- utero
- We aimed to 1) identify candidate genes and biological pathways associated with differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in relation to exposure to GDM in utero and, 2) using mediation analysis, more definitively investigate the potential for mediation of the effect of exposure to maternal diabetes in utero on cardiometabolic traits in childhood risk through our identified DMRs. (infona.pl)
- Increased methylation of PYGO1 and CLN8 had the greatest relative mediation effect (RME = 87%, p=0.005 and RME=50%, p=0.01) on the impact of exposure to maternal diabetes in utero on VCAM-1 levels in the offspring. (infona.pl)
- Multiple candidate genes and the UPS were identified for future study as possible links between exposure to maternal gestational diabetes in utero and adverse cardiometabolic traits in the offspring. (infona.pl)
- Low birthweight, a marker of an adverse in utero environment, is associated with cardiometabolic disease and brain disorders in adulthood. (biomedsearch.com)
- 3 Evidence from animal models and emerging data from humans suggest that maternal obesity also creates an adverse in utero environment, with long term "programmed" detrimental effects for the offspring. (bmj.com)
- fetal
- Increasing evidence has shown that exposure to ambient fine particles (PM 2.5 ) is associated with abnormal fetal development. (biomedcentral.com)
- Archer posited that decrements in maternal metabolic control altered fetal pancreatic beta cell, adipocyte (fat cell) and myocyte (muscle cell) development thereby inducing an enduring competitive advantage of adipocytes in the acquisition and sequestering on nutrient energy. (wikipedia.org)
- Nutritional perturbations, especially maternal undernutrition or low protein intake, are recognized as key determinants of a poor fetal environment and are shown to program the adult phenotype. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Testosterone is an important regulator of growth and differentiation during fetal development [ 19 , 20 ], and examining the effects of elevated maternal androgen levels are of clinical relevance, since epidemiological evidence shows that elevated maternal testosterone levels are associated with intrauterine growth restriction [ 21 ]. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Deficiencies in the barrier enzyme, potentially increasing fetal glucocorticoid exposure, can also arise in association with maternal stress, malnutrition and disease, and can be inhibited by consumption of liquorice, which contains glycyrrhizin, an HSD inhibitor. (biomedsearch.com)
- In a recent study we showed that alterations in DNA methylation at genes important in regulating cortisol levels, tissue glucocorticoid action, blood pressure and fetal growth, are present in adulthood in association with both early life parameters and cardiometabolic risk factors. (biomedsearch.com)
- Obesity
- To determine if maternal exposure to PM 2.5 programs offspring obesity, female C57Bl/6j mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or concentrated ambient PM 2.5 (CAP) during pre-conception, pregnancy, and lactation, and the developmental and metabolic responses of offspring were assessed. (biomedcentral.com)
- Our data indicate that maternal exposure to ambient PM 2.5 programs obesity in male offspring probably through alterations in the methylation of the promoter region of the leptin gene. (biomedcentral.com)
- In 2015, obesity theorist Edward Archer published "The Childhood Obesity Epidemic as a Result of Nongenetic Evolution: The Maternal Resources Hypothesis" and a series of works on maternal effects in human obesity and health. (wikipedia.org)
- In this body of work, Archer argued that accumulative maternal effects via the non-genetic evolution of matrilineal nutrient metabolism is responsible for the increased global prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2. (wikipedia.org)
- While accumulating evidence suggests that maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (mppBMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) may impact adult offspring adiposity, no study has examined their associations with longitudinal changes in obesity. (ahajournals.org)
- Maternal obesity. (bmj.com)
- Objectives To determine whether maternal obesity during pregnancy is associated with increased mortality from cardiovascular events in adult offspring. (bmj.com)
- The effect of maternal obesity on outcomes in offspring was tested with time to event analysis with Cox proportional hazard regression to compare outcomes in offspring of mothers in underweight, overweight, or obese categories of BMI compared with offspring of women with normal BMI. (bmj.com)
- Conclusions Maternal obesity is associated with an increased risk of premature death in adult offspring. (bmj.com)
- The prevalence of maternal obesity has risen rapidly in the past two decades. (bmj.com)
- 4 5 Several studies have shown associations between maternal obesity and obesity in the offspring, whether it is assessed in the neonatal period 6 or in adulthood, 7 independent of current lifestyle and shared familial (genetic and environmental) factors. (bmj.com)
- indicate that maternal
- Animal studies indicate that maternal zinc deficiency can upset both the sequencing and efficiency of the birth process. (wikipedia.org)
- outcomes
- Perturbations in early life environments, including intrauterine exposure to maternal gestational diabetes (GDM), are hypothesized to lead to metabolic imprinting resulting in increased risk of cardiometabolic outcomes later in life. (infona.pl)
- Importantly, studies in humans have now demonstrated that high maternal cortisol in pregnancy and/or inhibition of HSD2 are associated with programmed outcomes in childhood including higher blood pressure, behavioural disorders as well as altered brain structure. (biomedsearch.com)
- Genotyping of mothers and offspring was carried out for 180 candidate genes related to cardio-metabolic outcomes. (ahajournals.org)
- biomarkers
- 8 Recent studies have reported associations between higher maternal weight before pregnancy and biomarkers of future atheromatous disease in the offspring, including higher blood pressure and dyslipidaemia, in childhood 9 and in young adulthood. (bmj.com)
