• Although the senescent cells remain viable, they show typical changes with enlarged and flattened cell bodies, apoptosis resistance, increased activity of senescence-associated β -galactosidase (SA- β -gal), and upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors including p16 INK4A , ARF proteins, and p21 [ 13 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Tumor suppressor genes encode proteins that normally provide negative control of cell proliferation. (medscape.com)
  • The activity of CDKs is controlled by their binding to coactivator subunits termed Cyclins, as well as by CDK inhibitory proteins termed CKIs. (intechopen.com)
  • The accumulation of both Cyclin and CKI proteins is tightly regulated at the level of transcription. (intechopen.com)
  • In addition, Cyclin and CKI proteins are controlled at the level of their destruction. (intechopen.com)
  • A substantial portion of the regulatory interactions in the higher eukaryotic cell are mediated by simple sequence motifs in the regulatory segments of genes and (pre-)mRNAs, and in the intrinsically disordered regions of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell-cycle-related proteins, such as cyclins or cyclin-dependent kinases, may have functions beyond that of cell cycle regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Note that by convention gene names are italicized and the proteins they make are not. (cancerquest.org)
  • We show that cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) consensus motifs are frequently clustered in CDK substrate proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We also show that human CDK targets are enriched for proteins that contain clustered consensus matches and, by searching human cell cycle genes, we predict several putative CDK targets, including the human orthologs of Schizosaccharomyces pombe CDC5 (CDC5L) and S. cerevisiae Cdc20p (CDC20). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Protein kinases, the enzymes responsible for protein phosphorylation, make up almost 2% of protein-encoding genes in the human genome [ 1 ] and an estimated 30-50% of human proteins are phosphorylated [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Protein kinases and their substrates regulate essentially all cellular processes through complex regulatory networks, in which phosphorylated proteins act as switches that tune the response of the cell to environmental stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
  • structural genes encode proteins that are not involved in gene regulation. (cret-signal.com)
  • Two proteins have been implicated in expression-independent vitamin D action: membrane VDR and the membrane-associated rapid response steroid binding (1,25D 3 -MARRS) protein. (biomedcentral.com)
  • E3 ligases are also key players in cell cycle control, mediating the degradation of cyclins, as well as cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor proteins. (e3ligasesignal.com)
  • The p21 (CIP1/WAF1) protein binds to and inhibits the activity of cyclin-CDK2, -CDK1, and -CDK4/6 complexes, and thus functions as a regulator of cell cycle progression at G1 and S phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a universal inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases and one of the target genes of the tumor suppresser p53, p21Waf1/Cip1 can act as a tumor suppresser through its ability to control cell cycle progression. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Finally, epitope mapping of the anti-p21Waf1/Cip1 antibodies using a peptide library covering the entire p21Waf1/Cip1 protein sequence indicates that two of the antibodies recognize a region of p21Waf1/Cip1 close to that bound by proliferating cell nuclear antigen. (ox.ac.uk)
  • HDAC inhibition resulted in a transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip). (cret-signal.com)
  • As a result of this differential cell cycle-regulatory gene expression by HDAC inhibition, the retinoblastoma protein retains a transcriptional repression of its downstream target genes required for S phase entry. (cret-signal.com)
  • the regulatory regions of target genes. (scirp.org)
  • p21Cip1 (alternatively p21Waf1), also known as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 or CDK-interacting protein 1, is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) that is capable of inhibiting all cyclin/CDK complexes, though is primarily associated with inhibition of CDK2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Experiments looking at CDK2 activity within single cells have also shown p21 to be responsible for a bifurcation in CDK2 activity following mitosis, cells with high p21 enter a G0/quiescent state, whilst those with low p21 continue to proliferate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Follow up work, found evidence that this bistability is underpinned by double negative feedback between p21 and CDK2, where CDK2 inhibits p21 activity via ubiquitin ligase activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • also found that γ-irradiation of fibroblasts induced a p53 and p21 dependent cell cycle arrest, here p21 was found bound to inactive cyclin E/CDK2 complexes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Identification of a cyclin-cdk2 recognition motif present in substrates and p21-like cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. (nature.com)
