AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
DNA ReplicationBase SequenceMolecular Sequence DataPolymerase Chain ReactionDNA, ViralReplication OriginDNA-Binding ProteinsDNA Replication TimingReplication Protein AS PhaseViral ProteinsDNA HelicasesCell Cycle ProteinsCell LinePlasmidsMutationOrigin Recognition ComplexDNA-Directed DNA PolymeraseReplication Protein CCell CycleEscherichia coliDNAHydroxyureaProliferating Cell Nuclear AntigenHeLa CellsAphidicolinDNA DamageRepliconDNA, Single-StrandedDNA RepairDNA PrimaseChromatinRNA, ViralSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsSaccharomyces cerevisiaeVirus ReplicationNuclear ProteinsDNA, FungalAmino Acid SequenceCell NucleusTranscription, GeneticGenome, ViralProtein BindingGene Expression Regulation, ViralRecombination, GeneticDNA, BacterialSimian virus 40Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 2DNA Polymerase IIIDNA Polymerase IIDNA Polymerase IGenes, ViralNucleic Acid ConformationGemininMinichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 7Templates, GeneticBacterial ProteinsMitosisChromosomes, BacterialSchizosaccharomycesGenomic InstabilityMinichromosome Maintenance ProteinsMinichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 3PolyomavirusKineticsAntigens, Viral, TumorBinding SitesDnaB HelicasesProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesSchizosaccharomyces pombe ProteinsExodeoxyribonucleasesMutagenesisCloning, MolecularG1 PhaseBacteriophage T4Chromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneDNA, CircularModels, GeneticCell ExtractsCheckpoint Kinase 2HistonesAdenoviruses, HumanUltraviolet RaysChromosomes, FungalVero CellsHIV-1S Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsChromosomesCells, CulturedRNA NucleotidyltransferasesTemperatureAntigens, Polyomavirus TransformingRestriction MappingDNA PrimersBromodeoxyuridineMinichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 4Adenosine TriphosphatasesFungal ProteinsRecQ HelicasesThymidine
RecombinationTranscriptionMutationsExpressionGenomicProteinChromosomePolymeraseGeneticChromosomalSynthesisMechanismsRegulationOriginsFunction in DNA replicationEnzymesDouble-strandedChromatinInitiation of DNA replicationChromosomesMitosisRegulatesSingle-strandedTumor supprMachineryPhenotypesEncodesEukaryoticCdc6InitiateGenome replicationSequenceHelicaseSequencesLagging strandReplicativeForkMutationBacteriaPromotersVirusesViralOccursUnwindIntegrityHumanProcessesHerpes simplexMoleculesMechanismBacteriophageRepairCellOrganismTranscript
Recombination8
  • Reference: In vivo interactions of genes and proteins in DNA replication and recombination of phage T4. (neb.com)
  • Many mutations that interfere with recombination also interfere with initiation of secondary replication. (neb.com)
  • Collapsed forks can be rescued by homologous recombination, which restarts replication. (elifesciences.org)
  • We find that this type of non-canonical fork convergence in fission yeast is prone to trigger deletions between repetitive DNA sequences via a mechanism we call Inter-Fork Strand Annealing (IFSA) that depends on the recombination proteins Rad52, Exo1 and Mus81, and is countered by the FANCM-related DNA helicase Fml1. (elifesciences.org)
  • This so-called recombination-dependent replication (RDR) helps ensure that DNA is fully replicated prior to sister chromatid segregation, thereby avoiding mitotic catastrophes. (elifesciences.org)
  • Heredity materials Nucleic acids and their structures Mutations and gene functions DNA replication DNA recombination Mutation mechanisms. (slideserve.com)
  • WRN protein is thought to be involved in optimization of various aspects of DNA metabolism, including DNA repair, recombination, replication, and transcription. (amrita.edu)
  • This book, written by James Wang, the discoverer of the first topoisomerase and a leader in the field since, presents ten chapters covering the historical backdrop of the DNA entanglement problem and the discovery of the DNA topoisomerases, how DNA topoisomerases perform their magic in DNA replication, transcription, genetic recombination and chromosome condensation, and how they are targets of therapeutic agents. (cshlpress.com)
Transcription12
  • ASXL1 MT are further associated with de novo accessibility of distal enhancers binding ETS transcription factors, targeting important leukemogenic driver genes. (nature.com)
  • To survey the epigenetic landscape of human CMML, we interrogated mutational spectrum, transcription, DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin accessibility in ASXL1 MT ( n = 8) and ASXL1 WT ( n = 8) CMML (Fig. 1a ). (nature.com)
  • We examine the impact that processes such as transcription and replication have on genome stability. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • DDX5 is required for cell proliferation by controlling the transcription of genes expressing DNA replication proteins in cancer cells in which the DDX5 locus is amplified, and this has uncovered a dependence on DDX5 for cell proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
  • DNA is the substrate of many cellular processes including DNA replication, transcription and chromatin remodeling. (umass.edu)
