• Some of these modifications that regulate gene expression are inheritable and are referred to as epigenetic regulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we study gene body DNA methylation (gbM) and gene expression patterns in ecotypes from contrasting thermal environments of two marine plants with contrasting life history strategies in order to explore the potential role epigenetic mechanisms could play in gene plasticity and responsiveness to heat stress. (nature.com)
  • Any step of gene expression may be modulated, from signaling to transcription to post-translational modification of a protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Regulation of transcription thus controls when transcription occurs and how much RNA is created. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase can be regulated by several mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • 5) in 1978 put forth a the- on exposed surfaces led to studies that revealed surface-associ- ory of biofilms that explained the mechanisms whereby micro- ated microorganisms (biofilms) exhibited a distinct phenotype organisms adhere to living and nonliving materials and the with respect to gene transcription and growth rate. (cdc.gov)
  • RafK carries a C-terminal regulatory domain present in a subset of ATP-binding proteins that has been involved in both direct regulation of transporter activity (inducer exclusion) and transcription of transporter genes. (lu.se)
  • The physiological conditions experienced by a microbial community can thus be inferred using meta-transcriptomic sequencing by comparing transcription levels of specifically chosen genes. (osti.gov)
  • Sample-specific meta-genomic assembled genomes (MAGs) were used as reference genomes to accurately identify the origin of RNA reads, and transcript ratios of genes with opposite transcription responses were compared to eliminate biases related to differences in organismal abundance, an approach hereafter named the "diametric ratio" method. (osti.gov)
  • Question: The Process By Which Genotype Becomes Expressed As Phenotype Is Translation Transcription Gene Expression O Gene Regulation Question 57 In Bacteria, What Name Is Given To A Cluster Of Genes With Related Functions, Along With Their DNA Control Sequences? (prowritershub.com)
  • Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Stephan Sanders and his colleagues have previously shown that spontaneous, or de novo , mutations (seen only in the child and not in either parent) are important risk factors for autism and can be used to find the genes involved in causing autism. (sfari.org)
  • To find these mutations, they plan to build a map of the differences in gene expression between males and females in multiple brain regions and across multiple stages of brain development. (sfari.org)
  • They hope to look for a group of genes that have mutations in girls with autism and that also show a difference in brain expression between the sexes. (sfari.org)
  • Mutations in the CHD7 gene cause CHARGE syndrome, a disorder that affects many areas of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • More than 600 mutations that can cause CHARGE syndrome have been identified, and they occur throughout the CHD7 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • More than 50 mutations in the CHD7 gene have been identified in people with Kallmann syndrome, a disorder characterized by the combination of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (a condition affecting the production of hormones that direct sexual development) and an impaired sense of smell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutations in this gene account for 5 to 10 percent of all cases of Kallmann syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most of the CHD7 gene mutations that cause Kallmann syndrome alter single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the CHD7 protein. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutations and gene deletions causing the thalassemia genotype have arisen independently in different populations but have subsequently propagated by means of natural selection. (medscape.com)
  • More than 20 different genetic mutations resulting in the functional deletion of both pairs of alpha-globin genes (--/--) have been identified. (medscape.com)
  • There are more than 15 different genetic mutations that result in decreased production of alpha globin, usually through functional deletion of 1 or more of the 4 alpha-globin genes. (medscape.com)
  • Finally, they aim to test the top two gene candidates in mouse models or induced pluripotent stem cells to ensure that they show the predicted expression pattern and to learn whether they exaggerate phenotypes of known autism genes in females but not males. (sfari.org)
  • These genes were selected based on their role in asthmatic inflammatory processes and History previously reported associations with asthma phenotypes. (cdc.gov)