  • Cyclin D1, a member of the G1 cyclins, plays an important role in the G1 phase progression of the cell cycle in proliferating cells via activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), CDK4, or CDK6. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) -associated protein which is thought to negatively regulate CDK2 activity by sequestering monomeric CDK2, and targeting CDK2 for proteolysis. (cancerindex.org)
  • The binding of p21 to CDK complexes occurs through p21's N-terminal domain, which is homologous to the other CIP/KIP CDK inhibitors p27 and p57. (wikipedia.org)
  • A- and B-type cyclins differentially modulate substrate specificity of cyclin-cdk complexes. (nature.com)
  • In addition, TRO can cause an induction of Cu 2+ /Zn 2+ -superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) [ 20 , 21 ] and the activated receptor complexes of TRO can induce catalase through binding to its promoter region [ 22 , 23 ]. (e-roj.org)
  • Transcriptional and translational control, sequestration in cyclin D1 complexes and localization all regulate p27 in G1 phase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Specifically, over the G1/S transition it has been demonstrated that the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex SCFSkp2 induces degradation of p21. (wikipedia.org)
  • The stable association of Vpu with βTrCP also affects the latter's cellular functions, one of which is to direct the proteosomal degradation of inhibitor of kappa B (IκB) [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We observe that each gene and its products have a unique set of DNA, RNA or protein motifs that encode a regulatory program to define the logical circuitry that guides the life cycle of these biomolecules, from transcription to degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The life of a gene product, from transcription to degradation, is controlled by a series of regulatory decisions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cla4-dependent phosphorylation is required for the ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation of Vac17 and the release of the vacuole from Myo2. (rupress.org)
  • Here we compare the specificity of two budding yeast cyclins, the S-phase cyclin Clb5 and the M-phase cyclin Clb2, in the phosphorylation of 150 Cdk1 (Cdc28) substrates. (nature.com)
  • Although we did not identify any highly Clb2-specific substrates, we found that Clb2-Cdk1 possessed higher intrinsic kinase activity than Clb5-Cdk1, enabling efficient phosphorylation of a broad range of mitotic Cdk1 targets. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, both robust phosphorylation of Homer3 and its dissociation from metabotropic glutamate receptor 1α (mGluR1α) were triggered by depolarization in primary cultured Purkinje cells, and these events were inhibited by CaMKII inhibitor. (jneurosci.org)
  • An in vitro binding kinetic analysis revealed that these phosphorylation-dependent events were attributable to a decrease in the affinity of phosphorylated Homer3 for its ligand. (jneurosci.org)
  • In this study, we revealed that Homer3 was phosphorylated by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in Purkinje cells, and the phosphorylation reduces the affinity for Homer target molecules, resulting in change of the solubility. (jneurosci.org)
  • The method, named Predikin, identifies key conserved substrate-determining residues in the kinase catalytic domain that contact the substrate in the region of the phosphorylation site and so determine the sequence surrounding the phosphorylation site. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Predikin now consists of two components: (i) PredikinDB, a database of phosphorylation sites that links substrates to kinase sequences and (ii) a Perl module, which provides methods to classify protein kinases, reliably identify substrate-determining residues, generate scoring matrices and score putative phosphorylation sites in query sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
  • New features in Predikin include the use of SQL queries to PredikinDB to generate predictions, scoring of predictions, more reliable identification of substrate-determining residues and putative phosphorylation sites, extended options to handle protein kinase and substrate data and an improved web interface. (biomedcentral.com)
  • identified a protein p21 (WAF1) which was present in cells expressing wild type p53 but not those with mutant p53, moreover constitutive expression of p21 led to cell cycle arrest in a number of cell types. (wikipedia.org)
  • Up-regulation appears to be specific to p27 because expression of cyclin D1, E, and A, and p21Cip1/Waf1 was not modulated by these agents. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [ 3 ] Loss of function mutations in this gene are implicated in pediatric retinoblastoma. (medscape.com)
