hepatocellular carcinoma
- Disease recurrence and metastasis are frequently observed in many successfullytreated localized cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma in which intrahepatic and extrahepatic recurrence (metastasis) are frequently observed after curative resection. (aacrjournals.org)
- Integration of hepatitis B virus DNA into the myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL4) gene and rearrangements of MLL4 in human hepatocellular carcinoma. (semanticscholar.org)
- Integration of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA into host DNA is detected in about 90% of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the preferential sites of the viral integration etiologically relevant to oncogenesis have been controversial. (semanticscholar.org)
- Alteration of gene expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma with integrated hepatitis B virus DNA. (semanticscholar.org)
- hepatitis viruses B and C are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (Monto and Wright 2001 ), Simian virus 40 has been linked to mesothelioma (Rizzo et al. (beds.ac.uk)
- The main focus of Christian Bréchot's research is viral hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV), in particular their link with liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC), as well as the molecular mechanisms underpinning liver regeneration and cancer (especially the deregulation of the cell cycle). (wikipedia.org)
- The scientists also demonstrated the potential of gene therapy based on the use of NIS dnaC to transduce liver cancer cells, and the use of iodide (131I) to treat hepatocellular carcinoma. (wikipedia.org)
retroviruses
- Retroviruses are powerful insertional somatic mutagens that have been used for many landmark discoveries of cancer genes in model organisms. (aacrjournals.org)
- In leukemias, the responsible slow-transforming retroviruses were called murine leukemia viruses (MuLV), and in mammary tumors, these were murine mammary tumor viruses. (aacrjournals.org)
- It was later elucidated that these retroviruses do not carry a virally encoded oncogene but promote tumor formation due to integration of proviruses into the host genome. (aacrjournals.org)
- Retroviruses have also had very limited success as somatic mutagens for cancer gene identification outside of the hematopoietic system and mammary gland. (aacrjournals.org)
- Like all retroviruses the AIDS virus (HIV) integrates its DNA into th. (bio-medicine.org)
- The researchers even know already that this access barrier cannot be an unspecific one: "Other retroviruses even prefer to insert their genetic material exactly at the transcription start sites," Laufs explains. (bio-medicine.org)
- As with all retroviruses, it reverse transcribes its RNA genome into cDNA before integration into the host DNA. (wikipedia.org)
- This term originated from studies of acutely transforming retroviruses in the 1950-60s, often called oncornaviruses to denote their RNA virus origin. (wikipedia.org)
- Some viral vectors, for instance gamma-retroviruses, insert their genomes at a seemingly random location on one of the host chromosomes, which can disturb the function of cellular genes and lead to cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- Being a spumavirus, bovine foamy virus has a unique life cycle, even when compared to other retroviruses. (wikipedia.org)
- However, retroviruses function differently, as their RNA is reverse-transcribed into DNA, which is integrated into the host cell's genome (when it becomes a provirus), and then undergoes the usual transcription and translational processes to express the genes carried by the virus. (wikipedia.org)
- As with all retroviruses, the virus is transcribed from RNA to DNA, instead of DNA to RNA as in normal cellular replication. (wikipedia.org)
- The discovery of Wnt signaling was influenced by research on oncogenic (cancer-causing) retroviruses. (wikipedia.org)
viral
- The highly active treatment available today attacks the virus from several different angles using different drugs: Reverse transcriptase inhibitors prevent the viral genome from being copied. (bio-medicine.org)
- Scientists agree, however, that the best way of fighting the severe immune deficiency is to prevent integration of the viral genetic material into the DNA of the host cells. (bio-medicine.org)
- Subsequently, AAV DNA integration is speculated to occur through limited viral and cellular DNA synthesis following template strand switches, resulting in partial duplication of MBS85 sequences ( 19 , 38 , 39 ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- 4 In these cases, persistence of infection, viral integration and activation of inflammatory pathways have been linked to neoplastic transformation and malignant progression. (scielo.org.za)
- Incorporation of viral DNA may interfere with the normal sequence of human DNA bases on the genetic level or cause secondary epigenetic changes such as gene promoter methylation or histone acetylation. (beds.ac.uk)
- The mechanisms responsible for the malignant transformation in cases of long-lasting viral infection differ according to the particular virus and cancer and have been extensively studied. (beds.ac.uk)
- An established association between viral infection and cancer may lead the way for development of a vaccine which could prevent both the infection as well as the malignant transformation. (beds.ac.uk)
- Indirect viral oncogenicity involves chronic nonspecific inflammation occurring over decades of infection, as is the case for HCV-induced liver cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- Chronic indirect tumor viruses, on the other hand, can be lost (at least theoretically) from a mature tumor that has accumulated sufficient mutations and growth conditions (hyperplasia) from the chronic inflammation of viral infection. (wikipedia.org)
- Disruption of a single gene may also result from integration of genomic material from a DNA virus or retrovirus, and such an event may also result in the expression of viral oncogenes in the affected cell and its descendants. (wikipedia.org)
- Viral vectors are tools commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Safety: Although viral vectors are occasionally created from pathogenic viruses, they are modified in such a way as to minimize the risk of handling them. (wikipedia.org)
- The viral receptor can be modified to target the virus to a specific kind of cell. (wikipedia.org)
- Inside the matrix lies the capsid, a protein shell that contains viral intigrase, reverse-transcriptase and the nucleocapsid, inside of which lives the viruses' genetic material. (wikipedia.org)
- Once the viral particle has delivered its genetic material safely into the cytoplasm of its host, one of two things will occur. (wikipedia.org)
