The evolutionary dynamics of sex chromosomes suggest a mechanism for 'inheritance' turnover of sex-determining genes that is mediated by translocation of a sex-determining enhancer. (nature.com)
  • For example, less than 2% of human DNA consists of protein-coding genes. (faithfulscience.com)
  • The Human Genome Project , completed in 2003, succeeded in sequencing most of our protein-coding genes, but it didn't even attempt to sequence the remaining 98% of our DNA. (faithfulscience.com)
  • The ongoing ENCODE Project aims to "build a comprehensive parts list of functional elements in the human genome," including not only protein-coding genes but also "regulatory elements that control cells and circumstances in which a gene is active. (faithfulscience.com)
  • Transposable elements ("jumping genes") and other mobile genetic elements (DNA segments that can move around) constitute nearly 50% of the human genome, according to some estimates. (faithfulscience.com)
  • Through her maize mutation experiments, McClintock observed transposons, or mobile elements of genes within the chromosome, which jump around the genome. (asu.edu)
  • Transposable elements, sometimes called transposons or jumping genes, are pieces of the chromosome capable of physically changing positions along the chromosome. (asu.edu)
  • In addition, the potential for these genes to perform various cognitive roles during human brain evolutionary processes is discussed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The pufferfish (genus Fugu ) provided an ideal candidate for the first fish genome study, having much the same set of genes observed in mammals, but in a package eight times smaller than the human genome. (brainkart.com)
  • The few genes that are retained may allow evolutionary innovations. (brainkart.com)
  • More was the discovery of genes and the growth of genetic research. (understandingrace.org)
  • We used comparative genomics of the family Chlamydiaceae to select conserved housekeeping genes for C. trachomatis multilocus sequencing, characterizing 19 reference and 68 clinical isolates from 6 continental/subcontinental regions. (cdc.gov)
  • Ohno [ 1 ] theorized that newly duplicated genes were freed from the constraints of natural selection, implicating a dominant role of genetic drift in their early evolutionary dynamics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • I investigate gene flow in natural populations of frogs and salamanders, gene probing to determine the location of unique sequences and moderately repeated sequence genes on lampbrush and mitotic chromosomes, morphological attributes o f the vocal apparatus in frogs that may alter the acoustic signal, and the function of major rivers in the tropics as barriers to gene flow. (uoguelph.ca)
  • In female eutherian mammals, dosage compensation of X-linked genes between the two sexes (XX & XY) is achieved by random XCI in adult somatic tissues. (xuwang.us)
  • Our study provides an unprecedented quantification of population genetic forces governing PAR1 biology across extant and extinct hominids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They hold a vast repository of genetic information that governs various aspects of human biology. (biologyonline.com)
  • Biologists at the University of Rochester, including Amanda Larracuente, an associate professor of biology, and Daven Presgraves , a University Dean's Professor of Biology, have for the first time used population genomics to shed light on the evolution and consequences of a selfish genetic element known as Segregation Distorter ( SD ). (eurekalert.org)
  • Model organisms such as yeast, fruit flies, and worms have advanced the study of genomics, eukaryotic biology, and evolution. (cshlpress.com)
  • Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) is a non-profit research institution that specializes in cancer, neuroscience, plant biology, quantitative biology, and genomics. (asu.edu)
  • Five years later, R.A. Fisher's work combined genetic research with evolutionary biology, but it wasn't until 1944 that scientists Oswald Theodore Avery, Colin McLeod and Maclyn McCarty were able to isolate DNA as human genetic material. (understandingrace.org)
  • Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology, Four Volume Set is the definitive go-to reference in the field of evolutionary biology. (elsevier.com)
  • While all entries are authoritative and valuable to those with advanced understanding of evolutionary biology, they are also intended to be accessible to both advanced undergraduate and graduate students. (elsevier.com)
  • Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology is directed to university, research and medical libraries as well as governmental agencies and corporations. (elsevier.com)
  • Your degree and research area is bespoke to you, however, our supervisors can provide projects in many areas of current interest in genetics and genomics, ranging from fundamental questions in cell biology to variation and disease in humans. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • The principles of biology with particular reference to the human body (anatomy and physiology). (ubc.ca)
  • BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 238 (doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-238). (uoguelph.ca)
  • These regions harbor largely unexplored variation of unknown consequence, and their absence from the current reference genome can lead to experimental artifacts and hide true variants when re-sequencing additional human genomes. (pacb.com)