  • Mutations in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors controlling the G1 phase of the cell cycle are prevalent in various cancers. (koreamed.org)
  • ALL cancers have lots of additional changes, the so-called 'passenger' mutations, that may contribute to the cancer, but are not the main genes. (cancerquest.org)
  • null alleles are strict maternal effect mutations, and the phenotype of inappropriate DNA replication is the consequence of loss-of-gene function. (sdbonline.org)
  • For example, in the hereditary cancer syndromes familial adenomatous polyposis or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, mutations have been discovered in the APC gene and DNA mismatch repair genes. (medscape.com)
  • Our recent report indicated that tumor suppressor gene ( p53 ) mutations and protein aberrant expression were detected in pterygium. (molvis.org)
  • This results in inhibition of NFκB activity and the NFκB-dependent expression of anti-apoptotic genes of the Bcl-2 family [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, we provide evidence that these observations are applicable in vivo by demonstrating that HDAC inhibition decreased neointima formation and expression of cyclin D1 in a murine model of vascular injury. (cret-signal.com)
  • This growth inhibition by TRO is linked to the G1 phase cell cycle arrest through the up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27 [ 14 - 16 ] and/or repression of cyclin D1 expression [ 17 , 18 ]. (e-roj.org)
  • It further inhibited cell-cycle progression in the G1 phase by four different mechanisms: rapid downregulation of cyclin D1, induction of Chk2 with simultaneous downregulation of Cdc25A, induction of the Cdk-inhibitor p21 Cip/Waf and inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase activity resulting in reduced dCTP and dTTP levels. (nature.com)
  • Brown, N. R., Noble, M. E., Endicott, J. A. & Johnson, L. N. The structural basis for specificity of substrate and recruitment peptides for cyclin-dependent kinases. (nature.com)
  • Schulman, B. A., Lindstrom, D. L. & Harlow, E. Substrate recruitment to cyclin-dependent kinase 2 by a multipurpose docking site on cyclin A. (nature.com)
  • Finally, we examine co-clustering of the CDK consensus motifs with the 'cy' or RXL motif [ 17 ], which is known to be important in determining which CDK-cyclin complex will phosphorylate a given substrate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have previously described an approach to predicting the substrate specificity of serine-threonine protein kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • How a particular protein kinase recognises its substrate protein(s) is therefore a key question. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two major factors determine the formation of a protein kinase-substrate complex [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The first, termed substrate recruitment, encompasses any process that increases the effective concentration of the protein kinase substrate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The second factor, termed peptide specificity, describes the interaction between amino acid residues in the catalytic domain of the protein kinase and the substrate residues that surround the phosphorylated residue. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Crystal structures of protein kinases with bound substrate peptides show that substrate residues at positions -3 to +3 relative to the phosphorylated serine, threonine or tyrosine residue adopt an extended conformation and bind to a pocket in the catalytic domain of the protein kinase [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The heptapeptide sequence from -3 to +3 that best binds to the pocket is determined by the physicochemical nature of the residues in the catalytic domain that line the pocket and contact the substrate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The relative contribution of substrate recruitment and peptide specificity to protein kinase substrate specificity varies between protein kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, it is recognised that for many protein kinase families, particularly those that phosphorylate Ser/Thr residues, peptide specificity is the major factor that determines substrate specificity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Growth factors that signal through tyrosine-kinase receptor families include the epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming-growth factor-α (TGF-α). (janechin.net)
  • HER2/neu (also called ERB B2 ) is the gene that encodes the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2. (cancerquest.org)
  • PTEN encodes a protein kinase of the same name and functions as a tumor suppressor through regulation of cell proliferation. (medscape.com)