  • Of these mediators, cytokines play a single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and asthma phenotypes (Che et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA). (wikipedia.org)
  • In this review we discuss the current understanding of the signaling mechanisms used by TGF-beta to elicit its effects on target genes, focusing primarily on Smad proteins and their role in the transcriptional regulation of ECM gene expression. (nih.gov)
  • This review focuses primarily on the mechanisms underlying Smad modulation of gene expression and how they relate to wound healing. (nih.gov)
  • We have investigated potential mechanisms of regulation of rotavirus gene expression by functional evaluation of two differentially expressed viral mRNAs. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Although we cannot discern whether gbM regulates gene expression or vice versa, or if other molecular mechanisms play a role in facilitating transcriptome responsiveness, our findings point to the existence of a relationship between gene responsiveness and gbM patterns in marine plants. (nature.com)
  • The mechanisms by which gene expression, and thus phenotypic plasticity, are influenced and regulated remain poorly understood in most organisms. (nature.com)
  • Specifically, TGF-beta isoforms have the ability to induce the expression of ECM proteins in mesenchymal cells, and to stimulate the production of protease inhibitors that prevent enzymatic breakdown of the ECM. (nih.gov)
  • Our project offers a unique opportunity for Master's student to gain hands-on experience focused on transcriptional regulators with importance in expression of genes of outer membrane proteins that are essential in host-pathogen interaction. (lu.se)
  • The CHD7 protein regulates the activity (expression) of several other genes through a process known as chromatin remodeling. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Researchers are working to determine which genes the CHD7 protein regulates. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Media Contact: Nalini Padmanabhan ASHG Communications Manager 301.634.7346 [email protected] For Immediate Release Saturday, October 10, 2015 9:55 am U.S. Eastern Time (UTC-05:00) Findings Reported at ASHG 2015 Annual Meeting BETHESDA, MD - A genetic variant near the KLF14 gene regulates hundreds of genes that govern how and where women's bodies store fat, which affects their risk of. (ashg.org)
  • Often, one gene regulator controls another, and so on, in a gene regulatory network. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nucleus-specific expression in the multinuclear mushroom-forming fungus reveals different nuclear regulatory programs. (broadinstitute.org)
  • These data define a regulatory mechanism for the difference in amounts of VP6 and NSP1 and provide evidence for post-transcriptional control of rotavirus gene expression mediated by the translational efficiency of individual viral mRNAs. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • It has been the albumin and AFP genes contain a number of regulatory sequences important for their expression. (princeton.edu)
  • Like RafK, the presence of DLDH also activated the expression of raf operon genes, as DLDH-negative pneumococci showed a significantly decreased expression of aga and rafEFG, but DLDH did not regulate rafK or the putative regulatory genes rafR and rafS. (lu.se)
  • Transcriptional regulation of aquaporins in accessions of Arabidopsis in response to drought stress. (lu.se)
  • Genomic actions involve the regulation of target genes, and suppress most of the vascular elements of inflammation and angiogenesis in the airway. (ersjournals.com)
  • Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, arrest peptides are used for metabolite-dependent gene regulation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (u-bordeaux.fr)
  • A wide range of genes and genomes are considered, with emphasis on those of model systems (yeast, Drosophila, mouse) and humans. (le.ac.uk)
  • They conducted research on mice with a rare disease similar to one in humans, hoping their findings may eventually help improve gene therapy for humans. (nih.gov)
  • Run-on analysis showed transcriptional attenuation in the normal rat myc gene, similar to the situation in mice and humans. (lu.se)
  • 3) used scanning and transmission electron microscopy to ated organisms also differ from their planktonic (freely examine biofilms on trickling filters in a wastewater treatment suspended) counterparts with respect to the genes that are tran- plant and showed them to be composed of a variety of organ- scribed. (cdc.gov)
  • In AMB-exposed biofilms, 2.7% of the genes showed altered expression, while in CAS-exposed biofilms, 13.0% of the genes had their expression modified. (who.int)
  • There was little overlap between AMB- or CAS-responsive genes in biofilms and those that have been identified as AMB, FLU, or CAS responsive in C. albicans planktonic cultures. (who.int)