  • Genome-wide studies have provided evidence of the relationship between transcription and DNA replication timing. (umass.edu)
  • A global analysis of DNA replication initiation in T. brucei showed that TbORC1 (subunit of the origin recognition complex, ORC) binding sites are located at the boundaries of transcription units. (umass.edu)
  • Although recent studies in T. brucei indicate functional links among DNA replication and transcription, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. (umass.edu)
  • We identified 410 proteins, including key DNA replication factors and proteins associated with transcription, chromatin organization, DNA repair and mRNA splicing. (umass.edu)
  • We propose nucleosomes are assembled close to the replication fork followed by RNA pol II recruitment, transcription, and co-transcriptional RNA splicing. (umass.edu)
  • Published September 5, 2007 transcription factors and replicating extra DNA, rather than going directly into growth of the cell. (lu.se)
Mutations10
  • We are investigating the impact of specific classes of gene mutations, such as ATM, BRCA1, and MYBL2 on genome integrity. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • Genetic mutations lead to progressively disordered local DNA replication. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] Mutations in the APC gene occur early in adenoma development and are often found in aberrant crypt foci, the earliest identifiable dysplastic crypts. (medscape.com)
  • More than 55 variants (also known as mutations) in the PMS2 gene have been associated with a condition called constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Bandipalliam P. Syndrome of early onset colon cancers, hematologic malignancies & features of neurofibromatosis in HNPCC families with homozygous mismatch repair gene mutations. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutations in the genes that encode these proteins can result in disease. (cshl.edu)
  • Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, or poikiloderma congenitale, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder attributed to mutations of the RECQL4 helicase gene on 8q24. (medscape.com)
  • Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (poikiloderma congenitale) has been attributed to mutations of the RECQL4 gene on 8q24, which encodes a RecQ DNA helicase. (medscape.com)
  • Association between osteosarcoma and deleterious mutations in the RECQL4 gene in Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome: novel pathogenic mutations and frequencies of variants in the RECQL4 and USB1 (C16orf57) gene. (medscape.com)
Expression25
  • In her current position as a biologist, her focus on human DNA polymerases continues and expands towards studying genome-wide gene expression changes in yeast strains. (nih.gov)
  • We performed a multi-omics interrogation to define gene expression and chromatin remodeling associated with ASXL1 MT in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). (nature.com)
  • Chromatin remodeling of promoters and enhancers is strongly associated with gene expression and heterogenous among overexpressed genes. (nature.com)
  • This module will provide appropriate grounding regarding the structure of proteins, how this relates to their function and the mechanisms responsible for the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (le.ac.uk)
  • We identify an important role for DDX5 in G 1 -S-phase progression where it directly regulates DNA replication factor expression by promoting the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to E2F-regulated gene promoters. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Altered expression of some gene family members is associated with several types of cancer. (nih.gov)
  • This module provides an up to date understanding of how fundamental research in bacterial cell biology helps to elucidate central biological questions such as the control and regulation of cell division and of gene expression in bacteria. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • The pattern and timing of gene expression can be determined by creating recombinant DNA with a reporter gene under the control of a cis -regulatory sequence of interest and introducing it into cells or an organism. (jove.com)
  • So, by monitoring the expression of the reporter gene, a scientist can track where the gene of interest is being expressed. (jove.com)
  • For example, to study the expression of β-tubulin in C. elegans , the coding sequence of the β-tubulin gene was replaced by the gfp gene. (jove.com)
  • The gfp gene expression is now under the control of the promoter for the β-tubulin gene. (jove.com)
  • Thus, reporter genes "report" the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell. (jove.com)
  • So this research could potentially lead to very different kinds of ways of understanding gene expression. (ualberta.ca)
  • The chromatin fibre also supports gene expression and replication of chromosomal DNA. (ualberta.ca)
  • Here, we used quantitative real-time PCR, profiling the expression of 93 genes in single-cells from three different cell lines. (frontiersin.org)