- If the genetic payload of the virion was double stranded DNA, the viral DNA will directly integrate into the host's genome via the viral enzyme integrase. (wikipedia.org)
- The host cell then treats the viral DNA as part of its own genome, transcribing and translating the viral genes along with the cell's own genes, producing the proteins required to assemble new copies of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
- Pol proteins are responsible for synthesis of viral DNA and integration into host DNA after infection. (wikipedia.org)
- He was appointed director of the "Liver Cancer and Molecular Virology" Inserm unit (U370) in 1993 and Head of the French National Reference Center for Viral Hepatitis in 1998. (wikipedia.org)
- Viral glycoprotein-receptor interactions are required to initiate membrane fusion of the virus and cell. (wikipedia.org)
- Natural transformations can include viral cancers, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and T-cell Leukemia virus type I. Hepatitis B and C are also the result of natural viral transformation of the host cells. (wikipedia.org)
- In order for a cell to be transformed by a virus, the viral DNA must be entered into the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
mutations
- Cancer is hypothesized to result from the accumulation of multiple somatic mutations ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Eventually, the accumulation of cooperating mutations (which can themselves be proviral integrations) leads to the emergence of a malignant clone. (aacrjournals.org)
- Substances preventing this, called integrase inhibitors, have been used in recent years, but the viruses have already started evading their effect through mutations. (bio-medicine.org)
- According to the prevailing accepted theory of carcinogenesis, the somatic mutation theory, mutations in DNA and epimutations that lead to cancer disrupt these orderly processes by disrupting the programming regulating the processes, upsetting the normal balance between proliferation and cell death. (wikipedia.org)
- Only certain mutations lead to cancer whereas the majority of mutations do not. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, environmental factors such as carcinogens and radiation cause mutations that may contribute to the development of cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- Finally random mistakes in normal DNA replication may result in cancer causing mutations. (wikipedia.org)
- A series of several mutations to certain classes of genes is usually required before a normal cell will transform into a cancer cell. (wikipedia.org)
- On average, for example, 15 "driver mutations" and 60 "passenger" mutations are found in colon cancers. (wikipedia.org)
- Mutations in genes that regulate cell division, apoptosis (cell death), and DNA repair may result in uncontrolled cell proliferation and cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- In the future, gene therapy may provide a way to cure genetic disorders, such as severe combined immunodeficiency, cystic fibrosis or even haemophilia A. Because these diseases result from mutations in the DNA sequence for specific genes, gene therapy trials have used viruses to deliver unmutated copies of these genes to the cells of the patient's body. (wikipedia.org)
- During his research on the virus, he observed that mutations in the virus yielded alterations in the structural characteristics of the infected cell - thus, integration into the cell's genome was occurring. (wikipedia.org)
- Recent ameliorations in maneuvering the mouse genome have provided the technology to induce mammary cancers in mice arising from genetic mutations that have been identified in human cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- There are various patterns of prevalence of genetic mutations in the genomes of primary breast tumour and its metastases. (wikipedia.org)
- Those hosted by the Sanger Institute include: COSMIC, a catalogue of somatic mutations in cancer DECIPHER, a database of chromosomal imbalance and phenotype in humans, using Ensembl resources Ensembl, a genome browser co-hosted by the European Bioinformatics Institute. (wikipedia.org)
- Its role in embryonic development was discovered when genetic mutations in Wnt pathway proteins produced abnormal fruit fly embryos. (wikipedia.org)
- This pathway's clinical importance was demonstrated by mutations that lead to various diseases, including breast and prostate cancer, glioblastoma, type II diabetes and others. (wikipedia.org)
tumors
- In these tumors, SB transposons repeatedly "tagged" specific genes, both known and new cancer genes. (aacrjournals.org)
- Regions of the genome repeatedly mutagenized by proviral integration in multiple independent tumors are designated common integration sites (CIS). (aacrjournals.org)
- However, this is only applicable to HCC with HBV integration, whereas tumors related to hepatitis C virus (HCV) or alcohol, which are the common associations in North America (11) , cannot be validated. (aacrjournals.org)
- PIM1 is over-expressed in multiple tumors, including prostate cancer (PCa). (jcancer.org)
- Because foreign virus antigens are expressed in these tumors, persons who are immunosuppressed such as AIDS or transplant patients are at higher risk for these types of cancers. (wikipedia.org)
- Metastasis is a process of migration of tumour cells from the primary cancer site to a distant location where the cancer cells form secondary tumors. (wikipedia.org)
- Avian sarcoma leukosis virus is characterized by a wide range of tumors, the most common of which are lymphomas. (wikipedia.org)
- Cells with transforming infections undergo immortalization and inherit the genetic material to produce tumors. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1982, Roel Nusse and Harold Varmus infected mice with mouse mammary tumor virus in order to mutate mouse genes to see which mutated genes could cause breast tumors. (wikipedia.org)
- EVI1 was first identified as a common retroviral integration site in AKXD murine myeloid tumors. (wikipedia.org)
hepatitis
- Tumor molecular properties including p53 protein overexpression and gene mutation, hepatitis B virus integration pattern, and genetic alteration examined by comparative genomic hybridization were compared. (aacrjournals.org)
- Together with the molecular data from p53 , hepatitis B virus integration and comparative genomic hybridization profiles, tumor nodules from five patients were confirmed with clonal relationship, and the expression profiles of the primary nodules were compared with their corresponding intrahepatic metastatic nodules. (aacrjournals.org)
- Generally, tumor viruses cause little or no disease after infection in their hosts, or cause non- neoplastic diseases such as acute hepatitis for hepatitis B virus or mononucleosis for Epstein-Barr virus . (wikipedia.org)