  • Here, we profile eight genomes of the bivalve mollusc family of Pectinidae in a phylogenetic context and show 350 million years sex-chromosome homomorphy, which is the oldest known sex-chromosome homomorphy in the animal kingdom, far exceeding the ages of well-known heteromorphic sex chromosomes such as 130-200 million years in mammals, birds and flies. (nature.com)
  • In this review, we examine the diversity and peculiarities of cytoplasmically inherited genomes, and the broad evolutionary consequences that non-Mendelian inheritance brings. (nature.com)
  • Fish genomes include 21 to 100+chromosomes in the nuclear genome (nDNA) with two copies of every gene in most (diploid) species. (brainkart.com)
  • Despite this conservation of chromosome number, overall genome sizes can differ by more than two orders of magnitude, with the lungfish having the largest fish genome (81.6 pg of DNA in a set of chromosomes), the bichir having the largest actinopterygian (ray-finned fish) genome (5.85 pg), and the tetraodontiforms (such as pufferfish) having the smallest genomes (0.35 pg (Table 17.1), compared to 3.4 pg in the human genome. (brainkart.com)
  • Here we announce Bat1K, an initiative to sequence the genomes of all living bat species (n1,300) to chromosome-level assembly. (deepdyve.com)
  • In this talk I will discuss comparative organization and function of animal sex chromosomes and related phenotypes proceeding from our research in horses. (pacb.com)
  • For several reasons, however, comparative genomics is not as straightforward as simply counting the number of base pairs that differ. (faithfulscience.com)
  • We use a combination of genetic mapping, population genetics and comparative genomics approaches to study the speciation process, genetics of adaptation and patterns of genome evolution, primarily using birds and butterflies as study organisms. (uu.se)
  • Comparative genetic mapping of related taxa with good phylogenetic resolution can delineate the extent of sex chromosome diversity within plant groups, and lead the way to understanding the evolutionary drivers of such diversity. (arborbiosci.com)
  • Despite their fundamental significance for chromosome transmission and genome stability, little is known about the levels and patterns of genetic diversity across centromeres and the PAR, or the biological impacts of this variation. (jax.org)
  • As a consequence of their unique historical origins, the genetic diversity captured in laboratory mice represents an extremely limited sample of the diversity found in wild mouse populations. (jax.org)
  • In a paper published in the journal eLife , the researchers report that SD has caused dramatic changes in chromosome organization and genetic diversity. (eurekalert.org)
  • In this review, we describe the diversity of inheritance systems of CIEs, and highlight the evolutionary consequences that these inheritance systems bring to cellular, organismal and population dynamics (Fig. 1 ). (nature.com)
  • Since the beginning of this century, the loss of genetic diversity within this species has been a major concern as this could have serious consequences on the ability of this species to respond to future production constraints. (scirp.org)
  • Genetic diversity has traditionally been accessed from pedigree, however, with the advances in molecular genetics new opportunities have emerged. (scirp.org)
  • Sustaining genetic diversity also offers indemnification against climate change, disease, changing availability of feedstuffs, social change, selection errors, and unexpected catastrophic events such as the Chernobyl where many local breeds' diversity became threatened [11]. (scirp.org)
  • As stated by [16], the conservation of genetic diversity is, however, a form of guarantee against possible unexpected environmental conditions because it is a means of maintaining potential adaptation abilities. (scirp.org)
  • Scientists studying patterns il human genetic variation have observed the greatest amount of human genetic diversity in African populations. (understandingrace.org)
  • With their extraordinary diversity in sexual systems, flowering plants offer unparalleled opportunities to understand sex determination and to reveal generalities in the evolution of sex chromosomes. (arborbiosci.com)
  • An introduction to the unity, diversity, and evolutionary history of invertebrates. (ubc.ca)
  • Additionally, amphibians demonstrate a great diversity in the rates of chromosome evolution which is useful in examining the role that chromosomes play in speciation. (uoguelph.ca)
  • They account for more than 20 of all living mammalian diversity, and their crown-group evolutionary history dates back to the Eocene. (deepdyve.com)
  • I am a diversity and speciation researcher with evolutionary genomics and biogeography expertise and a background in evolutionary ecology. (lu.se)
  • PAR1 has a crucial role in ensuring proper segregation of sex chromosomes during male meiosis, exposing it to extreme recombination and mutation processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PAR1 evolutionary dynamics are predominantly governed by recombination processes with a strong impact on mutation patterns across all species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sequence evolution of the pseudoautosomal region after the split between the avian and mammalian lineages, and leading up to extant mammalian species, involved the formation of several evolutionary strata mediated by recombination suppression between the sex chromosomes [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Intergenerational DNA transmission is shaped by the fundamental processes of chromosome segregation, recombination, and de novo mutation. (jax.org)
