Genes posterior blastoderm. Medical search. Frequent questions

One of the best understood examples of pattern formation is the patterning along the future head to tail (antero-posterior) axis of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. (wikipedia.org)
The building-blocks of anterior-posterior axis patterning in Drosophila are laid out during egg formation (oogenesis), well before the egg is fertilized and deposited. (wikipedia.org)
Bicoid and Hunchback are the maternal effect genes that are most important for patterning of anterior parts (head and thorax) of the Drosophila embryo. (wikipedia.org)
Nanos and Caudal are maternal effect genes that are important in the formation of more posterior abdominal segments of the Drosophila embryo. (wikipedia.org)
The transcription factors Bicoid (Bcd), Caudal (Cad), Hunchback (Hb), Krüppel (Kr), and Knirps (Kni) act at very early stages of Drosophila development to define the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo. (sdbonline.org)
To generalize and quantify these promising results, a broader collection of 19 well-defined CRMs from 9 Drosophila genes known to be required for proper embryonic development was compiled. (sdbonline.org)
Long germ-band insects, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , form most of their segments simultaneously at the blastoderm stage, i.e., before gastrulation. (biomedcentral.com)
We determined and documented embryonic expression patterns for 6,003 (44%) of the 13,659 protein-coding genes identified in the Drosophila melanogaster genome with over 70,000 images and controlled vocabulary annotations. (biomedcentral.com)
There are several reasons for choosing Drosophila melanogaster as an organism for the global study of gene expression during embryonic development. (biomedcentral.com)
We have assembled an atlas of gene expression patterns during Drosophila embryogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
In Drosophila, the specification of the body takes place during the blastoderm through the segmentation cascade. (bvsalud.org)
The initial blastoderm of Drosophila is a syncytium and it also coincides with the mid-blastula transition when thousands of zygotic genes are transcribed and their products are able to diffuse in the cytoplasm. (bvsalud.org)
The Drosophila gap gene hunchback (hb) is required for the establishment of the anterior segment pattern of the embryo, and also for a small region of the posterior segment pattern. (mpg.de)
Embryos fluorescently stained for both RNA (red) and protein (cyan) products of the gap genes Krüppel are shown at early (A), mid (B) and late (C) cleavage cycle 14A during the blastoderm stage of Drosophila development. (drosophila-images.org)
Simultaneous visualization of nascent transcripts from two enhancers and a promoter of the Hox gene Abdominal-B in a Drosophila embryo. (drosophila-images.org)
Maternal genes involved in dorsoventral (D/V) patterning of the Drosophila embryo interact to establish a stable nuclear concentration gradient of the Dorsal protein which acts as the morphogen along this axis. (silverchair.com)
Genetic analysis of early development in the Drosophila embryo has revealed that embryonic pattern formation depends on both maternal and zygotic genes. (silverchair.com)
It reviews the homology of gene structure and the similarity of expression patterns between drosophila and mammalian Hox genes that suggest that this patterning mechanism is extremely ancient. (oxfordsciencetrove.com)
Identification of regions interacting with ovoD mutations: potential new genes involved in germline sex determination or differentiation in Drosophila melanogaster. (uchicago.edu)
Amplification of genes for chorion proteins during oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. (uchicago.edu)
Transplantation of posterior polar plasm in Drosophila. (uchicago.edu)
Developmental genetics of the 2E-F region of the Drosophila X chromosome: a region rich in "developmentally important" genes. (uchicago.edu)
Drosophila bearing the ocelliless mutation underproduce two major chorion proteins both of which map near this gene. (uchicago.edu)
Molecular genetics of the Drosophila melanogaster ovo locus, a gene required for sex determination of germline cells. (uchicago.edu)
The Drosophila clathrin heavy chain gene: clathrin function is essential in a multicellular organism. (uchicago.edu)
Although DmFKBP12 is distributed evenly between the anterior to posterior poles of the blastoderm egg, the protein is expressed more strongly in the cortex of the early Drosophila gastrula with the highest concentration found in the basement membrane of the cellular blastoderm. (biomedcentral.com)
Fertilized egg, through the profile as under-membrane cortex distribution concentering onto basement at cellular blastoderm, to the profile as three-gem layer localization in primitive neuronal and digestion architecture of early Drosophila gastrula. (biomedcentral.com)
The product of the Drosophila gene decapentaplegic ( dpp) encodes a TGFβ homolog that plays multiple roles during embryogenesis and the development of imaginal discs. (biologists.com)
By analyzing lethal mutations in the fruit fly Drosophila Hadorn accumulated evidence that genes control development to a large extent and that they determine the body plan in great detail. (balzan.org)
Shimmi, O., Umulis, D., Othmer, H. & O'Connor, M. B. Facilitated transport of a Dpp/Scw heterodimer by Sog/Tsg leads to robust patterning of the Drosophila blastoderm embryo. (nature.com)