- Christian Bréchot is specialized in hepatitis B and C and the mechanisms behind liver cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human papillomavirus infection. (wikipedia.org)
oncogene
- Apart from these monogenic disorders, gene therapy also holds the potential of treating acquired diseases such as cancer, by inhibiting oncogene expression or by restoring tumor suppressor genes or through immunomodulation (i.e. by increasing immune response to tumor antigens). (ukessays.com)
- Mouse models of cancer initiated by tumor suppressor gene inactivation or oncogene activation support this hypothesis ( 2 , 3 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- She determined the size of retroviral genomes as a graduate student and subsequently helped characterize the Src oncogene of Rous sarcoma virus, the first tyrosine kinase. (wikipedia.org)
- Finally Oncovirinae, viruses that contain an oncogene, are categorized as oncogenic because they trigger the growth of tumorous tissues in the host. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1982, the stimulation of expression from the MMTV-LTR (Mouse mammary tumor virus-Long terminal repeat) was done by multiple rounds of pregnancy and lactation to evaluate the relevance of a cellular proto-oncogene, c-myc. (wikipedia.org)
- They identified a new mouse proto-oncogene that they named int1 (integration 1). (wikipedia.org)
oncogenic
- The David F. Hickok Memorial Cancer Research Laboratory is currently working with the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus, an endogenous oncogenic retrovirus, as a model for breast cancer and retroviral biochemical pathways. (epress.com)
- Thus, RSV became known as the first oncogenic retrovirus that could be used to study the development of cancer molecularly. (wikipedia.org)
- Subsequently after other oncogenic human viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus, were discovered. (wikipedia.org)
- The simultaneous presence, in prostate cells, of additional genetic alterations such as MYC upregulation, induces a strong transforming effect in PIM1 overexpressing cells [ 18 ], suggesting a cooperative oncogenic property. (jcancer.org)
- In 1961, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), which is closely related to ASLV, was shown to contain RNA, and oncogenic viruses, such as RSV and ASLV, were termed RNA tumor viruses. (wikipedia.org)
types of cancers
- Over 100 types of cancers affect humans. (wikipedia.org)
genes
- Genes hold the information to build and maintain their cells and pass genetic traits to offspring. (ukessays.com)
- Somatic mutagens that allow easy identification of genes that promote tumor formation can facilitate genome-wide forward genetic screens for cancer genes. (aacrjournals.org)
- In the mammary gland, retroviral CIS have indicated genes known to function in important cancer signal transduction pathways, including Wnt genes, Fgf genes, etc. ( 8 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- The present study aimed at identifying metastasis-associated genes through delineation of the clonality for multinodular liver cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
- As integration sites, HIV usually prefers active genes that are transcribed frequently. (bio-medicine.org)
- Therefore, we assume that the mechanism protecting the transcription start sites of active genes from HIV genome integration very specifically prevents HIV integration. (bio-medicine.org)
- The RSV genome has terminal repeats enabling its integration into the host genome and also overexpression of RSV genes. (wikipedia.org)
- JC virus T-Ag DNA sequences were found in 77% of CRCs and are associated with promoter methylation of multiple genes. (beds.ac.uk)
- 1993 ). Other genes of the mismatch repair family, such as MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 may be inactivated by genetic processes, and cause Lynch syndrome. (beds.ac.uk)
- The cells from the UCLA labs were derived using an older method that used integrative viruses to insert four genes into the genome of the skin cells, including some genes known to cause cancer. (newswise.com)
- Recently, Beemon identified tumor-promoting genes whose expression is altered by integration of the Avial Leukosis Virus (ALV) into the genome, such as the telomerase catalytic subunit, TERT. (wikipedia.org)
- Variants of inherited genes may predispose individuals to cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- In order for a normal cell to transform into a cancer cell, genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation must be altered. (wikipedia.org)
- Genetic and epigenetic changes can occur at many levels, from gain or loss of entire chromosomes, to a mutation affecting a single DNA nucleotide, or to silencing or activating a microRNA that controls expression of 100 to 500 genes. (wikipedia.org)
- In either case, expression of these genes promotes the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Tumor suppressor genes are genes that inhibit cell division, survival, or other properties of cancer cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Tumor suppressor genes are often disabled by cancer-promoting genetic changes. (wikipedia.org)
- Delivery of genes by a virus is termed transduction and the infected cells are described as transduced. (wikipedia.org)
- Immune response to viruses not only impedes the delivery of genes to target cells but can cause severe complications for the patient. (wikipedia.org)
- Breast cancer phenotypes periodically express genes in metastasis that are indispensable for the metastatic process. (wikipedia.org)
- Later research found that the genes responsible for these abnormalities also influenced breast cancer development in mice. (wikipedia.org)
malignant
- Landscape of DNA virus associations across human malignant cancers: analysis of 3,775 cases using RNA-Seq. (semanticscholar.org)
- This infection causes a host cell to become malignant and can be either cytocidal (usually in the case of RNA viruses) or persistent (usually in the case of DNA viruses). (wikipedia.org)
- They include: Cell growth and division absent the proper signals Continuous growth and division even given contrary signals Avoidance of programmed cell death Limitless number of cell divisions Promoting blood vessel construction Invasion of tissue and formation of metastases The progression from normal cells to cells that can form a detectable mass to outright cancer involves multiple steps known as malignant progression. (wikipedia.org)
proteins
- We have been investigating site-specific DNA recognition by DNA regulatory proteins, the dynamics of a protein regulated genetic switch and the origin of the genetic code. (epress.com)
- Harris, L., Sullivan, M. and Hickok, D. Genetic sequences of hormone response elements share similarity with predicted alpha helices within DNA binding domains of steroid receptor proteins: A basis for site-specific recognition. (epress.com)