  • In multicellular organisms, gene regulation drives cellular differentiation and morphogenesis in the embryo, leading to the creation of different cell types that possess different gene expression profiles from the same genome sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • The research team performed additional experiments to detect where in the mouse genome the AAV vector delivered the corrected gene and how that related to any cancer development. (nih.gov)
  • In many mice that developed liver cancer, the AAV vector targeted a region of the mouse genome called Rian, near a gene called Mir341 that codes for a microRNA molecule. (nih.gov)
  • Most of the AAV integrations that caused liver cancer landed in a gene that is not found in the human genome, which suggests that the cancers we observed after AAV gene therapy may have been a mouse-specific phenomenon. (nih.gov)
  • This module will also illustrate how computers are used to investigate the organisation and evolution of genes and genomes. (le.ac.uk)
  • However, this analysis requires accurate reference genomes to identify the specific genes from which RNA reads originate. (osti.gov)
  • Pneumococci lacking RafK showed a 50- to 80-fold reduction in expression of the raf operon genes aga (alpha-galactosidase) and rafEFG (raffinose substrate binding and permease genes), and both glucose and sucrose inhibited raffinose uptake through inducer exclusion. (lu.se)
  • While riboswitches have generally allowed for versatile and modular regulation, so far their dynamic ranges of output gene modulation have been modest, generally at most 10-fold. (caltech.edu)
  • Negative transcriptional modulation and silencing of the bi-exonic Rnf35 gene in the preimplantation embryo. (nih.gov)
  • We measured the levels of gene 5 and gene 6 mRNA and showed that they were not significantly different, and protein analysis indicated no difference in stability of NSP1 compared with VP6. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Polyribosome analysis showed that the majority of gene 6 mRNA was present on large polysomes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • In contrast, sedimentation of more than half of the gene 5 mRNA was subpolysomal. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The change in distribution of gene 5 mRNA in polyribosome gradients in response to treatment with low concentrations of cycloheximide suggested that gene 5 is a poor translation initiation template compared with gene 6 mRNA. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • These observations suggest genetic variants can decrease mRNA expression levels by increasing usage of intronic PAS. (elifesciences.org)
  • We also identified 24 apaQTLs associated with protein levels, but not mRNA expression. (elifesciences.org)
  • In 10 of 14 tumors investigated the breakpoints on the myc carrying chromosome were clustered in a 1.5 kb region 5' of the intact gene, proximal to the myc promoters. (lu.se)
  • The alpha-globin genes are encoded on chromosome 16, and the gamma-, delta-, and beta-globin genes are encoded on chromosome 11. (medscape.com)
  • Alpha thalassemia syndromes are caused by deficient expression of 1 or more of the 4 alpha-globin genes on chromosome 16 and are characterized by absent or reduced synthesis of alpha-globin chains. (medscape.com)
  • Alpha-chain genes in duplication on chromosome 16 pairing with non-alpha chains to produce various normal hemoglobins. (medscape.com)
  • A comparison between the albumin-α-fetoprotein (AFP) and β-globin gene families is made in terms of the possible functions for linkage and coordinated gene activity. (princeton.edu)
  • Analyzing 5′-upstream non-protein-encoding regions of the human mitochondrial function-associated genes, we speculate that mitochondrial functions could be recovered or improved at a transcriptional level. (intechopen.com)
  • Heukelekian and genes involved in cell adhesion and biofilm formation. (cdc.gov)
  • In particular, exposure to CAS resulted in the upregulation of hypha-specific genes known to play a role in biofilm formation, such as ALS3 and HWP1. (who.int)
  • To determine whether developmental regulation results from stage-specific enhancers, the capacity of the AFP enhancers is tested to direct the expression of albumin. (princeton.edu)
  • Repressors bind to the Operator, coding sequences on the DNA strand that are close to or overlapping the promoter region, impeding RNA polymerase's progress along the strand, thus impeding the expression of the gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hence these modifications may up or down regulate the expression of a gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • This platform can potentially be employed to regulate the expression of any transgene or any endogenous gene by 3' UTR replacement, allowing for more complex cell state-specific reprogramming. (caltech.edu)