The germ line segregates from the somatic cells through the formation of pole cells at the posterior end of the embryo. (wikipedia.org)
The posterior region (including the hindgut) expands and extends towards the anterior pole along the dorsal side of the embryo. (wikipedia.org)
At this time, segments of the embryo become visible, creating a striped arrangement along the anterior-posterior axis. (wikipedia.org)
The maternal effect genes are responsible for the polarity of the egg and of the embryo. (wikipedia.org)
Bcd and Cad are maternal activators broadly distributed in the anterior and posterior portions of the embryo, respectively. (sdbonline.org)
During cellularization, gt is expressed in two broad domains, one in the anterior and one in the posterior portion of the embryo. (sdbonline.org)
In contrast, short germ-band species start gastrulation with just a few segments, and then progressively add new ones from an undifferentiated growth zone situated at the posterior end of the embryo [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Of 4,496 genes with detectable expression in the embryo, 2,549 (57%) fall into 10 clusters representing broad expression patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
We describe the tissue specificity of gene expression at each stage range using selected terms from a controlled vocabulary (CV) for embryo anatomy [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Pair-rule genes such as hairy (h), even-skipped (eve), runt (run), and fushi-tarazu (ftz) are of the intermediate level of the cascade and each pair-rule gene is expressed in seven transversal stripes along the antero-posterior axis of the embryo. (bvsalud.org)
Fine mapping of the epiblast in the posterior region of the early-streak stage embryo reveals that although the early-gastrula organizer contains cells that give rise to the axial mesoderm, the bulk of the progenitors of the head process and the notochord are localized outside the early gastrula organizer. (silverchair.com)
In the ventral part of the embryo, dorsal specifically activates transcription of the gene twist and ventrally and laterally dorsal represses the expression of zerkn üllt , a gene involved in the formation of dorsal derivatives. (silverchair.com)
At this point in time the chicken embryo is a blastoderm (shown in blue). (asu.edu)
The first magnification of the embryo shows that the blastoderm cell layers have thickened to form the primitive streak and Hensen's node. (asu.edu)
And even though 00:05:14.01 bicoid as an RNA or a gene product was a newly evolved solution 00:05:19.25 to the problem of patterning in the embryo and arose during the evolution 00:05:23.17 of the Diptera, all of these insects here share the common feature 00:05:29.13 that their anterior/posterior patterning depends on bicoid. (ibiology.org)
The analysis of both authentic Dorsal target genes and defined synthetic promoters suggests that the ectopic gradient is sufficient to generate the full repertory of DV patterning responses along the AP axis of the embryo. (sdbonline.org)
For example, mesoderm determinants are activated in the anterior third of the embryo, whereas neurogenic genes are expressed in central regions. (sdbonline.org)
However, the term "posterior growth zone" is used ambiguously in the literature, mostly referring to a region of increased proliferation at the posterior end of the embryo. (biomedcentral.com)
The hierarchical steps resulting in the progressive subdivision of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo. (mcw.edu)

Germ band retraction returns the hindgut to the dorsal side of the posterior pole and coincides with overt segmentation. (wikipedia.org)
There are three fundamental types of genes that give way to the developmental structure of the fly: maternal effect genes, segmentation genes, and homeotic genes. (wikipedia.org)
Its expression is under the control of the anterior pattern organizer gene bicoid (bcd) and it appears to be necessary and sufficient for the anterior segmentation. (mpg.de)
During embryonic development of segmented animals, body segments are thought to arise from the so-called "posterior growth zone" and the occurrence of this "zone" has been used to support the homology of segmentation between arthropods, annelids, and vertebrates. (biomedcentral.com)
By comparing our data from Onychophora with those from annelids, arthropods, and chordates, we suggest that the occurrence of a "posterior growth zone" currently cannot be used to support the homology of segmentation between these three animal groups. (biomedcentral.com)

The 3.2-kb transcript is expressed again at syncytial blastoderm stage in the anterior yolk nuclei, as well as in an anterior stripe which is posteriorly adjacent to the domain of the 2.9-kb transcript, and as a posterior stripe. (mpg.de)
DmFKBP12 is first expressed at the syncytial blastoderm stage and undergoes increased expression during the cellular blastoderm and early gastrulation stages. (biomedcentral.com)