  • We found that the total transcript level per cell and the expression of most individual genes correlated with progression through the cell cycle, but not with cell size. (frontiersin.org)
  • Detailed analysis of cell cycle predictive genes allowed us to define subpopulations with distinct gene expression profiles and to calculate a cell cycle index that illustrates the transition of cells between cell cycle phases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we employed single-cell gene expression profiling to describe the dynamic transition between cell proliferative states in three different cell lines using a panel consisting of 93 marker genes. (frontiersin.org)
  • miR-128-5p directly targeted the 3′UTR-binding sequences of the p21 gene, negatively regulated p21 expression, and supported the proliferation of VSMCs. (hindawi.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding sequences involved in the negative regulation of gene expression. (hindawi.com)
  • DNA, is preferred when demand for expression is rare, whereas an sources present at levels that are perturbed at some point in time activating mode is preferred in the opposite situation [8]. (lu.se)
  • and heterochromatization which result in selective gene expression or repression. (bvsalud.org)
  • Replication may be categorized into immediate early, delayed early, and late gene expression based on time of synthesis after infection. (medscape.com)
  • Gene and miRNA expression profiles and clinical evidence were integrated to detect hepatocellular carcinoma survival modules. (bvsalud.org)
  • Recurrent RECQL4 imbalance and increased gene expression levels are associated with structural chromosomal instability in sporadic osteosarcoma. (medscape.com)
Genomic8
  • The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this chapter, we mainly discuss the coordination regulations between DNA replication initiation and other cell cycle events that ensure genomic integrity. (intechopen.com)
  • The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
  • Problems that arise during DNA replication can drive genomic alterations that are instrumental in the development of cancers and many human genetic disorders. (elifesciences.org)
  • University of Alberta researchers have found an answer to a fundamental question in genomic biology that has eluded scientists since the discovery of DNA: Within the nucleus of our cells, is the complex package of DNA and proteins called chromatin a solid or a liquid? (ualberta.ca)
  • Download DNA or protein sequence, view genomic context and coordinates. (yeastgenome.org)
  • Since this genomic integrity is so fundamental to survival, scientists had assumed that replication mechanisms operate the same way in. (yale.edu)
  • performed on genomic DNA, using a 50 nuclease PCR assay. (cdc.gov)
Protein30
  • Association of the origin recognition complex (ORC) with a replication origin recruits the cell division cycle 6 protein (Cdc6) to form a platform for the loading of the minichromosome maintenance (Mcm 2-7) complex proteins, facilitated by the chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1 protein (Cdt1). (wikipedia.org)
  • Eukaryotic origins of replication control the formation of several protein complexes that lead to the assembly of two bidirectional DNA replication forks. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pre-RC formation involves the ordered assembly of many replication factors including the origin recognition complex (ORC), Cdc6 protein, Cdt1 protein, and minichromosome maintenance proteins (Mcm2-7). (wikipedia.org)
  • Bacterial origins regulate orisome assembly, a nuclei-protein complex assembled on the origin responsible for unwinding the origin and loading all the replication machinery. (wikipedia.org)
  • In E. coli, the direction for orisome assembly are built into a short stretch of nucleotide sequence called as origin of replication (oriC) which contains multiple binding sites for the initiator protein DnaA (a highly homologous protein amongst bacterial kingdom). (wikipedia.org)
  • A few other mechanisms in E. coli that variously regulate initiation are DDAH (datA-Dependent DnaA Hydrolysis, which is also regulated by IHF), inhibition of the dnaA gene (by the SeqA protein), and reactivation of DnaA by the lipid membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ORC-Cdc6 complex (product 1) assembles in step 1 around origin DNA and with the help of another replication initiator protein, Cdt1, it recruits the Mcm2-7 hexamer to the origin in step 2. (nature.com)
  • Members of this gene family are characterized by tandemly repeated copies of DUF1220 protein domains. (nih.gov)
  • In 2006, "follow-up research led by Hamilton Smith at the J. Craig Venter Institute in Rockville reveals that the minimum genome consists of 387 protein-coding and 43 RNA-coding genes. (creation.com)