  • The PAR is a region of conserved sequence identity between the X and Y chromosomes over which the meiotic program of pairing, synapsis, and recombination unfolds to ensure correct sex chromosome segregation. (jax.org)
  • My research aims to understand the causes and consequences of variation in the mechanisms that govern DNA inheritance: chromosome segregation, recombination, and de novo mutation. (jax.org)
  • My PhD work combined phylogenetic, cytogenetic, and quantitative methods to address the genetic and evolutionary causes of species differences in recombination rate. (jax.org)
  • Why Sex and Recombination? (cshlpress.com)
  • Scientists have long recognized that the exchange of genetic material by crossing over-known as recombination-is vital because it empowers natural selection to eliminate deleterious mutations and enable the spread of beneficial mutations. (eurekalert.org)
  • The selfish genetic element gains a short-term transmission advantage by shutting down recombination to ensure it gets passed on to all of its offspring. (eurekalert.org)
  • But SD is not forward-looking: preventing recombination has led to SD accumulating many more deleterious mutations compared to normal chromosomes. (eurekalert.org)
  • Without recombination, natural selection can't purge deleterious mutations effectively, so they can accumulate on SD chromosomes," Larracuente says. (eurekalert.org)
  • The lack of recombination may also lead to SD' s evolutionary downfall, Presgraves says. (eurekalert.org)
  • Due to their lack of recombination, SD chromosomes have begun to show signs of evolutionary degeneration. (eurekalert.org)
  • Advantages of MLST include its precision, allowing simple interlaboratory comparisons, good discrimination between strains, and buffering against the distorting effect of recombination on genetic relatedness. (cdc.gov)
  • By detecting the evolutionary trajectories of W-linked sequences, we have found that recombination suppression started in four distinct strata, of which three were conserved across Neognathae. (bvsalud.org)
  • The importance of pseudoautosomal regions is evident in the association of PAR1-specific mutations with various phenotypic consequences in humans. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mutations that disrupt centromere integrity or reduce homology between X- and Y-linked PARs can lead to chromosome segregation errors and constitute important genetic mechanisms for cancer, cellular senescence, and infertility. (jax.org)
  • It is a common knowledge that sex chromosome mutations are better tolerated and more viable compared to changes in autosomes. (pacb.com)
  • Selfish genetic elements can wreak havoc by, for instance, distorting sex ratios, impairing fertility, causing harmful mutations, and even potentially causing population extinction. (eurekalert.org)
  • McClintock's research focused on reproduction and mutations in maize, and described the phenomenon of genetic crossover in chromosomes. (asu.edu)
  • Ohno (1970) proposed that gene duplication is essential for major evolutionary innovations in vertebrates, as opposed to the single nucleotide mutations that can distinguish populations and species. (brainkart.com)
  • For another example, the genome of an organism with polyploidy (extra copies of a chromosome resulting from a duplication mutation ) may have a greater number of base pairs in common with another polyploid species than it has with non-polyploid members of its own species. (faithfulscience.com)
  • Population genetics studies the genetic variation that exists in wild populations, and the forces, such as selection, mutation and genetic drift, that shape this variation. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • In plants, the most dramatic form of mutation is polyploidization, the duplication of the chromosome set. (lu.se)
  • The research projects aim to advance methods in microbiological ecology and map the development of sex chromosomes. (lu.se)
  • Current knowledge about the species differences in sex chromosome organization and function is limited, this despite the availability of reference genome assemblies for most domestic species. (pacb.com)
  • Daish, T. & Grützner, F. Evolution and meiotic organization of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • It reviews the latest advances in research into evolution, focusing on the molecular bases for evolutionary change. (cshlpress.com)
  • The topics covered include the appearance of the first genetic material, the origins of cellular life, evolution and development, selection and adaptation, and genome evolution. (cshlpress.com)
  • This dissertation is an empirical and theoretical examination of the evolution of sex, sex-determining mechanisms, and sexual selection. (harvard.edu)
  • But this is the first time they have used what is known as population genomics-examining genome-wide patterns of DNA sequence variations among individuals in a population-to study the dynamics, evolution, and long-term effects of SD on a genome's evolution. (eurekalert.org)
  • Charlesworth, B. The evolution of sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • Jablonka, E. & Lamb, M. J. The evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • This is despite the fact that the sexes share most of the genome, which constrains independent evolution of the sexes. (uu.se)