The type I target gene folded gastrulation is activated only in response to peak levels of the Dl gradient, so that expression is restricted to a subdomain of the presumptive mesoderm. (sdbonline.org)

From anterior to posterior the head segments are the procephalic segments (labral, (ocular), antennal and intercalary) and the gnathal segments (mandibular, maxillary and labial). (mcw.edu)

The entire growth process from egg to adult fly takes an estimated 10 to 12 days to complete at 25 °C. The mother fly produces oocytes that already have anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes defined by maternal activities. (wikipedia.org)
The extent of dorsal action is closely related to the affinity and the number of dorsal response elements present in these zygotic gene promoters. (silverchair.com)
Each gene in the dorsal group displays a complete dorsalization as the lack-of-function phenotype: only elements that normally derive from the dorsalmost region of the egg are formed, while ventral and lateral elements are lacking ( Nüsslein-Volhard, 1979 ). (silverchair.com)
However, she had a breakthrough discovering a second gene that seemed to influence pattern formation in the embryos of flies, a gene later called dorsal. (wepapers.com)
The Huang (1997) paper also clearly summarizes what is known about the regulation of genes involved in dorsal/ventral patterning. (sdbonline.org)
There are five distinct thresholds of gene activity in response to the Dorsal nuclear gradient in early embryos. (sdbonline.org)
The zerknullt target gene is repressed by high and low levels of the gradient, so that expression is restricted to the presumptive dorsal ectoderm. (sdbonline.org)

To determine whether such a localised posterior proliferation zone is an ancestral feature of Panarthropoda (Onychophora + Tardigrada + Arthropoda), we examined cell division patterns in embryos of Onychophora. (biomedcentral.com)
Using in vivo incorporation of the DNA replication marker BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine) and anti-phospho-histone H3 immunolabelling, we found that a localised posterior region of proliferating cells does not occur at any developmental stage in onychophoran embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
This contrasts with a localised pattern of cell divisions at the posterior end of annelid embryos, which we used as a positive control. (biomedcentral.com)

After thirteen mitotic divisions and about 4 hours after fertilization, an estimated 6,000 nuclei accumulate in the unseparated cytoplasm of the oocyte before they migrate to the surface and are encompassed by plasma membranes to form cells surrounding the yolk sac producing a cellular blastoderm. (wikipedia.org)
Cell and tissue specific gene expression is a defining feature of embryonic development in multi-cellular organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Within each of these categories, we identified clusters of genes associated with particular cellular and developmental functions. (biomedcentral.com)
encoded by Nfe2l2 gene) is a transcription factor responsible for the regulation of cellular redox balance and protective antioxidant and phase II detoxification responses in mammals [ 1 , 2 ]. (springer.com)
1. The structure of the egg envelopes and the formation of the cellular blastoderm. (uchicago.edu)
Instead, they act at the cellular blastoderm stage, and cleavage of the ICD may allow it to directly regulate the transcription of target genes in alternate parasegments. (biomedcentral.com)

Throughout this paper I will detail the early career of Dr. Nusslein-Volhard and the ways in which her research helped to revolutionize the field of developmental biology as it pertains to embryonic development and gene analysis/function. (wepapers.com)

The CRMs of h 1, eve 1, run 1, ftz 1 are able to be activated by bicoid (bcd) throughout the anterior blastoderm and several lines of evidence indicate that they are repressed by the anterior gap genes slp1 (sloppy-paired 1), tll (tailless) and hkb (huckebein). (bvsalud.org)

The genes that code for these mRNAs, called maternal effect genes, encode for proteins that get translated upon fertilization to establish concentration gradients that span the egg. (wikipedia.org)
The multifunctional regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is considered not only as a cytoprotective factor regulating the expression of genes coding for anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying proteins, but it is also a powerful modulator of species longevity. (springer.com)
The major characteristics of Nrf2 are to some extent mimicked by Nrf2-dependent genes and their proteins including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which besides removing toxic heme, produces biliverdin, iron ions and carbon monoxide. (springer.com)
The expression of the Wnt genes produces a gradient of proteins with the highest concentration in the rear (posterior) end and the lowest concentration at the head (anterior) end. (entomologytoday.org)

twist is one of the first zygotic genes necessary for mesoderm formation. (silverchair.com)

The tkv receptor is therefore involved in delimiting the expression domains of homeotic genes in the visceral mesoderm. (biologists.com)

The group also noted that depletion of the genes WntD/8 and Wnt1 in T. castaneum produced similar outcomes to the depletion to the analogues genes in vertebrates. (entomologytoday.org)