  • Thalassemia is one of the world's most common single-gene disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Gene expression profiling is increasingly used in the field of infectious diseases for characterization of host, pathogen and the nature of their interaction. (cambridge.org)
  • Effective and safe gene therapies have the potential to dramatically reverse diseases that are life-threatening for affected children. (nih.gov)
  • Effective and safe gene therapies have the potential to dramatically reverse diseases that are life-threatening for affected children," said NHGRI Scientific Director Dan Kastner, M.D., Ph.D. "This study is an important step in developing gene therapies that can be safely used to benefit patients. (nih.gov)
  • not unique for the embryonic system but are shared by other ogenesis regulation must consider different scales of multi-cellular modeling areas. (lu.se)
  • Virtually any step of gene expression can be modulated, from transcriptional initiation, to RNA processing, and to the post-translational modification of a protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • There, he chose to tackle what was, at the time, a little-known form of translational control: the regulation of ribosomal protein synthesis by the nascent polypeptide. (u-bordeaux.fr)
  • Reporter gene assay of pck2 400 bp fragment containing GCGGAGGC motif (A) and myogenin fragment containing CGACCCGT motif (B). There is a change in the reporter activity upon mutagenesis in pck2 constuct and there is no change in myogenin construct. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This chapter discusses the relative merits of the basic approaches to assay tissue-specific gene expression. (princeton.edu)
  • In the near future, novel chemo-/gene-therapies might be applied to treat cancer patient converting cancerous cells into normal differentiated cells. (intechopen.com)
  • National Institutes of Health researchers have uncovered a key factor in understanding the elevated cancer risk associated with gene therapy. (nih.gov)
  • When the AAV was inserted near Mir341, the vector caused elevated expression of the gene, which the researchers believe contributed to the occurrence of liver cancer in the mice. (nih.gov)
  • When the researchers used an alternate AAV vector to deliver the corrected gene in a study of just 10 mice, that vector did not insert where it would elevate the expression of nearby genes and it did not cause liver cancer. (nih.gov)
  • In our proposed project, you would investigate expression regulation in clinically significant bacterium non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). (lu.se)
  • Persons who inherit 3 normal alpha-globin genes (-α/αα) are referred to clinically as silent carriers. (medscape.com)
  • The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (nih.gov)
  • We have made some important contributions to the field: the discovery of a role for chromatin structure in the regulation of splicing, that splicing occurs mostly co-transcriptionally, and that genes regulated during development are transcribed in the absence of canonically activating chromatin marks. (crg.es)
  • Shortage of this protein is thought to disrupt chromatin remodeling and the regulation of gene expression. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As these engineered systems advance in sophistication, there is ever-greater need for customizable, situation-specific expression of desired genes. (caltech.edu)
  • The strongest disease-associated changes appeared early in pathological progression and were highly cell-type specific, whereas genes upregulated at late stages were common across cell types and primarily involved in the global stress response. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 1: Cell-type-specific gene-expression changes in AD pathology. (nature.com)
  • Elucidating the function of the mutated gene, ALMS1 , is critical for the development of specific treatments and may uncover pathways relevant to a range of other disorders including common forms of obesity and type 2 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • Biofilm-associated cells can be differentiated from their suspended counterparts by generation of an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, reduced growth rates, and the up- and down-regulation of specific genes. (cdc.gov)
  • this is particularly a delicate task for intracellular amastigotes and for specific 'sensory' genes. (cambridge.org)
  • We chose to use expression-curves rather than single, specific, time-point measurements to capture this biological variation. (cambridge.org)
  • Toxic side effects actually are rarely observed by researchers who have designed gene therapies using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) as a vector to deliver the corrected gene to a specific point in the cell's DNA. (nih.gov)
  • The Viral Protein Apoptin Associates with the Anaphase Promoting Complex to Induce G2/M Arrest and Apoptosis in the Absence of p53," Genes Dev. (wpi.edu)