  • In 1981, population geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza established the dual inheritance theory with Marcus Feldman which suggests that human variation is the result of both biological and cultural evolution the transformation of a species of organic life over long periods of time (macroevolution) or. (understandingrace.org)
  • Phylogenetic analysis of chromosomes across the octoploid taxa showed consistent subgenomic composition reflecting shared evolutionary history but also reinforced within-species variation in the SDR-carrying chromosome, suggesting either repeated evolution, or recent turnovers in SDR. (arborbiosci.com)
  • Concepts fundamental to biological issues, such as the genetic basis of biological variation, evolution, infectious diseases, causes of cancer, population growth, and human effects on ecosystems. (ubc.ca)
  • The objectives of my research are to test hypotheses relating to genetic composition, restructuring and regulation that have a selective role in the process of amphibian evolution. (uoguelph.ca)
  • Another research interest is the DNA methylation evolution, sex-biased gene expression, host-microbe interaction, mitochondrial-nuclear genome interaction, telomeric repeat and satellite repeat evolution using the model of parasitoid jewel wasps . (xuwang.us)
  • However, it is not well understood why apparently similar sex chromosome abnormalities, such as X-monosomy or certain Y chromosome rearrangements, result in different phenotypic effects in different species. (pacb.com)
  • An important point to note here is that certain autosomes do play a role in phenotypic sex determination! (biologyonline.com)
  • So, we can't say that autosomes have no role in phenotypic sex determination in humans because they play an integral and indispensable role! (biologyonline.com)
  • Our research group focus on the genetic basis of adaptive traits in natural populations and we are especially interested in the genetic mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity and the role of plasticity in adapting to changing environmental conditions. (uu.se)
  • Both processes require genetic variation in adaptive traits within populations. (harvard.edu)
  • More in human variation the differences that exist among individuals or among groups of individuals regarded as populations. (understandingrace.org)
  • Multilocus and SNP typing can now be used to detect diverse and emerging C. trachomatis strains for epidemiologic and evolutionary studies of trachoma and STI populations worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • We investigated whether CNVs constitute a common mechanism of genetic change during adaptation in experimental Caenorhabditis elegans populations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we seek to determine if gene copy-number changes are a common class of genetic change during adaptation and what role, if any, natural selection plays in the maintenance and frequency increase of copy-number variants (CNVs henceforth) in experimental populations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In parallel, we are pursuing experimental tests of the functional consequences of genetic variation across these loci. (jax.org)
  • Abstract: Effective interpretation of genome function and genetic variation requires a shift from epigenetic mapping of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) to characterization of endogenous function. (harvard.edu)
  • where there are more colors of dots on the map, there is more genetic variation. (understandingrace.org)
  • The map shows clearly that most genetic variation is found in Africa, and there is less variation the farther a population is from the African continent. (understandingrace.org)
  • Genetic variation outside of Africa-in Europe and Asia-includes some, but not all, of the genetic variation found in Africa, which suggests that between 140,000 and 290,000 years ago, Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa to colonize Europe, Asia and the Americas. (understandingrace.org)
  • The role of genetics the study of human heredity, its mechanisms and related biological variation. (understandingrace.org)
  • Perhaps the most significant scientific development in helping to further understand human biological variation refers to observable differences among individuals and groups that have resulted from the processes of. (understandingrace.org)
  • Avian karyotypes are characterized by internal variation in the size of chromosomes, presenting two distinct groups, macrochromosomes and microchromosomes. (pensoft.net)
  • Terrestrial breeding frogs have considerable chromosome variation. (uoguelph.ca)
  • We find that PAR1 is fast evolving and closer to evolutionary nucleotide equilibrium than autosomal telomeres. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Autosomal abnormalities can have profound implications for human health and are the focus of extensive research. (biologyonline.com)
  • Studying autosomal genetic disorders provides valuable insights into disease mechanisms and paves the way for targeted therapies and genetic counseling for the human creed. (biologyonline.com)
  • The reconstruction shows that the mammal ancestor had 19 autosomal chromosomes, which control the inheritance of an organism's characteristics outside of those controlled by sex-linked chromosomes, (these are paired in most cells, making 38 in total) plus two sex chromosomes, said Joana Damas, first author on the study and a postdoctoral scientist at the UC Davis Genome Center. (bionity.com)