- Biomarkers are directly-measured biological indicators of disease, health, exposures, or other biological information. (jove.com)
- undernutrition
- However, no fundamental explanation exists for these differences in metabolism, nor clinical pictures, given similar exposures to undernutrition. (scribd.com)
- methylation
- In particular, increased methylation of PYGO1 and CLN8 may be biological links between intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes and significantly increased VCAM-1 levels in the offspring. (infona.pl)
- adverse
- Recent attention has focused on maternal androgen exposure, because the number of pregnant women with elevated circulating testosterone levels, and their problems with low birth weight and adverse adult health consequences, is rapidly increasing. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- pregnancy
- There are now studies in humans demonstrating that high circulating levels of maternal cortisol during pregnancy correlate negatively with birthweight, suggesting that excess glucocorticoids can by-pass the placental barrier. (biomedsearch.com)
- Conclusions This study points to the strong relationship between maternal excess weight and weight gain in pregnancy with offspring change in body size from adolescence to adulthood. (ahajournals.org)
- genotype
- A maternal effect is a situation where the phenotype of an organism is determined not only by the environment it experiences and its genotype, but also by the environment and genotype of its mother. (wikipedia.org)
- In genetics, maternal effects occur when an organism shows the phenotype expected from the genotype of the mother, irrespective of its own genotype, often due to the mother supplying messenger RNA or proteins to the egg. (wikipedia.org)
- Maternal effects can also be caused by the maternal environment independent of genotype, sometimes controlling the size, sex, or behaviour of the offspring. (wikipedia.org)
- In genetics, a maternal effect occurs when the phenotype of an organism is determined by the genotype of its mother. (wikipedia.org)
- Since these genes are expressed in the (maternal) nurse cells and not in the oocyte or fertilised embryo, the maternal genotype determines whether they can function. (wikipedia.org)
- associations
- We created genetic propensity scores using a subset of 388 SNPs from 53 adiposity-related genes that were predictive of the exposures and outcome, and fit linear regression models both with and without genetic scores to examine the associations of mppBMI and GWG with offspring change in BMI. (ahajournals.org)
- Mapping genes underlying these associations with longitudinal change in BMI may potentially lead to targeted intervention strategies to reduce CHD risk. (ahajournals.org)
- Genome-wide linkage and positional association analyses identify associations of novel AFF3 and NTM genes with triglycerides: the GenSalt study. (tulane.edu)
- mutations
- Because of the inheritance pattern of maternal effect mutations, special genetic screens are required to identify them. (wikipedia.org)
- These typically involve examining the phenotype of the organisms one generation later than in a conventional (zygotic) screen, as their mothers will be potentially homozygous for maternal effect mutations that arise. (wikipedia.org)
- Gaucher disease (GD), the most frequent lipid storage disorder is caused by mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene. (umaryland.edu)
- In this project, we will use state-of-the-art reagents and technologies developed in Dr. Norma Andrews' laboratory to elucidate the mechanisms by which mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene in bone-forming and bone-resorbing cells leads to bone fragility. (umaryland.edu)
- Hypothesis
- We tested the hypothesis that prenatal testosterone exposure induces dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which is known to play an important role in water and electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Numerous mechanistic studies in animal models have been carried out to test this hypothesis using manipulations to increase maternal glucocorticoids. (biomedsearch.com)
- risk
- These studies together strongly suggest that maternal exposure to ambient PM 2.5 may be a risk for developmental programming. (biomedcentral.com)
- significantly increased
- Their hypothalamic expression of Socs3 and Pomc , two target genes of leptin, was not changed, and the hypothalamic expression of NPY, an orexigenic peptide that is inhibited by leptin, was significantly increased. (biomedcentral.com)
- however, prenatal testosterone exposure significantly increased plasma vasopressin and angiotensin II levels and arterial pressure in adult females. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- genetic
- Li C, Chen W, Jiang F, Simino J, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS, Mei H. Genetic association and gene-smoking interaction study of carotid intima-media thickness at five GWAS-indicated genes: the Bogalusa Heart Study. (tulane.edu)
- promoter region
- The vitamin D receptor (VDR) with vitamin D (VD) binds as a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) specific sequence in the promoter region of the target gene - the vitamin D responsive element (VDRE). (intechopen.com)
- metabolism
- The UPS pathway reflects biological processes known to be associated with endothelial function, inflammation, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and b-cell apoptosis, whose derangements are central to the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases. (infona.pl)
- The aim of this study was to determine how the expression of genes involved in the transport and metabolism of FOLFOX chemotherapy impacts on tissue injury in a murine model of CLM. (jove.com)
- Differences in the expression of genes related to 5-fluorouracil metabolism or DNA repair did not correlate with the severity of tissue injury. (jove.com)
- mothers
- 30) compared with mothers with normal BMI after adjustment for maternal age at delivery, socioeconomic status, sex of offspring, current age, birth weight, gestation at delivery, and gestation at measurement of BMI (hazard ratio 1.35, 95% confidence interval 1.17 to 1.55). (bmj.com)