  • All of them are present in the hippocampus, where they participate in the regulation of synaptic functionality and gene transcription [ 12 - 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Protein kinases are critical to cellular signalling and post-translational gene regulation, but their biological substrates are difficult to identify. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This gene thus plays a role in both cell-cycle and epigenetic regulation. (cancerindex.org)
  • Our study reveals a critical step in the spatial regulation of myosin V-dependent organelle transport and may reveal common mechanisms for how molecular motors accurately deposit cargoes at the correct locations. (rupress.org)
  • Up-regulation of the expression of p27 is likely due to the activation of translation rather than transcription of p27 because (a) up-regulation is mediated by the 5'-untranslated region (-575) of the p27 gene and (b) the antibiotic actinomycin D, an inhibitor of transcription, did not attenuate the up-regulation of p27. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Noncanonical regulation of phosphatidylserine metabolism by a Sec14-like protein and a lipid kinase. (tamu.edu)
  • Cytoplasmic p21 expression can be significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis, distant metastases, advanced TNM stage (a classification of cancer staging that stands for: tumor size, describing nearby lymph nodes, and distant metastasis), depth of invasion and OS (overall survival rate). (wikipedia.org)
  • After cloning the antibody genes into an expression vector, this is then transfected into an appropriate host cell line for antibody expression. (cellsignal.com)
  • We also aimed to evaluate the expression of TGF-β1 and p27 in the context of other cell cycle and proliferation markers such as cyclin D1 and Ki-67. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It has also been demonstrated that TGF-β induced cell cycle arrest can be partially attributed to the regulatory effects of TGF-β on both the expression and activity of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors [CDKI] such as p21 and p27. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the regulatory aspect of Homer-mediated coupling has been addressed only about a dominant-negative effect of Homer1a, which requires de novo gene expression. (jneurosci.org)
  • Changes in gene expression can cause defects in myogenesis and muscle regeneration, apoptosis, and sensitivity to oxidative stress. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
  • Hes genes also display an oscillatory expression pattern and control the timing of biological events, such as somite segmentation. (biologists.com)
  • Search the gene expression profiles from curated DataSets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. (cancerindex.org)
  • cyclin D1 mRNA expression and cyclin D1 promoter activity. (cret-signal.com)
  • Ploidy and MYCN amplification have been used as genetic markers for risk stratification and therapeutic decision making, and, more recently, gene expression profiling and genome-wide DNA copy number analysis have come into the picture as sensitive and specific tools for assessing prognosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Minimal viral gene expression is observed during the latent period. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As progeny cells migrate towards the epithelial surface, a differentiation pathway is triggered, leading to changes in viral gene expression, genome amplification, and assembly of progeny virions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Histone deacetylation was essential during a specific temporal window of development and was dependent on the enzymatic activity of histone deacetylases, whose expression was detected in the developing corpus callosum. (rupress.org)
  • During the first 10 postnatal days, administration of valproic acid (VPA), the specific inhibitor for histone deacetylase activity, resulted in significant hypomyelination with delayed expression of late differentiation markers and retained expression of progenitor markers. (rupress.org)
  • Administration of VPA after myelination onset had no effect on myelin gene expression and was consistent with changes of nucleosomal histones from reversible deacetylation to more stable methylation and chromatin compaction. (rupress.org)
  • In this report, we analyzed p53 protein expression and gene mutation in pterygium in comparison with HPV 16/18 infection and E6 oncoprotein expression in pterygium tissues to understand whether the HPV infection was involved in pterygium pathogenesis. (molvis.org)
  • Leucovorin is the folate most often used, but requires intracellular conversion to a reduced folate, and has high pharmacokinetic variability and limited bioavailability in patients with low folate pathway gene expression. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is suitable for further investigation in mCRC and has the potential to improve treatment outcomes in patients with low folate pathway gene expression. (bvsalud.org)
  • The change of radiation sensitivity by combined with TRO is not dependent on the PPARγ expression level. (e-roj.org)