  • More , portions of the X chromosome, and some but not all autosomal (non-sex determining) regions, as well as the archaeological record. (understandingrace.org)
  • We use phylogenetic analysis and occurrence in different niches to propose evolutionary processes such as adaptation to host or nutrients as drivers of speciation in soil fungi. (uu.se)
  • The sequence information provides a starting point from which the real research into the thousands of diseases that have a genetic basis can begin. (learner.org)
  • In 1986 Nobel laureate Renato Dulbecco laid down the gauntlet to the scientific community to sequence the complete human genome. (learner.org)
  • Dulbecco also argued that such a project should be "an international undertaking, because the sequence of the human DNA is the reality of the species, and everything that happens in the world depends upon those sequences. (learner.org)
  • The capstone, of course, was the completion of the human genome sequence. (learner.org)
  • In 2001 two rival teams jointly announced the completion of a draft sequence of the entire human genome, consisting of more than three billion nucleotides. (learner.org)
  • Despite recent evidence for Y chromosome introgression from humans into Neanderthals, we find that the Neanderthal PAR1 retained similarity to the Denisovan sequence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It appears that sequence assembly of the X chromosome in most species is rather patchy containing multiple gaps and possible misassemblies, being the poorest in the pseudoautosomal region and in regions containing putative lineage-specific sequences. (pacb.com)
  • The Y chromosome, on the other hand, is typically not included in the reference genome and is studied separately, whereas complete sequence assembly of the male-specific portion of the Y is not yet available for any domestic species. (pacb.com)
  • Earlier in this chapter , we saw how genetic information is encoded in an organism's DNA as a sequence of nucleobases. (faithfulscience.com)
  • Genomics is the study of the entire DNA sequence of an organism, which in fishes includes the small mitochondrial genome and the enormous nuclear genome that can contain over a billion base pairs (bp). (brainkart.com)
  • Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has been used to characterize strains and lineages of numerous pathogens associated with human diseases that cause serious illness and death, including Neisseria meningitidis , Staphylococcus aureus , Vibrio cholerae , and Haemophilus influenzae . (cdc.gov)
  • The repeated sequence TTAGGG is present at all tested vertebrate telomeres including those of humans and at the telomeres of evolutionarily very distant organisms such as trypanosomes and slime moulds. (westminster.ac.uk)
  • Fluorescence in situ hybridization and BAL31 nuclease digestion demonstrate that the (TTAGGG)n sequence occurs at the extreme termini of the chromosomes and also at an interstitial site. (westminster.ac.uk)
  • My laboratory works on the genetic and molecular mechanisms that regulate aging and aging-related disease. (berkeley.edu)
  • 148 members as of writing), computational scientists, conservation organizations, genome technologists, and any interested individuals committed to a better understanding of the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms that underlie the unique adaptations of bats. (deepdyve.com)
  • BECC researchers study how direct and indirect human impacts on the climate and ecosystems influence biodiversity and ecosystem functioning from local to global scales, and how knowledge about these dynamics may inform mitigation and adaptation decisions in the face of such changes. (lu.se)
  • Female flies transmit SD -infected chromosomes to about 50 percent of their offspring, as expected under Mendel's laws of inheritance. (eurekalert.org)
  • Interestingly, cytoplasmic genetic elements have been shown to have very different inheritance patterns to classic Mendelian nuclear chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • Consisting of 22 pairs, autosomes carry a wealth of genetic information that governs numerous biological processes. (biologyonline.com)
  • This is why autosomes form the backbone of human genetics as they hold the key to our intricate biological processes and susceptibility to genetic disorders. (biologyonline.com)
  • The nonrecombining female-limited W chromosome is predicted to experience unique evolutionary processes. (bvsalud.org)
  • We collaborate closely on most projects, which allows us to use our complementary expertise and perspectives to understand how ecological and evolutionary processes, including species interactions, can generate novel biodiversity. (lu.se)
  • The DNA of a human boy may resemble his male cousin's DNA more than that of his own sister, for instance, due to the major differences between the X and Y chromosomes which distinguish the sexes. (faithfulscience.com)
  • The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted sex differences during infection, with increased hospitalizations and deaths in SARS-CoV-2-infected men as compared to women. (lu.se)
  • Fig. 5: Divergence of sex chromosome and rSBG duplication across animal groups. (nature.com)
  • In the late 1990s, the technology applied to the Human Genome Project was redirected towards fishes and other vertebrates, and a cottage industry of fish genome projects is emerging. (brainkart.com)
  • One research interest is genetic and epigenetic regulation of gene expression in vertebrates and insects. (xuwang.us)