  • The PMS2 gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays an essential role in repairing DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This protein helps fix errors that are made when DNA is copied (DNA replication) in preparation for cell division. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The PMS2 protein joins with another protein called MLH1 (produced from the MLH1 gene) to form a two-protein complex called a dimer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • PMS2 gene variants result in near or complete loss of PMS2 protein production. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A shortage of this protein eliminates mismatch repair activity and prevents the proper repair of DNA replication errors. (medlineplus.gov)
  • PMS2 gene variants involved in this condition lead to the production of an abnormally short or inactive PMS2 protein from one copy of the gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The altered protein cannot efficiently repair errors made during DNA replication. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Because there is some functional PMS2 protein produced from the normal copy of the gene, mismatch repair activity in Lynch syndrome is reduced but not absent, as it is in CMMRD syndrome (described above). (medlineplus.gov)
  • A reporter gene codes for a protein that can be tracked, such as a protein with a known enzymatic activity or one that is fluorescent. (jove.com)
  • One of the well-known reporter genes is one that encodes for a protein called green fluorescent protein - or GFP. (jove.com)
  • Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. (jove.com)
  • Commonly used reporter genes are - GFP (green fluorescent protein gene), lacZ (β- galactosidase gene), RFP (red fluorescent protein gene), and Luc (luciferase gene). (jove.com)
  • Landmark discovery of the physical state of complex DNA and protein "packages"-called chromatin-in a cell's nucleus could lead to better understanding of diseases such as cancer. (ualberta.ca)
  • Overproduction of DNA binding protein (gene 32 protein) and further characterization. (nih.gov)
  • The SV40 T-antigen, the first protein the virus makes inside a host cell, is needed for the very first step of replication of the virus DNA. (cshl.edu)
  • The Stillman lab searched for the protein(s) that start cell chromosome duplication, rather than virus genome replication. (cshl.edu)
  • When the ORC1 protein binds to DNA, it recruits CDC6, a protein that regulates and recruits other proteins, to a liquid phase and completes the ORC ring. (cshl.edu)
  • It is caused by pathogenic variants in the WRN gene, which encodes a multifunctional nuclear protein with exonuclease and helicase activities. (amrita.edu)
  • This click chemistry reaction yields a stable covalent linkage, facilitating streptavidin capture of cross-linked biotinylated DNA-protein complexes. (umass.edu)
  • These are a protein annotated as a Replication Factor C subunit (Tb927.10.7990), and a protein of unknown function (Tb927.3.5370). (umass.edu)
  • The RECQL4 protein, deficient in Rothmund-Thomson syndrome is active on telomeric D-loops containing DNA metabolism blocking lesions. (medscape.com)
Chromosome4
  • Chromosome replication in bacteria is regulated at the initiation stage. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene is a member of the neuroblastoma breakpoint family (NBPF) which consists of dozens of recently duplicated genes primarily located in segmental duplications on human chromosome 1. (nih.gov)
  • Eukaryotic DNA replication initiates at multiple origin sites along each chromosome and terminates when replication forks (RFs) from adjacent origins converge. (elifesciences.org)
  • The particular disease is caused by a missing gene on the X chromosome. (thenakedscientists.com)
Polymerase8
Genetic8
  • Explore the normal functions of human genes and the health implications of genetic changes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Molecular genetic studies also describe an adenoma-to-carcinoma sequence through accumulation of lesions in a variety of genes, with activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. (medscape.com)
  • It is thought that the features of neurofibromatosis type 1 in people with CMMRD syndrome are due to genetic changes in the NF1 gene that result from loss of mismatch repair. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In cell division, nothing is as important as the precise replication of billions of genetic letters that make up DNA. (yale.edu)
  • These results suggest that genetic variations in TNF, TGFB1, PTGS1 and PTGS2 genes contribute to DA susceptibility. (cdc.gov)
  • Studies show that certain PAH metabolites interact with DNA and are genotoxic, causing malignancies and heritable genetic damage in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Recognition of a single-gene disorder as causal for a patient's 'multiple sclerosis-like' phenotype is critically important for accurate direction of patient management, and evokes broader genetic counselling implications for affected families. (medscape.com)
  • 2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
Chromosomal2
  • Eukaryotic DNA replication of chromosomal DNA is central for the duplication of a cell and is necessary for the maintenance of the eukaryotic genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gene copy number variations in the human chromosomal region 1q21.1, where most DUF1220 domains are located, have been implicated in a number of developmental and neurogenetic diseases such as microcephaly, macrocephaly, autism, schizophrenia, cognitive disability, congenital heart disease, neuroblastoma, and congenital kidney and urinary tract anomalies. (nih.gov)