This chapter focuses on reptiles and birds which undergo discoidal meroblastic cleavage, wherein the early cell divisions do not cut through the yolk of the egg but form a blastoderm. (oxfordsciencetrove.com)

In C. elegans , the ten-1 gene can be transcribed from two distinct promoters to produce the transcripts ten-1a and ten-1b , which respectively encode two isoforms of the protein: TEN-1L, which contains all the teneurin domains described above (see Fig. 1F ), and TEN-1S, which lacks the ICD but contains the rest of the protein including the transmembrane domain. (biomedcentral.com)

The chapter points out the difference between human brains and those of other primates, in terms of elements such as the retention of the fetal neuronal growth rate during early childhood, the altered transcriptional activity of certain genes, and the presence of human-specific alleles of developmental regulatory genes. (oxfordsciencetrove.com)

This protein belongs to the rel proto-oncogene and NF-KB transcriptional factor family and acts by controlling zygotic gene expression. (silverchair.com)

Morgan's initial work on D. melanogaster genetics would later lead to the development of the first genetic map, the discovery of X-ray induced mutagenesis, the discovery of Hox genes, as well as thousands of other important contributions to the scientific world not limited to disease modeling, pharmacological testing, and neurobiology. (entomologytoday.org)

More than 30 mammalian genes comprise the TGFβ superfamily of growth factors. (nature.com)

The hb gene encodes two transcripts from two promoters which show a differential regulation, although they code for the same protein product. (mpg.de)

The primitive streak extends from the posterior (P) region to the anterior (A) region. (asu.edu)
The second rectangular magnification shows the blastoderm cross-sectioned through the primitive streak. (asu.edu)

Overall, when she began working in this lab with Wieschaus she discovered new ways of working on recombinant DNA and molecular biology with the focus to clone developmentally interesting genes. (wepapers.com)

The 3.2-kb transcript is expressed during oogenesis and forms an anterior-posterior gradient during the early stages of development. (mpg.de)

in the absence of functional tkv gene product, visceral mesoderm parasegment 7 cells fail to express Ultra-bithorax , but instead accumulate Antennapedia protein. (biologists.com)

A 1.1-kb fragment containing this cluster was placed in a reporter construct containing the eve minimal promoter fused to a lacZ reporter gene. (sdbonline.org)
Using hb-promoter/lacZ fusion gene constructs in combination with germ line transformation, we have delimited a regulatory region for the 2.9-kb transcript to approximately 300 bp upstream of the site of transcription initiation and show that this region is sufficient to confer the full regulation by bcd. (mpg.de)

it acts as an enhancer that recapitulates the posterior expression pattern of gt (Berman, 2002). (sdbonline.org)
The pattern of expression of the posterior expression domain is determined by the activities of Cad, Hb, and Kr. (sdbonline.org)
However, the cis-regulatory sequence controlling this posterior expression pattern has not been precisely identified. (sdbonline.org)
The expression pattern of this construct largely recapitulates the early expression pattern of the gt posterior expression domain. (sdbonline.org)
Morphogen gradients induce sharply defined domains of gene expression in a concentration-dependent manner, yet how cells interpret these signals in the face of spatial and temporal noise remains unclear. (elifesciences.org)
However, the range of gene expression patterns, the extent of the correlation of expression with function, and the classes of genes whose spatial expression are tightly regulated have been unclear due to the lack of an unbiased, genome-wide survey of gene expression patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
Individual expression patterns are extraordinarily diverse, but by supplementing qualitative in situ hybridization data with quantitative microarray time-course data using a hybrid clustering strategy, we identify groups of genes with similar expression. (biomedcentral.com)
The remaining 1,947 (43%) genes fall into 29 clusters representing restricted expression, 20% patterned as early as blastoderm, with the majority restricted to differentiated cell types, such as epithelia, nervous system, or muscle. (biomedcentral.com)
Nearly 60% of the genes with detectable expression exhibit broad patterns reflecting quantitative rather than qualitative differences between tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
the expression patterns of over 1,500 of these genes are documented here for the first time. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulation of gene expression in time and space is a major driving force of this process. (biomedcentral.com)
RNA in situ hybridization has the potential to reveal both spatial and temporal aspects of gene expression during development. (biomedcentral.com)
In many cases, the wild-type gene expression pattern has informed the interpretation of the phenotype produced by its mutation [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Dynamic shifts of the posterior boundary of the gap gene Krüppel as visualized by asymmetric distribution of RNA and protein expression domains. (drosophila-images.org)
2004). This combination of methods should greatly accelerate the construction of gene expression atlases, which will be invaluable in dissecting gene regulatory networks during development and altered patterns of gene expression in disease states. (drosophila-images.org)
It notes the link between gene expression and cell differentiation by addressing how referencing extracellular signals having have a key role in differentiation, as they by triggering intracellular signalling pathways that impact gene expression. (oxfordsciencetrove.com)
By injecting specific double-stranded RNA fragments, gene expression can be inhibited. (entomologytoday.org)
Orthogonal expression of Hedgehog and Decapentaplegic in the epidermis instructs monopolar extension of the terminal branch along the posterior compartment,thereby matching the pattern of airway growth with that of the epidermis. (biologists.com)