  • We also examined criteria and strategies for the conservation of animal genetic resources. (scirp.org)
  • As we might expect, comparisons of human DNA show that closely-related family members typically have similar genetic sequences, while distant relatives differ more. (faithfulscience.com)
  • The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins (amino acid sequences) by living cells. (understandingrace.org)
  • Difficulties in assembling W chromosome sequences have hindered the identification of duck W-linked sequences and their evolutionary footprint. (bvsalud.org)
  • The earliest explorations of fish genomics were chromosome counts and karyotypes , but genomics now refers primarily to the intensive efforts to record the entire nuclear genome for many species. (brainkart.com)
  • Thus, it is possible chromosomal fissions in macrochromosomes resulted in the increase of the diploid number, whereas chromosome fusions have originated the karyotypes with low diploid number. (pensoft.net)
  • Characterizing the genetic basis of traits of importance for local adaptation and species recognition is a major aim for evolutionary biologists of today. (uu.se)
  • Centromeres provide chromosomal points of attachment to the cellular segregation machinery, linking chromosomes to the proteins that pull them to the cell poles during both somatic and germline cell divisions. (jax.org)
  • These chromosomes exist in pairs in the somatic cells in contrast to their solo presence in germinal or sex cells , i.e. gametes . (biologyonline.com)
  • My research leverages the power of the house mouse model system to address open questions in evolutionary genomics. (jax.org)
  • The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences established the CSHL in 1890, to provide scientists with facilities to research Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory. (asu.edu)
  • McClintock received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1983 for her research on chromosome transposition. (asu.edu)
  • In 1928 Ezra Seymour Gosney founded the non-profit Human Betterment Foundation (HBF) in Pasadena, California to support the research and publication of the personal and social effects of eugenic sterilizations carried out in California. (asu.edu)
  • According to current research, the African continent is the ancestral home of modern humans. (understandingrace.org)
  • Chromosome Research 18: 371-382. (uoguelph.ca)
  • Polyploidization is the wholesale duplication of the nuclear genome, and most authorities agree that such an event lies near the base of the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygian) evolutionary tree. (brainkart.com)
  • The seven chromosome pairs of KJJ81 subgenomes exhibit highly conserved synteny, indicating a very recent hybridization event. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent advances in genetic testing have put the answer to questions like these at your fingertips" … click … "See if you have a long-lost relative" … click … "Identify your ethnic and geographic origins, both recent and far distant. (popsci.com)
  • The US eugenics movement of the early twentieth century sought to reform the genetic composition of the United States population through sterilization and other restrictive reproductive measures. (asu.edu)
  • Wang lab also performs metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses of human, cattle, equids, dog, cat, opossum and chicken gut microbiota, to identify differential composition and abundance of gut microbes at normal and diseased conditions. (xuwang.us)
  • Contrary to classic theory prediction, sex-chromosome homomorphy is prevalent in the animal kingdom but it is unclear how ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes avoid chromosome-scale degeneration. (nature.com)
  • Life on earth has undergone several major evolutionary transitions, but perhaps none so striking or relevant to our daily lives as the origin of separate sexes. (lu.se)
  • These results demonstrate the great potential borne by CNVs for evolutionary adaptation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Like compounds from biological sources and low-molecular-weight nonoccupational asthma, occupational asthma is probably the chemicals cause occupational asthma after a latent period of result of multiple genetic, environmental, and behavioral exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Figure 1: A diagrammatic representation of a total of 46 chromosomes in human beings (females: 44+XX and males: 44+XY). (biologyonline.com)
  • Males, however, transmit SD chromosomes to nearly 100 percent of their offspring, because SD kills any sperm that do not carry the selfish genetic element. (eurekalert.org)
  • Embryonic diapause (dormancy) is a state of temporary arrest of embryonic development that is triggered by unfavorable conditions and serves as an evolutionary strategy to ensure reproductive survival. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Then, known segments of the marked chromosomes (which can contain very small fragments of DNA) are cloned in plasmids . (learner.org)
  • One special type of plasmid used for genome sequencing is a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) , which can contain DNA fragments of about 150 kb. (learner.org)
  • The common belief is that they don't have any role to play in sex determination. (biologyonline.com)
  • Figure 2: SOX9 gene on the autosome 17 (long arm) plays an integral role in gonadal sex determination. (biologyonline.com)