Synthesis4
  • In eukaryotes, the vast majority of DNA synthesis occurs during S phase of the cell cycle, and the entire genome must be unwound and duplicated to form two daughter copies. (wikipedia.org)
  • This hydrolysis drives DNA synthesis to completion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Indeed, a number of agents currently used in cancer treatment are known to target DNA synthesis. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Regardless of its precise form, collapse renders the fork incompetent for further DNA synthesis. (elifesciences.org)
Mechanisms2
  • Our research is defining the normal mechanisms of DNA replication and repair, with the aim of understanding how it is deregulated in cancer cells. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • Researchers have visualized the structure of this complex, dissected its mechanisms in starting DNA replication, and discovered other roles the ORC plays. (cshl.edu)
Regulation8
  • Right now, all of our understanding of gene regulation is largely based on the assumption of freely moving proteins that find DNA and whose accessibility is only regulated by the blocking of that movement. (ualberta.ca)
  • Down-regulation of DNA topoisomerase IIalpha in human colorectal carcinoma cells resistant to a protoberberine alkaloid, berberrubine. (nih.gov)
  • Transcriptional regulation of the genes in metabolic pathways is a highly successful strategy, which is virtually universal in microorganisms. (lu.se)
  • With a minimalist model of metabolism, cell growth and transcriptional regulation in a microorganism, we explore how the interaction between environmental conditions and gene regulation set the growth rate of cells in the phase of exponential growth. (lu.se)
  • INTRODUCTION broken, which in realistic situations can severly constrain the Transcriptional regulation of effector genes is a highly successful regulatory options. (lu.se)
  • A very natural place to study gene detecting and metabolizing lactose, it is known that the overall regulation is in the metabolism of the cell, and then specifically in effect of expressing the lac genes in vain is a drop in the growth rate the regulation of genes that code for enzymes and transporter of as much as 5% [1,6]. (lu.se)
  • Here, the function of regulation is quite clear: expressing energy and carbon, that a number around 0.2% would be the right genes at the right time will enable the cell to make the expected, and that the difference is more or less specific to the lac most of the resources within its reach, by maximizing the uptake operon [7]. (lu.se)
  • A number of studies have explored how regulation of generally, and at least to a first approximation, it is obvious that metabolic pathways affects the growth rate of microorganisms, gene regulation only is useful if the environmental conditions vary both in the steady state and in response to changes in the local with time. (lu.se)
Origins7
Function in DNA replication1
Enzymes4
  • Gp32 interacts with both enzymes acting on DNA and enzymes acting on membrane proteins. (neb.com)
  • The cells expressing the Luc gene produce luciferase enzymes that catalyze a reaction with luciferin to produce light. (jove.com)
  • A group of enzymes called DNA topoisomerases solve this problem by breaking and rejoining DNA molecules in a controlled manner, thereby allowing strands to be passed through each other and thus untangled not just during DNA replication, but also during many other basic cellular processes. (cshlpress.com)
  • Prior to cell division, double-stranded DNA is encircled by two separate MCM complex enzymes. (sciencedaily.com)
Double-stranded9
  • To synthesize DNA, the double-stranded DNA is unwound by DNA helicases ahead of polymerases, forming a replication fork containing two single-stranded templates. (wikipedia.org)
  • The process of semiconservative replication for the site of DNA replication is a fork-like DNA structure, the replication fork, where the DNA helix is open, or unwound, exposing unpaired DNA nucleotides for recognition and base pairing for the incorporation of free nucleotides into double-stranded DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, dsDNA (double stranded DNA) in the active site has a wider major groove and shallower minor groove that permits the formation of hydrogen bonds with the third nitrogen of purine bases and the second oxygen of pyrimidine bases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Life depends on double-stranded DNA unwinding and separating into single strands that can be copied for cell division. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The process may also help to solve what the study's senior researcher called one of the greatest mysteries of biology: How double-stranded DNA separates into single strands to start the replication process. (sciencedaily.com)