- fetus
- One of the key hypotheses to explain programming, namely over exposure of the developing fetus to glucocorticoids, was proposed nearly two decades ago, following the observation that the fetus was protected from high glucocorticoid levels in the mother by the actions of the placental barrier enzyme, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which converts active glucocorticoids into inactive products. (biomedsearch.com)
- inhibition
- Inhibition of cell cycle progresion by vitamin DOne of the factors determining the switch between G1 and S phases of the cell cycle is retinoblastoma (Rb) protein phosphorylation that leads to the release of several transcription factors activating genes involved in the cell cycle progression. (intechopen.com)
- Vitamin D with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) binds to the regulatory sequences in the promoters of p21 and p27 genes activating their transcription that leads to the inhibition of the CDKs, lack of Rb phosphorylation and inhibition of the cell cycle progression. (intechopen.com)
- adaptive
- These adaptive maternal effects lead to phenotypes of offspring that increase their fitness. (wikipedia.org)
- It has been proposed that maternal effects are important for the evolution of adaptive responses to environmental heterogeneity. (wikipedia.org)
- humans
- Altered glucocorticoid activity or action is a good candidate mechanism in humans to link low birthweight with cardiometabolic and brain disorders. (biomedsearch.com)
- Exposure to chronic stress is a reliable predictor of depressive disorders, and social stress is a common ethologically relevant stressor in both animals and humans. (jove.com)
- cardiovascular
- However, the extent to which exposure is related to all-cause and deaths from cancer and cardiovascular condition in young age is unknown. (jove.com)
- Therefore, we prospectively assessed whether long-term and recent arsenic exposures are associated with all-cause and cancer and cardiovascular mortalities in Bangladeshi childhood population. (jove.com)
- growth
- The growth trajectory of offspring revealed that maternal exposure to CAP significantly decreased offspring birth weight but increased body weight of adult male but not female offspring, and the latter was expressed as increased adiposity. (biomedcentral.com)
- Recent studies have reported significant effects of chronic social stress during lactation, an ethologically relevant and effective stressor, on maternal behavior, growth, and behavioral neuroendocrinology. (jove.com)
- protein
- Maternal effects often occur because the mother supplies a particular mRNA or protein to the oocyte, hence the maternal genome determines whether the molecule is functional. (wikipedia.org)
- stress
- This manuscript will describe this chronic social stress paradigm using repeated exposure of a lactating dam to a novel male intruder, and the assessment of the behavioral, physiological, and neuroendocrine effects of this model. (jove.com)
- The exposure of pups to CSS can also be used as an early life stress that has long term effects on behavior, physiology, and neuroendocrinology. (jove.com)
- Patients
- Polymorphisms in the ATP7B gene may explain varying susceptibility to SOS among patients following oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. (jove.com)
- study
- Secondhand smoke exposure is associated with increased carotid artery intima-media thickness: the Bogalusa Heart Study. (tulane.edu)
- effect
- For example, if a mutation is maternal effect recessive, then a female homozygous for the mutation may appear phenotypically normal, however her offspring will show the mutant phenotype, even if they are heterozygous for the mutation. (wikipedia.org)
- Many maternal effect Drosophila mutants have been found that affect the early steps in embryogenesis such as axis determination, including bicoid, dorsal, gurken and oskar. (wikipedia.org)
- Other maternal effect mutants either affect products that are similarly produced in the nurse cells and act in the oocyte, or parts of the transportation machinery that are required for this relocalization. (wikipedia.org)
- An example of a paternal-effect gene is the ms(3)sneaky in Drosophila. (wikipedia.org)
- body
- Maternal body mass index (BMI) was calculated from height and weight measured at the first antenatal visit. (bmj.com)
- levels
- Female rats (6 mo old) prenatally exposed to testosterone were examined for adrenal expression of steroidogenic genes, telemetric blood pressure, blood volume and Na + and K + levels, plasma aldosterone, angiotensin II and vasopressin levels, and vascular responses to angiotensin II and arg 8 -vasopressin. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- The levels of Cyp11b2 (aldosterone synthase), but not the other adrenal steroidogenic genes, were decreased in testosterone females. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- These results suggest that prenatal testosterone exposure downregulates adrenal Cyp11b2 expression, leading to decreased plasma aldosterone levels. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- early
- Maternal supply of mRNAs to the early embryo is important, as in many organisms the embryo is initially transcriptionally inactive. (wikipedia.org)
- The genes responsible for these effects are components of sperm that are involved in fertilization and early development. (wikipedia.org)
- expression
- Gene expression was determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. (jove.com)
- target
- The simplified scheme of activation of the target gene by the vitamin D receptor. (intechopen.com)
- cells
- Once the gene that is disrupted in the bicoid mutant was identified, it was shown that bicoid mRNA is transcribed in the nurse cells and then relocalized to the oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
- change
- In contrast, maternal exposure did not significantly change any of these indexes in adult female offspring. (biomedcentral.com)
- birth
- We recorded participants' birth weights, as determined from maternal recall at the time of admission. (scribd.com)
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