- RNA can then direct synthesis of proteins via the genetic code . (ukessays.com)
- Gag proteins are necessary for virion assembly and mature virus infection of the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
- Such a virus can efficiently infect cells but, once the infection has taken place, requires a helper virus to provide the missing proteins for production of new virions. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Viruses expressing pathogen proteins are currently being developed as vaccines against these pathogens, based on the same rationale as DNA vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
- His research has focused on the impact of HBV DNA integration and the interactions between HCV proteins and the main cell signaling pathways, such as the interferon and TGF-beta pathways, contributing to improve the understanding of the mechanisms behind liver cancer in patients suffering from chronic HBV or HCV infection. (wikipedia.org)
- Hence, it is an enveloped virus with a condensed, central core, and has barely visible envelope spikes, or proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Since their dysfunction has been strongly associated with increased susceptibility to several types of cancer, the proteins that facilitate homologous recombination are topics of active research. (wikipedia.org)
- Biochemically, many viruses inhibit the synthesis of host DNA, RNA, proteins directly or even interfere with protein-protein, DNA-protein, RNA-protein interactions at the subcellular level. (wikipedia.org)
chronic
- 6 Compelling evidence has shown that the majority of cancers arise from sites of chronic irritation, infection and inflammation, 7 solidifying the concept that chronic unabated inflammation is critical for tumour progression. (scielo.org.za)
- Like other viruses, chronic infection with JCV may induce CRC by different mechanisms which should be further investigated. (beds.ac.uk)
- There are three types of persistent infections, latent, chronic and slow, in which the virus stays inside the host cell for prolonged periods of time. (wikipedia.org)
- Chronic infections have similar cellular effects as acute cytocidal infections but there is a limited number of progeny and viruses involved in transformation. (wikipedia.org)
cells
- Cancer cells have diverse biological capabilities that are conferred by numerous genetic and epigenetic modifications [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
- There are several pioneering examples of genomic aberrations being discovered in cancer cells and the findings being successfully translated into therapeutic agents with considerable effects on the practice of cancer medicine. (hindawi.com)
- Two years later Temin concluded that the transformed morphology of the cells was controlled by a genetic property of RSV. (wikipedia.org)
- Current methods for the genetic modification of cells typically use integrating genotoxic viruses that can potentially disrupt the molecular behavior of cancer cell lines due to their random nature of integration. (aacrjournals.org)
- Human BxPC3 pancreatic cancer cells were stably transfected with a pSMARt-UBC-Luc and cultured for 4 weeks under selection. (aacrjournals.org)
- Our results demonstrated that S/MAR DNA vectors are able to produce genetically modified cells without the limitations of random genomic integration, whilst providing extra-chromosomal mitotic stability and sustained transgene expression at high level. (aacrjournals.org)
- Mologni L, Magistroni V, Casuscelli F, Montemartini M, Gambacorti-Passerini C. The Novel PIM1 Inhibitor NMS-P645 Reverses PIM1-Dependent Effects on TMPRSS2/ERG Positive Prostate Cancer Cells And Shows Anti-Proliferative Activity in Combination with PI3K Inhibition. (jcancer.org)
- Despite the high frequency of this genetic rearrangement, expression of TMPRSS2/ERG fusion alone is not sufficient to generate a fully transformed phenotype in prostate cells, both in vitro and in vivo [ 2 - 5 ]. (jcancer.org)
- Firstly, this is because viruses cannot truly be isolated in pure culture-even stringent isolation techniques cannot exclude undetected contaminating viruses with similar density characteristics, and viruses must be grown on cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Carcinogenesis, also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. (wikipedia.org)
- There is a diverse classification scheme for the various genomic changes that may contribute to the generation of cancer cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Viruses have evolved specialized molecular mechanisms to efficiently transport their genomes inside the cells they infect. (wikipedia.org)
- Paul Berg used a modified SV40 virus containing DNA from the bacteriophage λ to infect monkey kidney cells maintained in culture. (wikipedia.org)
- While studying the Rous sarcoma virus at UW-Madison, Temin began to refer to the genetic material that the virus introduced to the cells, the "provirus. (wikipedia.org)
- The 'foam' part of 'foamy virus' comes from syncytium formation and the rapid vacuolization of infected cells which creates a 'foamy' appearance. (wikipedia.org)
- The binding receptor for foamy viruses is not entirely know, however it is know that the virus is capable of infecting a board spectrum of cells, meaning the binding receptor must be quite prevalent in most forms of cells. (wikipedia.org)
- A number of discrete genetic events have to occur in order to enable individual tumor cells that have the capacity to grow at an ectopic site. (wikipedia.org)
- Targeted expression of oncogenes in mouse mammary epithelial cells is a way of modeling human breast cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- A detailed understanding of retroviral cell entry may lead to the discovery of ways in which to block the viruses from entering cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Capecchi and Smithies independently discovered applications to mouse embryonic stem cells, however the highly conserved mechanisms underlying the DSB repair model, including uniform homologous integration of transformed DNA (gene therapy), were first shown in plasmid experiments by Orr-Weaver, Szostack and Rothstein. (wikipedia.org)
- I-SceI) to cut chromosomes for genetic engineering of mammalian cells, where nonhomologous recombination is more frequent than in yeast. (wikipedia.org)
- All tumor cells show the six hallmarks of cancer. (wikipedia.org)
colorectal
- Finally, MYC overexpression at the RNA and protein levels may contribute to the onset of some cancers, including prostate and colorectal cancers in which MYC gene alterations are rare. (aacrjournals.org)
- Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer mortality in the USA. (beds.ac.uk)
- Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- In females, the most common types are breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and cervical cancer. (wikipedia.org)