  • During DNA replication, the MCM complex is positioned at the fork where double-stranded DNA separates into single strands. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Based on the newly determined structure of the replication machinery, the researchers proposed that the MCM complexes begin to move in different directions, leading to separation of double-stranded DNA into single strands. (sciencedaily.com)
  • It is the largest (220 nm in diameter) and most complex herpesvirus, with a 235,000 double-stranded DNA genome. (medscape.com)
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a double-stranded DNA virus and is a member of the Herpesviridae family. (medscape.com)
Chromatin2
  • Michael Hendzel (right) co-led a study that revealed the gel-like nature of chromatin, the complex package of DNA and proteins contained within the nucleus of our cells. (ualberta.ca)
  • All of our chromosomes are made from chromatin, which is half histone (or structural) proteins and half DNA, organized into long strings with bead-like structures (nucleosomes) on them. (ualberta.ca)
Initiation of DNA replication2
Chromosomes3
  • Stretching out the DNA in all 46 chromosomes packed into one human cell would make a string of DNA two meters long. (cshl.edu)
  • Tens of thousands of ORCs assemble simultaneously along the chromosomes and after assembly, they are sequentially employed to start replication. (cshl.edu)
  • Not only are ORC proteins involved in DNA replication, but they also help divide the chromosomes equally into the two new cells. (cshl.edu)
Mitosis1
  • Replication processes permit copying a single DNA double helix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
Regulates1
  • p300-mediated acetylation of the Rothmund-Thomson-syndrome gene product RECQL4 regulates its subcellular localization. (medscape.com)
Single-stranded1
  • July 31, 2019 A new study examines the evolutionary dynamics of circular Rep-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses. (sciencedaily.com)
Tumor suppr2
  • Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes on arms 5q, 18q, and 17p are thought to be essential in tumorigenesis. (medscape.com)
  • tumor suppressor genes. (upstate.edu)
Machinery5
  • The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The DNA within the nuclei of our cells carries the information to generate the machinery of the cell, the cell itself, our tissues and then the whole human. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • Results showed BRCA1 changes shape in order to protect vulnerable DNA until the copying machinery can be restarted. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • 3 Of course, these genes are only functional with pre-existing translational and replicating machinery, a cell membrane, etc. (creation.com)
  • Those authors did not include rRNA or tRNA genes, and they recognized that the basic substrate transport machinery could not be clearly defined, even though this minimal cell would rely greatly on the import of several substrates, including all 20 amino acids (for which it had no biosynthetic ability). (creation.com)
Phenotypes3
  • Phenotype annotations for a gene are curated single mutant phenotypes that require an observable (e.g., "cell shape"), a qualifier (e.g., "abnormal"), a mutant type (e.g., null), strain background, and a reference. (yeastgenome.org)
  • These genes were selected based on their role in asthmatic inflammatory processes and History previously reported associations with asthma phenotypes. (cdc.gov)
  • Of these mediators, cytokines play a single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and asthma phenotypes (Che et al. (cdc.gov)
Encodes1
  • While each DNA blueprint, or gene, encodes for a different machine or structure, the genome, the collection of DNA wrapped up inside the nucleus, is much more active than a quiet library of neatly stacked blue-prints. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Eukaryotic4
Cdc65
  • The S. cerevisiae ORC binds to specific DNA sequences throughout the cell cycle but becomes active only when it binds to the replication initiator Cdc6. (nature.com)
  • Here we report the cryo-EM structure at 3.3 Å resolution of the yeast ORC-Cdc6 bound to an 85-bp ARS1 origin DNA. (nature.com)
  • The structure reveals that Cdc6 contributes to origin DNA recognition via its winged helix domain (WHD) and its initiator-specific motif. (nature.com)
  • CDC6 then binds to ORC1, bringing the other molecules along, allowing replication to begin. (cshl.edu)
  • Tightly-controlled feedback loops between ORC1, CDC6, and a number of other molecules regulate the timing of replication. (cshl.edu)
Initiate3
  • RDR can initiate from a collapsed fork where the DNA is either broken or remains intact. (elifesciences.org)
  • Origin recognition complexes (ORCs) initiate the task of DNA replication throughout an entire genome in a controlled, temporal pattern. (cshl.edu)
  • Based on the crystal structure in this research, we propose that a rotary mechanism drives the transformation to initiate DNA replication," said Eric Enemark, Ph.D., an associate member of the St. Jude Department of Structural Biology. (sciencedaily.com)
Genome replication1
  • Over the next few decades researchers would use SV40 replication to discover dozens of cellular proteins that are necessary for human cell genome replication. (cshl.edu)