  • By looking for brain regions and stages of development at which these genes converge, the researchers will seek to understand when, where and how the female protective effect occurs. (sfari.org)
  • For 10 years, NHGRI researchers have worked toward a gene therapy to treat MMA. (nih.gov)
  • In prior MMA gene therapy studies, researchers showed that mice bred to develop the condition could be restored to health by AAV gene therapy injection shortly after birth. (nih.gov)
  • The researchers found that this modification was a safer gene therapy. (nih.gov)
  • Researchers suspect that Kallmann syndrome resulting from a CHD7 gene mutation may actually represent a mild form of CHARGE syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • However, existing gene control platforms are generally not modular, or do not display performance requirements required for robust phenotypic responses to input signals. (caltech.edu)
  • however, their phenotypic expression may be described in simplified clinical terms related to the number of inherited alpha-globin genes. (medscape.com)
  • Small and Large Ribosomal Subunit Deficiencies Lead to Distinct Gene Expression Signatures that Reflect Cellular Growth Rate. (broadinstitute.org)
  • Together, these developments suggest great potential for the wide applicability of these platforms for better-performing eukaryotic gene regulation, and more sophisticated, customizable reprogramming of cellular activity. (caltech.edu)
  • The anti-inflammatory actions of corticosteroids occur with a considerable delay (within hours or days) because of the multiple steps of cellular actions required to change protein expression. (ersjournals.com)
  • We demonstrate both up- and down-regulation of levels of an output transgene by more than 4-fold in response to rising input protein levels, with maximal output gene expression approaching the highest levels observed in yeast. (caltech.edu)
  • On the biological level, we demonstrate that gene expression levels fluctuate during in vitro development of both intracellular amastigotes and promastigotes. (cambridge.org)
  • Increasing gene dosage greatly enhances recombinant expression of aquaporins in Pichia pastoris. (lu.se)
  • In three separate lines of transgenic mice, expression in fetal livers was high, and this level persisted into adulthood. (princeton.edu)
  • The inflammatory process in asthma involves the increased expression of various pro-inflammatory chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, lipid mediators, adhesion molecules, enzymes, and receptors for the same inflammatory mediators 21 . (ersjournals.com)
  • We analyzed twenty fecal samples taken from four premature infants (4-6 time points from each infant), and found significantly higher diametric ratios of genes associated with low oxygen levels in samples of infants later diagnosed with NEC than in samples without NEC. (osti.gov)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to Cdc 37, a cell division cycle control protein of Sacchromyces cerevisiae. (nih.gov)
  • Cdc37 Expression in Multiple Myeloma and Its Role in Cell Proliferation]. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, our work demonstrates that APA links genetic variation to variation in gene expression, protein expression, and disease risk, and reveals uncharted modes of genetic regulation. (elifesciences.org)
  • The limitations and possibilities associated with expression profiling in intracellular amastigotes and promastigotes were assessed through a series of comparative experiments in which technical and biological parameters were scrutinized. (cambridge.org)
  • In contrast, an AFP gene activated by the albumin enhancer was repressed after birth. (princeton.edu)
  • AAV viruses are uniquely suited for gene therapy applications. (nih.gov)
  • Ruderfer DM, Roberts DC, Schreiber SL, Perlstein EO, Kruglyak L. Using expression and genotype to predict drug response in yeast. (broadinstitute.org)
  • There will be involved gene engineering and molecular biology methods such as PCR, SDS-PAGE, qPCR, western blot, DNA-protein interaction assays, flow cytometry etc. (lu.se)
  • It then homodimerizes and translocates to the nucleus where it binds with high affinity to STAT-binding elements (SBE) in the promoters of various IL-10-responsive genes. (nih.gov)
  • For development of greater modularity, we extend the use of synthetic self-cleaving ribozyme switches to detect changes in input protein levels and convey that information into programmed gene expression in eukaryotic cells. (caltech.edu)
  • The amplifier platform allows for as much as 20-fold regulation of output gene expression in response to input signal, with maximal expression approaching the highest levels observed in yeast, yet being tunable to intermediate and lower expression levels. (caltech.edu)
  • Moreover, the ability of IL-10 to induce de novo synthesis of SOCS-3 in monocytes correlates with its ability to inhibit expression of many genes in these cells, including endotoxin-inducible cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-1. (nih.gov)