  • Western blot analysis showed that the expression of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), which was predicted as the target gene of miR-183 by microarray profiling and bioinformatics predictions, decreased when miR-183 was over-expressed. (molcells.org)
  • b) 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (but not tamoxifen), genistein (but not genistin), daidzein, and probably other nutritional and chemopreventive anti-cancer agents could up-regulate expression of p27 via receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RPTKs), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphoinosite-dependent kinase (PDK), Akt/PKB and mTOR. (biomedcentral.com)
  • VDR belongs to the superfamily of nuclear receptors for steroid hormones and regulates gene expression by acting as a ligand-activated transcription factor [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mice lacking the tumor suppressors p16(Ink4a) (Cdkn2a, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2a), p19(Arf) (an alternative reading frame product of Cdkn2a,), and p27(Kip1) (Cdkn1b, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1b) result in malignant progression of epithelial cancers, sarcomas, and melanomas, respectively. (koreamed.org)
  • The genes in the second group are called tumor suppressors. (cancerquest.org)
  • p27(Kip1) is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27(Kip1) is a key cell-cycle regulator of G1-to-S phase transition [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β) signals through a serine/threonine-kinase receptor pathway. (janechin.net)
  • By the treatment of CDK4 inhibitor, the induction or the maintenance of Long-term potentiation (LTP) in response to a strong tetanus and NMDA receptor-dependent long-term depression (LTD) were normal in hippocampus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), both types I and II, is a decapeptide hormone that stimulates the release of gonadotropin, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary through specific binding to the GnRH receptor located on the external membrane of selected cell types [ 1-3 ]. (annexpublishers.co)
  • Vitamin D is a steroid hormone that exerts most of its biological activities by binding to a specific high-affinity receptor, the vitamin D receptor (VDR). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Miller, M. E. & Cross, F. R. Cyclin specificity: how many wheels do you need on a unicycle? (nature.com)
  • Signaling specificity is conferred by receptors and mediated through associated-kinases. (janechin.net)
  • The prediction of peptide specificity is therefore the basis for most of the available computational methods aimed at predicting substrates of protein kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nicotine up-regulates alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptors and ER exit sites via stoichiometry-dependent chaperoning. (tamu.edu)
  • A number of kinases were identified by sequence analysis that could potentially phosphorylate E1 at the identified positions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However p21 may inhibit apoptosis and does not induce cell death on its own. (wikipedia.org)
  • These gene editing technologies were targeted to the first exon of each gene, to induce frameshifts producing premature termination codons. (koreamed.org)
  • However, both Mabs were also found to induce complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) reaction for lysis of cancer cells, an immune property which is not shared by peptide analogs of GnRH. (annexpublishers.co)
  • p21 interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a DNA polymerase accessory factor, and plays a regulatory role in S phase DNA replication and DNA damage repair. (wikipedia.org)
  • As such, p21 acts as an effective inhibitor of S-phase DNA synthesis though permits NER, leading to the proposal that p21 acts to preferentially select polymerase processivity factors depending on the context of DNA synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Increased sub-G1 population and annexin-V binding, activation of caspases 9 and 3, cleavage of poly(ADPribose) polymerase (PARP), and a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) indicated involvement of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in terpinen-4-ol-treated A549 and CL1-0 cells. (hindawi.com)
  • By using semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), both GHR106 Mabs and the GnRH decapeptide antagonist, Antide, were shown to be bioequivalent in terms of their respective effects on genes involved in the proliferation and apoptosis of cancer cells. (annexpublishers.co)
  • Fisher, D. L. & Nurse, P. A single fission yeast mitotic cyclin B p34 cdc2 kinase promotes both S-phase and mitosis in the absence of G1 cyclins. (nature.com)
  • Donaldson, A. D. The yeast mitotic cyclin Clb2 cannot substitute for S phase cyclins in replication origin firing. (nature.com)