Leukosis Virus
- Vilhelm Ellerman and Olaf Bang, University of Copenhagen, first demonstrated that avian sarcoma leukosis virus could be transmitted after cell-free filtration to new chickens, causing leukemia. (wikipedia.org)
Mechanisms
- The proposed method was applied to construct IGECNs of gastric cancer and the human immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, to elucidate human defense response mechanisms. (docphin.com)
- The coupling dynamic systems of the whole IGECN can allow us to investigate genetic and epigenetic cellular mechanisms via omics data and big database mining, and are useful for further experiments in the field of systems and synthetic biology. (docphin.com)
- These two mechanisms differ in their biology and epidemiology: direct tumor viruses must have at least one virus copy in every tumor cell expressing at least one protein or RNA that is causing the cell to become cancerous. (wikipedia.org)
- Fox's primary achievement in the early part of his career was to turn bacterial transformation into an experimental model for genetic analysis that was to provide key insights into the mechanisms of genetic modification. (wikipedia.org)
replication
- The virus abuses this cellular equipment for its own replication. (bio-medicine.org)
- Human adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) is a nonpathogenic parvovirus that requires helper functions provided by viruses such as adenovirus or herpes simplex virus for efficient replication of its genome ( 2 , 60 ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- During the 1960s, two findings emerged: replication-competent isolated viruses were related to RSV, but were non-transforming, and an isolated replication-defective strain of RSV was transformation-competent. (wikipedia.org)
- The genome remains within the host cell until the virus is ready for replication. (wikipedia.org)
induce
- These induce an immune response that blocks initial HPV infection and confers protection against cancer associated with HPV 16 and 18 and some closely related variants. (scielo.org.za)
- PIM kinases are considered as weak oncogenes, but when combined with additional genetic alterations can induce strong transforming effects. (jcancer.org)
alterations
- Later, it was found that CRC results not only from the progressive accumulation of genetic alterations but also from epigenetic changes. (beds.ac.uk)
host genome
- Persistent HPV infection and integration of E6 and E7 oncogenes into the host genome is considered key to development of cervical cancer. (scielo.org.za)
cervical cancer
- Cervical cancer is the leading gynaecological malignancy in southern Africa. (scielo.org.za)
- Many pathological disorders or diseases, including cervical cancer, are characterised by the exacerbated activation and maintenance of inflammatory pathways. (scielo.org.za)
- Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide and the leading gynaecological malignancy in women in Africa. (scielo.org.za)
- 1 In 2008 the International Agency for Research on Cancer estimated that 493 243 women are newly diagnosed with cervical cancer annually. (scielo.org.za)
- Infection of the cervix with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is regarded as the main causal factor in cervical cancer. (scielo.org.za)
- Although HPV infection initiates disease, cervical cancer is a multi-step process, with other contributing factors, including multiple sexual partners, tobacco carcinogens, a weakened immune system and sexually transmitted infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, thought to contribute to the aetiology. (scielo.org.za)
cellular
- These findings should provide a framework to further elucidate the complex interactions between the virus and its cellular host in this unique pathway to latency. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Constructing an integrated genetic and epigenetic cellular network for whole cellular mechanism using high-throughput next-generation sequencing data. (docphin.com)
- At present, there is no satisfactory method to construct an integrated genetic and epigenetic cellular network (IGECN), which combines NGS omics data with gene regulatory networks (GRNs), microRNAs (miRNAs) regulatory networks, protein-protein interaction networks (PPINs), and epigenetic regulatory networks of methylation using high-throughput NGS data. (docphin.com)
- We investigated different kinds of NGS omics data to develop a systems biology method to construct an integrated cellular network based on three coupling models that describe genetic regulatory networks, protein-protein interaction networks, microRNA (miRNA) regulatory networks, and methylation regulation. (docphin.com)
- The process is characterized by changes at the cellular, genetic, and epigenetic levels and abnormal cell division. (wikipedia.org)
- Mutation or over expression of oncogenes can be kept under controlled expression in a very specific cellular context rather than throughout the organism.Another way to model human breast cancer is done through the targeted inhibition of a tumor suppressor gene. (wikipedia.org)
- As of 2016 (when the Institute's latest 5-year funding plan began), the Institute engages in several areas of research: Provides leadership in data aggregation and informatics innovation, develops high-throughput cellular models of cancer for genome-wide functional screens and drug testing, and explores somatic mutation's role in clonal evolution, ageing and development. (wikipedia.org)
chromosomal
- The fact that AAV has evolved to integrate into this ubiquitously transcribed region and that the chromosomal motifs required for integration are located a few nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation start codon of MBS85 suggests that the transcriptional activity of MBS85 might influence site-specific integration and thus might be involved in the evolution of this mechanism. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Chromosomal instability (CIN) was established as the key mechanism in cancer development. (beds.ac.uk)
- Genomic amplification occurs when a cell gains many copies (often 20 or more) of a small chromosomal region, usually containing one or more oncogenes and adjacent genetic material. (wikipedia.org)
liver cancer
- In other examples, UV light from solar radiation causes DNA damage that is important in melanoma, helicobacter pylori infection produces high levels of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA and contributes to gastric cancer, and the Aspergillus metabolite, aflatoxin, is a DNA damaging agent that is causative in liver cancer. (wikipedia.org)
epigenetic changes