Sequence5
  • There are 11 DnaA binding sites/boxes on the E. coli origin of replication out of which three boxes R1, R2 and R4 (which have a highly conserved 9 bp consensus sequence 5' - TTATC/ACACA ) are high affinity DnaA boxes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The proper copying and repair of DNA to maintain the correct sequence and structure of genomes is critical to the proper function of cells, and repair and replication is frequently disrupted in cancers and targeted by cancer treatments. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • Repairs are made by removing the section of DNA that contains errors and replacing it with a corrected DNA sequence. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Since the gene of interest and the reporter gene have the same cis -regulatory sequence, they are expressed in the same cells and at the same time. (jove.com)
  • The 3′UTR-binding sequence site of miR-128-5p on the p21 gene was predicted and assessed by luciferase assays. (hindawi.com)
Helicase2
  • Promising new inhibitors that target the viral helicase-primase complex have been reported to block replication of herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses, but they have no activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), another herpesvirus. (frontiersin.org)
  • The HCMV helicase-primase complex (pUL105-pUL102-pUL70) is essential for viral DNA replication and could thus be a relevant antiviral target. (frontiersin.org)
Sequences1
  • DNA sequences containing these sites were initially isolated in the late 1970s on the basis of their ability to support replication of plasmids, hence the designation of autonomously replicating sequences (ARS). (wikipedia.org)
Lagging strand1
  • The priming event on the lagging strand establishes a replication fork. (wikipedia.org)
Replicative1
  • DNA replicative intermediates of T4 dar and a gene 59 mutant suppressed by dar. (nih.gov)
Fork3
  • Replication fork barriers are a commonly encountered problem, which can cause fork collapse and act as hotspots for replication termination. (elifesciences.org)
  • However, replication restart is relatively slow and, therefore, replication termination may frequently occur by an active fork converging on a collapsed fork. (elifesciences.org)
  • We performed MS label-free quantification to determine which proteins are enriched in an active replication fork in T. brucei (Chapter 3). (umass.edu)
Mutation1
  • Mutation on the TP53 gene, on 17p, results in malignant transformation of adenomas. (medscape.com)
Bacteria1
  • Jan. 4, 2023 All of the previously known CRISPR immune systems protect bacteria by deactivating genes from an invading virus. (sciencedaily.com)
Promoters1
  • Promoters, enhancers and physical interactions between regions of DNA are important in ways that are only now becoming apparent, directing phases of development, and often perturbed in cancers. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Viruses3
  • While recombinant DNA technology has significantly contributed to our understanding of plant viruses, new findings are being accumulated every day as reported in various publications. (routledge.com)
  • In the 1980s, researchers who wanted to understand DNA replication in animals used viruses as a simplified model system. (cshl.edu)
  • In the case of choroideremia, what we do is we make a virus that carries DNA, because viruses do carry DNA or RNA, that's the property of virus. (thenakedscientists.com)
Viral3
  • Mutational analysis of several of these amino acids both in pUL105 and pUL70, proved that they are crucial for viral replication. (frontiersin.org)
  • Only, rather than carrying the viral gene, the virus contains the choroideremia gene which we've artificially put into it. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Although we've taken out most of the viral genome, little bits at the very end which stabilise the DNA and allow it to sit in the cell dormantly for years and years, and years, all that is still there. (thenakedscientists.com)
Occurs2
  • Much of the cell cycle is built around ensuring that DNA replication occurs without errors. (wikipedia.org)
  • The loss of the DCC (deleted in colon cancer) gene, on 18q, occurs in 50% of patients with adenomas and 70% of patients with carcinomas. (medscape.com)
Unwind1
  • The elements illustrated how the process works like a pulley system to "pull" a single strand of DNA through the MCM complex and unwind the DNA. (sciencedaily.com)
Integrity1
  • WHA50.37, which states "the use of cloning for the replication of human individuals is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
Human6
  • Her interests are directed towards understanding the fidelity of human DNA polymerases in addition to studying proteins involved in mismatch repair processes. (nih.gov)
  • We applied an assay that measures the stability of maintenance of an episomal plasmid in human tissue culture cells to screen for new DNA replication factors. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Understanding how DNA replication is regulated in human cells can provide insight into cancer development and may reveal vulnerabilities that can be exploited therapeutically. (aacrjournals.org)