  • The ability of p21 to inhibit apoptosis in response to replication fork stress has also been reported. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diminution of p53 by RNA interference induced necrosis instead of apoptosis in A549 cells following terpinen-4-ol treatment, indicating that terpinen-4-ol-elicited apoptosis is p53-dependent. (hindawi.com)
  • Recent reports have indicated that terpinen-4-ol exerts its antitumor effects by triggering caspase-dependent apoptosis in human melanoma cells or by inducing necrotic cell death and cell-cycle arrest in mouse mesothelioma and melanoma cell lines without affecting normal cells [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Our results indicated that terpinen-4-ol induced apoptosis through a mitochondria-mediated pathway in NSCLC cells and that the apoptosis elicited by terpinen-4-ol was p53 dependent. (hindawi.com)
  • Vinca alkaloids are also thought to increase apoptosis by increasing concentrations of p53 (cellular tumor antigen p53) and p21 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1) and by inhibiting Bcl-2 activity. (smpdb.ca)
  • Continuous exposure of HDM201 led to induction of p21 and delayed accumulation of apoptotic cells. (bace-signal.com)
  • Studies have also demonstrated that the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex CRL4Cdt2 degrades p21 in a PCNA dependent manner over S-phase, necessary to prevent p21 dependent re-replication, as well as in response to UV irradiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The PLU gene product controls DNA replication early in Drosophila development. (sdbonline.org)
  • p21 is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI). (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we report distinct mechanisms by which the novel, potent, and selective inhibitor of the p53-MDM2 interaction HDM201 elicits therapeutic efficacy when applied at various doses and schedules. (bace-signal.com)
  • 1. Artelt P, Grannemann R, Stocking C, Friel J, Bartsch J, Hauser H. The prokaryotic neomycin-resistance-encoding gene acts as a transcriptional silencer in eukaryotic cells. (koreamed.org)
  • Growth factors do not only stimulate cell proliferation, but they may also act as growth inhibitors, depending on the cell type and the stimulatory pathway that is involved. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results indicated that terpinen-4-ol elicited a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect, as determined by MTT assay. (hindawi.com)
  • 3′UTR luciferase reporter assay, RT-PCR, and Western blot were conducted to verify the target gene of miR-183. (molcells.org)
  • The 3′UTR luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-183 directly regulated PDCD4 by binding to sequences in the 3′UTR of PDCD4. (molcells.org)
  • To address this question, the effects of various nutritional and chemopreventive anti-cancer agents on the activity of the proximal 5'-upstream region of p27 gene were investigated by transient transfection assay. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This protein is encoded by the CDKN1A gene located on chromosome 6 (6p21.2) in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • FSHD candidate genes on chromosome 4q35. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
  • This study developed a comprehensive approach that combines cytological mapping data of FlyBase-annotated genes and novel tools for predicting cytogenetic features of chromosomes on the basis of their protein composition and determined the genomic coordinates for all black bands of polytene chromosome 2R. (sdbonline.org)
  • Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis caused by deletion of the GM-CSFRalpha gene in the X chromosome pseudoautosomal region 1. (tamu.edu)
  • They further link to the activation of protein kinase C- (PKC-) induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 6 , 7 ], which further mediates the activation of downstream transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κ B). Thus, the main treatments of DN refer to modulate glycemic and blood pressure through insulin and RAS inhibitors. (hindawi.com)
  • These pericryptal myofibroblasts produce the Wnt signalling ligands which bind to Frizzled receptors as well as morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists gremlin 1(GREM1), gremlin 2 (GREM2) on basal epithelial stem cells and also can modulate notch signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In many organs, cell proliferation and differentiation are antagonistically regulated by multiple basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) activator and repressor genes. (biologists.com)
  • An infection is established in the basal layer of the epithelium, and a complex viral life cycle is carried out, dependent on the differentiation state of the host cell [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A schematic of the Cdkn2a locus with TALEN-binding nucleotides (blue) and the amino acid sequences (purple) of the WT (upper) and KO (lower) mice are shown. (koreamed.org)