- It also led him to a very early challenge (based on critical examination of the epidemiological data on breast cancer) to the prevailing confidence among physicians in the efficacy either of radical mastectomy or of mammograms (1979), and to an equally early recognition of the critical importance of epigenetic changes in the initial stages of carcinogenesis (1980). (wikipedia.org)
genomes
- Stability: Some viruses are genetically unstable and can rapidly rearrange their genomes. (wikipedia.org)
mammary
- However, their use as a cancer gene discovery tool has been limited to only a few tissues, mainly the hematopoietic system and mammary gland. (aacrjournals.org)
infection
- The World Health Organization 's International Agency for Research on Cancer estimated that in 2002, infection caused 17.8% of human cancers, with 11.9% caused by one of seven viruses. (wikipedia.org)
- A minority of persons (or animals) will go on to develop cancers after infection. (wikipedia.org)
- Secondly, asymptomatic virus infection and carriage is the norm for most tumor viruses, which violates Koch's third principle. (wikipedia.org)
- One example of a productive cytocidal infection is the herpes virus. (wikipedia.org)
gene therapy
- A potential approach for treating genetic disorders is gene therapy. (ukessays.com)
- At DKFZ, Associate Professor (PD) Dr. Stephanie Laufs and Dr. Frank Giordano are trying to find out whether AIDS viruses can be used as gene delivery vehicles in gene therapy. (bio-medicine.org)
- Therefore, the researchers took a very close look by starting an analysis of more than 46,000 known integration sites of HIV-based gene delivery vehicles that were determined in various gene therapy studies or are available in gene databases. (bio-medicine.org)
- He was, e.g., concerned about the biological effects of radiation, the dangers of biological warfare, the risks of gene therapy and (later) of genetic recombination, and on all these issues, he was actively involved in efforts to reduce risks and guarantee public safety. (wikipedia.org)
involved in the pathogenesis
- These data imply that dysregulated MYC gene expression is potentially involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancer, especially by favoring local cell proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
clinical
- In this review, we show the recent advances in hiPSCs' basic research and some potential clinical applications focusing on cancer. (hindawi.com)
- VAL401 is the reformulation of a clinical drug to enable use in the treatment of cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
- Christian Bréchot has investigated the clinical impact of the genetic variability of HCV, his clinical trials demonstrated the efficacy of interferon-ribavirin combination therapy in treating HCV infections. (wikipedia.org)
Rous Sarco
- Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) (/raʊs/) is a retrovirus and is the first oncovirus to have been described: it causes sarcoma in chickens. (wikipedia.org)
- A conserved secondary structure element has been identified within the 3'UTR and is known as the Rous Sarcoma Virus Stability Element (RSE). (wikipedia.org)
- The RSE element was first identified in the genome of the Rous Sarcoma Virus but appears to be widely conserved across the avian retrovirus family. (wikipedia.org)
- In the lab, Temin studied the Rous sarcoma virus, a tumor-causing virus that infects chickens. (wikipedia.org)
- As part of his doctoral thesis, Temin stated that the Rous Sarcoma Virus has "some kind of close relationship with the genome of the infected cell. (wikipedia.org)
- These results implied that the infecting Rous sarcoma virus was somehow generating complementary double-stranded DNA. (wikipedia.org)
protein
- Harris, L., Sullivan, M. and Hickok, D. Conservation of genetic information between regulatory protein DNA binding alpha helices and their cognate operator sites: A simple code for site-specific recognition. (epress.com)
- It thus appears that an excess of c-myc protein is a primary cause of numerous cancers. (aacrjournals.org)
- In breast cancer, MYC has been studied mostly at the DNA level because of the poor quality of available antibodies against the protein product. (aacrjournals.org)
- Fewer data are available on MYC expression in breast cancer than on ERBB2 and CCND1 , and almost all derive from immunochemistry-based studies at the protein level. (aacrjournals.org)
- The integration of NGS omics data related to transcription regulation, protein-protein interactions, and miRNA and methylation regulation has more predictive power than independent datasets. (docphin.com)
- Due to the viruses' tendency to bud into the endoplasmic reticulum, the virions tend to display immature protein characteristics around the core as well as unique glycoptorien spikes on the surface of the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- The fusion process is imitated when the TM protein is cleaved by the changing levels of pH which in turns creates a conformation change in the protein, fusing the membrane of the virus with the internal vessical. (wikipedia.org)
- In most viruses, DNA is transcribed into RNA, and then RNA is translated into protein. (wikipedia.org)
- MDS1 and EVI1 complex locus protein EVI1 (MECOM) also known as ecotropic virus integration site 1 protein homolog (EVI-1) or positive regulatory domain zinc finger protein 3 (PRDM3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MECOM gene. (wikipedia.org)
proviral integration
- The PIM (Proviral Integration site of mouse Moloney leukemia virus) serine/threonine kinase family comprises three distinct kinases (PIM1, PIM2 and PIM3) highly conserved throughout evolution [ 7 ]. (jcancer.org)
genomic
- In recent years, different high-throughput platforms have been used for the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and epigenomic analyses to search for new biomarkers involved in cancer and to bring new insights into the several aspects of cancer pathophysiology including angiogenesis, immune evasion, metastasis, altered cell growth, death, and metabolism [ 2 - 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Genomic DNA double-strand breaks are targets for hepadnaviral DNA integration. (semanticscholar.org)
recombination
- Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA. (wikipedia.org)
- Homologous recombination is also used in horizontal gene transfer to exchange genetic material between different strains and species of bacteria and viruses. (wikipedia.org)
- Homologous recombination is conserved across all three domains of life as well as viruses, suggesting that it is a nearly universal biological mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
- Homologous recombination is also used in gene targeting, a technique for introducing genetic changes into target organisms. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1947, the microbiologist Joshua Lederberg showed that bacteria-which had been assumed to reproduce only asexually through binary fission-are capable of genetic recombination, which is more similar to sexual reproduction. (wikipedia.org)