  • This gene family has experienced its greatest expansion within the human lineage and has expanded, to a lesser extent, among primates in general. (nih.gov)
  • The human ORC consists of six proteins when fully assembled into a ring around a stretch of DNA . (cshl.edu)
  • pendent of those associated with cretory ducts, columnar epithelia the KRAS gene is more frequent- other key mechanistic characteris- lining the gastrointestinal tract and ly mutated in human cancer, which tics of IARC Group 1 carcinogens. (who.int)
Processes5
  • In G1 phase of the cell cycle, many of the DNA replication regulatory processes are initiated. (wikipedia.org)
  • The errors disrupt other genes involved in important cellular processes, such as controlling cell growth and division (proliferation). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Click "Gene Ontology Details" to view all GO information and evidence for this locus as well as biological processes it shares with other genes. (yeastgenome.org)
  • Gene reduction analysis revealed that the gene deletion processes are under selective pressure, and many of the inactivations are probably related to the organism's interaction with its host environment. (asm.org)
  • Further studies are needed to determine how these processes are linked and co-regulated, and how rapidly they are initiated during DNA replication. (umass.edu)
Herpes simplex1
  • Her graduate work focused on DNA transactions in the herpes simplex type-1 genome. (nih.gov)
Molecules1
  • Enemark and his colleagues have produced the first atomic resolution image of the MCM complex bound to single-strand DNA and the molecules that fuel replication. (sciencedaily.com)
Mechanism2
Bacteriophage1
Repair5
  • In addition, in some patients with a personal or family history of breast and ovarian cancer, the protective role of BRCA1 in DNA-copying is disabled - while its break repair function is still active. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • But they were doubtful whether such a hypothetical bug could survive, because such an organism could barely repair DNA damage, could no longer fine-tune the ability of its remaining genes, would lack the ability to digest complex compounds, and would need a comprehensive supply of organic nutrients in its environment. (creation.com)
  • This complex coordinates the activities of other proteins that repair errors made during DNA replication. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The PMS2 gene is a member of a set of genes known as the mismatch repair (MMR) genes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This difference in DNA repair activity levels likely explains why cancers in Lynch syndrome generally develop in adulthood while those in CMMRD syndrome often affect children. (medlineplus.gov)
Cell12
  • All cells must finish DNA replication before they can proceed for cell division. (wikipedia.org)
  • In other words, it is possible that in fast growth conditions the grandmother cells starts replicating its DNA for grand daughter cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Defects in the control of cell proliferation are a hallmark of cancer, and DNA replication is a key process for cell proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • More recently, Eugene Koonin and others tried to calculate the bare minimum required for a living cell, and came up with a result of 256 genes. (creation.com)
  • This recombinant gene is introduced into different cell types, and both the gene of interest and the reporter gene are allowed to express. (jove.com)
  • Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. (jove.com)
  • Cell division and DNA replication are crucial parts of life. (cshl.edu)
  • Please note the cell in the center, where two sets of identical DNA are being pulled apart, preparing to divide into two resulting "daughter" cells. (cshl.edu)
  • Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) President and CEO Bruce Stillman and other CSHL scientists have been working for decades to understand the intricacies of ORC, DNA replication, and cell division. (cshl.edu)
  • By applying the random forests algorithm, a supervised machine learning approach, we show how a multi-gene signature that classifies individual cells into their correct cell cycle phase and cell size can be generated. (frontiersin.org)
  • In conclusion, we provide useful experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify informative and predictive genes at the single-cell level, which opens up new means to describe and understand cell proliferation and subpopulation dynamics. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, we found that 38 of 42 (90.48 %) essential genes were associated with the proportions of at least one of the 7 immune cell types. (bvsalud.org)
Organism2
  • Mycoplasma genitalium has the smallest known genome of any free-living organism, containing 482 genes comprising 580,000 bases. (creation.com)
  • So evolutionists must posit a more complex first living organism with even more genes. (creation.com)
Transcript2