  • Vincristine binds to β-tubulin subunits at the positive end of microtubules at a region called the _Vinca_-binding domain. (smpdb.ca)
  • To be able stabilizing the kinetics of microtule, vincristine rapidly and reversibly bind to soluble tubulin which can increase the affinity of tublin by the induction of conformational changes of tubulin. (smpdb.ca)
  • Specifically, p21 has a high affinity for the PIP-box binding region on PCNA, binding of p21 to this region is proposed to block the binding of processivity factors necessary for PCNA dependent S-phase DNA synthesis, but not PCNA dependent nucleotide excision repair (NER). (wikipedia.org)
  • Immediately adjacent to, but distrinct from the PCNA gene, is plutonium ( plu ). (sdbonline.org)
  • Our results indicated that the activation of cyclinD1-CDK4 is required for short-term synaptic plasticity and mGluR-dependent LTD, and suggested that this cyclin-dependent kinase may have different roles during the postnatal development in mice hippocampus area CA1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite the differences in their normal roles, these genes all contribute to unregulated cell division if they are present in a mutant (oncogenic) form. (cancerquest.org)
  • The mammalian Hes basic helix-loop-helix repressor genes play central roles in these processes by maintaining progenitor cells in an undifferentiated state and by regulating binary cell fate decisions. (biologists.com)
  • This primer describes these pleiotropic roles of Hes genes in some developmental processes and aims to clarify the basic mechanism of how gene networks operate in vertebrate embryogenesis. (biologists.com)
  • We will mainly focus on the roles of the mouse Hes genes, but also compare them with the zebrafish Hes genes (called the her family of genes)( Table 1 ). (biologists.com)
  • Several of these kinases have known roles in regulating cell cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • p21 and other tumor suppressor genes' inactivation are therefore most likely involved in the first steps of the cancer model, with later stages possibly involving protooncogene activation and inflammation. (medscape.com)
  • Synchronous neurotransmission is triggered when Ca(2+) binds to synaptotagmin 1 (Syt1), a synaptic-vesicle protein that interacts with SNAREs and membranes. (cret-signal.com)
  • Precis: Pulsed high doses versus sustained low doses of the p53-MDM2 inhibitor HDM201 elicit a pro-apoptotic response from wild-type p53 cancer cells, offering guidance to current clinical trials with this and other drugs that exploit the activity of p53. (bace-signal.com)
  • Studies with bortezomib (VELCADE, formerly known as PS-341) and other proteasome inhibitors indicate that cancer cells are especially dependent on the proteasome for survival, and several mechanisms used by prostate cancer cells require proteasome function. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Hypoxia and genetic defects that chronically drive proliferation leave such tumors dependent on a steady supply of nutrients, especially glucose. (springer.com)
  • Putative target residues can be predicted by searching for matches to the consensus for a particular kinase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RB1 encodes the protein pRB and was the first tumor suppressor gene to be molecularly defined. (medscape.com)
  • However, long-term depression (LTD) induced either by group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) agonist or by paired-pulse low-frequency stimulation (PP-LFS) was impaired in CDK4 inhibitor pretreated slices both from neonatal and adolescent animals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genome-wide mRNA microarray was applied to determine the genes that were regulated directly or indirectly by miR-183. (molcells.org)
  • Recent work exploring p21 activation in response to DNA damage at a single-cell level have demonstrated that pulsatile p53 activity leads to subsequent pulses of p21, and that the strength of p21 activation is cell cycle phase dependent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Increasing concentrations of p53 and p21 lead to changes in protein kinase activity. (smpdb.ca)
  • Digalloyl-resveratrol (di-GA) is a synthetic compound aimed to combine the biological effects of the plant polyhydroxy phenols gallic acid and resveratrol, which are both radical scavengers and cyclooxygenase inhibitors exhibiting anticancer activity. (nature.com)
  • Specifically it contains a Cy1 motif in the N-terminal half, and weaker Cy2 motif in the C-terminal domain that allow it to bind CDK in a region that blocks its ability to complex with cyclins and thus prevent CDK activation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Driver events in pediatric malignancies can occur through loss of function in tumor suppressor genes or gain of function in proto-oncogenes. (medscape.com)
  • The normal versions of genes in the first group are called proto-oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
  • Numerous genes have been identified as proto-oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)