metastasis
- Metastasis is the major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. (aacrjournals.org)
mechanism
- We assume that there is a particular mechanism at work which blocks the way for the virus," says Giordano. (bio-medicine.org)
- However, the mechanism by which MYC is activated in breast cancer is unclear. (aacrjournals.org)
- The nonpathogenic human adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) has adopted a unique mechanism to site-specifically integrate its genome into the human MBS85 gene, which is embedded in AAVS1 on chromosome 19. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
occurs
- Fusion occurs when the virus fuses together with the target cell membrane and releases its genome into the cell. (wikipedia.org)
humans
- For example, adenoviruses do not cause cancer in humans but are instead responsible for colds, conjunctivitis and other acute illnesses. (wikipedia.org)
- Genetic studies of common diseases in humans suffer significant limitations for practical and ethical reasons. (wikipedia.org)
mice
- Such mice are cancer-prone but generally only develop disease after a long latency, indicating that additional somatic "hits" must occur before an overt tumor forms. (aacrjournals.org)
Melanoma
- About 14.1 million new cases occur a year (not including skin cancer other than melanoma). (wikipedia.org)
- If skin cancer other than melanoma were included in total new cancers each year, it would account for around 40% of cases. (wikipedia.org)
human viruses
- Finally, the host restriction for human viruses makes it unethical to experimentally transmit a suspected cancer virus. (wikipedia.org)
occur
- The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries. (wikipedia.org)
diseases
- Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. (wikipedia.org)
- Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, not drinking too much alcohol, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits and whole grains, vaccination against certain infectious diseases, not eating too much processed and red meat, and avoiding too much sunlight exposure. (wikipedia.org)
- Cancers are a large family of diseases that involve abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus, it is common for people diagnosed with cancer to have been treated for other diseases, which were hypothesized to be causing their symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
clonal
- This disease evolves by a process of clonal expansion, genetic diversification, and clonal selection. (hindawi.com)
- The dynamics are complex and with highly variable patterns of genetic diversity and resultant clonal architecture [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The genetic profiles of primary and metastatic lesions in breast carcinomas show a large extent of clonal pertinence between lesions. (wikipedia.org)
genetically
- Breast cancer is consensually considered genetically and clinically as a heterogeneous disease, in that it reflects the heterogeneity of the normal breast tissue at its origin17873350. (wikipedia.org)
abnormalities
- However, the hiPSCs technology has limitations including the potential for the development of genetic and epigenetic abnormalities leading to tumorigenicity. (hindawi.com)
prostate
- Prostate cancer (PCa) is still a significant medical burden in developed countries. (jcancer.org)
virion
- It is cleaved by virus encoded protease, releasing products found in the infectious virion. (wikipedia.org)
transduction
- Later he was to extend the powerful modes of analysis developed in this early work to the investigation of genetic modification in transduction and conjugation as well. (wikipedia.org)
lung cancer
- Preclinical data indicate potential use of the reformulated drug in lung cancer, where many subsets of patients have currently a high unmet medical need. (aacrjournals.org)
- As one example of an exogenous carcinogeneic agent, tobacco smoke causes increased DNA damage, and these DNA damages likely cause the increase of lung cancer due to smoking. (wikipedia.org)
Division of Pediatrics
- Expansão, Purificação e Avaliação Funcional de Células NK do sangue periférico Srinivas S. Somanchi 1 , Vladimir V. Senyukov 1 , Cecele J. Denman 1 , Dean A. Lee 1 1 Division of Pediatrics, MD Anderson Cancer Center - University of Texas Aqui nós descrevemos um método eficiente para expandir e purificar um grande número de células NK e avaliar a sua função. (jove.com)
leukemia
- By using an adaptor-ligation/suppression-PCR, we identified four integrations into the myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia 4 (MLL4) gene from 10 HCC patients with positive HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). (semanticscholar.org)
2017
- On September 25, 2017 he was appointed President of the Global Virus Network (GVN). (wikipedia.org)
receptor
- Genetic information is conserved between estrogen response elements and the c-DNA encoding the estrogen receptor DNA binding domain: A code for site-specific DNA recognition. (epress.com)
- There are two ways viruses can enter the host cell: cell receptor endocytosis or fusion. (wikipedia.org)
- Endocytosis is the process where the virus binds a receptor on the target cell membrane, and the virus is taken into or endocytosed into the cell. (wikipedia.org)
- The surface glycoproteins contain the major domains that interact with the host cell receptor while the transmembrane (TM) glycoproteins anchor the surface glycoproteins to the virus membrane. (wikipedia.org)
1961
- Directly or indirectly, it led, e.g., to the search for RNA viruses by Tim Loeb (1961), to the discovery of the SOS response in bacteria by Miroslav Radman (1976), and to the development of techniques of bacterial cell fusion by Pierre Shaeffer (1976). (wikipedia.org)
cytoplasm
- Once internalized, the virus particle must fuse with the internal vessical and allow its genetic material to escape into the cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)
- Once inside the host cell cytoplasm, the virus uses its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome, the reverse of the usual pattern, thus retro (backwards). (wikipedia.org)
tumor cells
- Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells. (wikipedia.org)
- All tumor cells show the six hallmarks of cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- This indicates that MCV is necessary to maintain the virus-positive tumor cells. (wikipedia.org)
biopsy
- These cells are treated as cancer cells, as they are descended from a biopsy taken from a visible lesion on the cervix as part of Lacks' diagnosis of cancer. (wikipedia.org)
pathogens
- UVGI devices can produce strong enough UV-C light in circulating air or water systems to make them inhospitable environments to microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, molds and other pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