Biological significance: Multiplex in situ hybridization fills a methodological gap between the existing techniques of genome-wide, but low resolution, RNA profiling, and high resolution single gene in situ detection methods. (drosophila-images.org)
By using a special technique known as in situ hybridization to tag their transcripts, the group was able to determine when and where the genes were being expressed. (entomologytoday.org)
In 2018, the commission revised the legislative framework implemented in the field of sustainable biobutanol and its applications on Earth and in situ generated H(2) for the annotation of genes to their respective expected results and acting entity. (chemdbsoft.com)

When they noticed redundancies in some of the Wnt genes, they were able to use RNAi to identify the three Wnt genes (Wnt1, Wnt8/D and WntA) essential for development during the blastoderm stage. (entomologytoday.org)

The large majority of the early embryologists thought that the genes played only a minor role in development, for example by determining eye color, and that development is rather controlled by tissue interactions. (balzan.org)

Hedgehog promotes terminal branch spreading and its extension over the posterior compartment of the epidermis. (biologists.com)

These twelve genes act in a complex way to establish the spatial coordinates of the D/V axis (for review see St Johnston and Nüsslein-Volhard, 1992 ). (silverchair.com)

The ovo gene required for cuticle formation and oogenesis in flies is involved in hair formation and spermatogenesis in mice. (uchicago.edu)

Second half of the bifurcating trunk between neighbouring, the medio-lateral axes parallel with this posterior coelom. (goldenowlhunt.com)

Traditionally, the term "posterior growth zone" has been used to describe a localised and highly proliferative terminal body region, which has been dubbed the "proliferating area" or "zone of proliferation" [ 9 - 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition, many of the remaining clusters are adjacent to genes expressed in a pattern characteristic of genes regulated by these factors. (sdbonline.org)
These results with gap genes confirmed previous data from the literature and argue against indirect repression roles of Tll in the striped pattern. (bvsalud.org)

Regulatory evolution at the yellow gene underlies the diversification of wing pigmentation patterns among Drosophilidae. (drosophila-images.org)

A major challenge in interpreting genome sequences is understanding how the genome encodes the information that specifies when and where a gene will be expressed. (sdbonline.org)

The sex-linked factor was the evidence Morgan needed to cement the concept of gene-based heredity. (entomologytoday.org)

One of these clusters is located ~2 kb upstream of the gap gene giant ( gt ). (sdbonline.org)

Mesectoderm differentiation is controlled by the bHLH-PAS gene, sim . (sdbonline.org)

It describes Kupffer's vesicle, which is a transient, fluid-filled organ in the most posterior position of the trunk. (oxfordsciencetrove.com)

Sequences of previously described binding sites were collected for these five factors present in the cis-regulatory regions of known target genes. (sdbonline.org)

The type II target gene snail contains a series of low-affinity Dl-binding sites, as well as binding sites for the bHLH activator, Twist. (sdbonline.org)
The type IV target gene rhomboid is expressed in lateral stripes that encompass the ventral half of the presumptive neuroectoderm. (sdbonline.org)
Thus, SMADs both transmit the signal into the nucleus and execute the downstream effects by directly regulating target-gene transcription. (nature.com)

Anatomy17

Organisms7

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs9

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes6

Drosophila30

Embryo19

Segmentation5

Syncytial blastoderm stage2

Gastrulation1

Anterior to posterior1

Dorsal7

Embryos3

Cellular6

Embryonic development1

Bicoid1

Proteins4

Zygotic genes1

Homeotic genes1

Vertebrates1

Yolk1

Encode1

Developmental1

Transcriptional1

Melanogaster1

Mammalian1

Promoters1

Primitive streak2

Developmentally1

Stages1

Mesoderm1

LacZ2

Expression18

Situ3

Stage1

Development1

Compartment1

Johnston1

Oogenesis1

Axes1

Region1

Pattern2

Patterns1

Genome1

Evidence1

Clusters1

Differentiation1

Trunk1

Regulatory1

Target gene3