bacteria
- At certain wavelengths, UV is mutagenic to bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms. (wikipedia.org)
lung
- The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer. (wikipedia.org)
infect
- Some viruses can directly infect the fetus at specific times during gestation, while some only infect the placenta. (jci.org)
gene
- However, Tax expression is disrupted by several mechanims including genetic changes of the tax gene, deletion/hypermethylation of 5'-LTR. (biomedcentral.com)
- A microRNA (abbreviated miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals and some viruses, that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
bowel
- The trial began in early stage bowel cancer patients in 2015 and has already shown it can determine whether these patients can be divided into 'high risk' and 'low risk' groups. (edu.au)
controversial
- The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial. (wikipedia.org)
- Although it has been confused with the controversial SV40 virus in some blog postings, it is a completely distinct virus. (wikipedia.org)
certain
- The effect of IFN on p53 is also linked to its protective role against certain cancers. (wikipedia.org)
- Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests. (wikipedia.org)
detection
- Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer. (wikipedia.org)
approximately
- Approximately 5-10% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person's parents. (wikipedia.org)
- The risk of suicide in people with cancer is approximately double. (wikipedia.org)
human
- Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) after a long latent period. (biomedcentral.com)
- In contrast, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is resistant to silencing in vivo . (biomedcentral.com)
- Here, we present a method to isolate human iPSCs by using Sendai-virus (RNA virus) based reprogramming system. (jove.com)
- In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human papillomavirus infection. (wikipedia.org)
AIDS
- It is known to occur at increased frequency in people with immunodeficiency, including transplant recipients and people with AIDS, and this association suggests the possibility that a virus or other infectious agent might be involved in causing the cancer. (wikipedia.org)
type
- In general, type I interferons are produced when the body recognizes a virus has invaded it. (wikipedia.org)
- Once released, type I interferons will activate molecules which prevent the virus from producing and replicating its RNA and DNA. (wikipedia.org)
- Although discovered more recently than type I and type II IFNs, recent information demonstrates the importance of Type III IFNs in some types of virus infections. (wikipedia.org)
- The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment. (wikipedia.org)
- Based on its origin, the cancer cell type is called a neuroectodermal tumor. (wikipedia.org)
risk of cancer
- Results from the same test could also help to scale the dose for the patients who do need chemotherapy, depending on their risk of cancer returning. (edu.au)
- The trial is examining whether tumour DNA can be used as a marker of a patient's risk of cancer recurrence after surgery. (edu.au)
- The trial is determining whether the amount of ctDNA in a patient's blood indicates their risk of relapse - patients at the highest risk can be treated aggressively with chemotherapy, while patients with no detectable ctDNA in their blood are at low risk of cancer recurrence and may not need chemotherapy. (edu.au)
- The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries. (wikipedia.org)
skin
- About 14.1 million new cases occur a year (not including skin cancer other than melanoma). (wikipedia.org)
- If skin cancer other than melanoma were included in total new cancers each year, it would account for around 40% of cases. (wikipedia.org)
- It is suspected to cause the majority of cases of Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare but aggressive form of skin cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- The cancer may derive from the microscopic Merkel cell nervous organ in the skin and viscera which is responsible for touch and pressure sensation. (wikipedia.org)
- Although rare compared with other skin cancers, the incidence of Merkel cell carcinoma in the USA tripled between 1986 and 2001, to around 1400 cases per year. (wikipedia.org)
researchers
- The trials, led by Melbourne researchers, are investigating whether patients can be assessed after cancer surgery using a simple blood test to determine whether they need chemotherapy or not. (edu.au)
found
- Common fragile sites are of interest in cancer studies because they are frequently affected in cancer and they can be found in healthy individuals. (wikipedia.org)
another
- The IISG-funded fellow will stay with the Office of Program Planning and Integration for another six months to continue some of the work he began as a Knauss Fellow. (blogspot.com)
include
- Other factors associated with the development of this cancer include exposure to ultraviolet light. (wikipedia.org)
changes
- Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops. (wikipedia.org)
causes
- While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may have other causes. (wikipedia.org)
However
- However, efficiency of reprogramming using integration-free methods is quite low in most cases. (jove.com)
people
- In 2015, about 90.5 million people had cancer. (wikipedia.org)
multiple
- MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. (wikipedia.org)
medical
- In many cases, patients are receiving unnecessary chemotherapy, said the trial lead, Associate Professor Jeanne Tie , who is a clinician scientist at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute and a medical oncologist at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Western Health . (edu.au)
- The ovarian cancer arm of the trial is led by Walter and Eliza Hall Institute clinician-researcher Associate Professor Sumi Ananda , who is also medical oncologist at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Western Health. (edu.au)
expression
- This facilitates integration into the chromosome and long-term transgene expression. (wikipedia.org)
start
- Associate Professor Tie said the trials would test whether the 'circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) test' could reliably indicate to an oncologist whether or not a patient needed to start chemotherapy after their cancer had been surgically removed, to give the best chance of preventing recurrence. (edu.au)
addition
- In addition, the frequency of integration of HTLV-I provirus into transcriptional units was equivalent to that calculated based on random integration [ 16 ], which also increased the silencing. (biomedcentral.com)