• Thus, there is an incomplete understanding of diseases in which a conserved consortium of micro-organisms co-operates to induce pathogenesis, diseases involving pathogens that cause immune deficiency followed by secondary infections, and diseases that are influenced by a series of host and environmental factors. (nature.com)
  • Specifically, RP2 aims to develop host-directed therapeutics that harness innate intracellular defense mechanisms through induction of autophagy for the treatment of bacterial pathogens including S. Typhimurium, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, multiple-drug-resistant strains thereof, and additional priority pathogens with RP1, RP3, and RP4. (grantome.com)
  • Samples were sent to central laboratories and batch analysed for bacterial and viral gastrointestinal pathogens that are commonly associated with diarrhoea. (who.int)
  • Phylogenetic analysis based 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain SCSIO 72103T formed a single clade with M. aquimaris SW105T. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusion Our results indicate a similar bacterial C. trachomatis load in the general population and in a high-risk population, highlighting the relevance of population-based CT-screening. (bmj.com)
  • Mice infected with the mutant strain also survived for twice as long as those infected with wild-type M. tuberculosis and, remarkably, showed subdued pathology, despite similar bacterial loads at later stages of infection. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Molecular diagnostic methods include microbial identification by nucleic acid amplification including 16S rRNA gene sequencing and real-time PCR, peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization, molecular methods for detection of antimicrobial resistance, bacterial strain typing, HPV DNA-typing and viral load testing and genotyping of HIV and HCV. (iu.edu)
  • Antimicrobial proteins and peptides offer a multifaceted mechanism suitable to fight bacterial resistance. (frontiersin.org)
  • Overall, our data anticipate a biological role for human antimicrobial RNases in host response to mycobacterial infections and set the basis for the design of novel anti-tubercular drugs. (frontiersin.org)
  • A short period of desiccation-elevated peptidoglycan recognition protein-LC ( PGRP-LC ) expression in MTs, increased antimicrobial peptide ( AMP ) gene induction, and protected animals from bacterial infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antimicrobial resistance occurs through different mechanisms, which include spontaneous (natural) genetic mutations and horizontal transfer of resistant genes through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (who.int)
  • CGD is a rare congenital immunodeficiency disease with an incidence of 1 in 2,00,000 to 1 in 2,50,000 live births that causes repeated bacterial and fungal infections from early childhood and infancy. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Virology is part of the broader infectious disease category, which also includes bacterial and fungal infections. (ubs.com)
  • A gene called IFITM3 encodes for a protein that is critical to the intial stages of the immune response in people. (labroots.com)
  • They chose two genes - one (ytvA) that encodes a blue-light photoreceptor, and one (kinC) that aids in the formation of biofilms and spores - and observed them in constant dark, as well as over cycles of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • The maize homeobox gene knotted1 ( kn1 ) encodes an AP2/ERF transcription factor (Hake et al. (springer.com)
  • The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome harbors a nonribosomal peptide synthase gene, nrp, which is part of a gene cluster proposed to be involved in the biosynthesis of isonitrile lipopeptides. (elsevierpure.com)
  • MR1 presents metabolites in the context of host responses to bacterial infection. (bmj.com)
  • The strain can have widely divergent responses to bacterial bladder infections. (futurity.org)
  • Current clinical methods to make links between related strains compare the pattern of bacterial susceptibility to a profile of antibiotics. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (UTIs) are a common outpatient infection, especially in women aged over 65 years. (urologytimes.com)
  • To understand why some people are more prone to severe, recurrent infections than others, the researchers infected a strain of genetically identical mice with E. coli , the most common cause of UTIs in people. (futurity.org)
  • The findings suggest that targeting TNF-alpha or another aspect of the inflammatory response that causes bladder tissue damage during acute infection may help prevent or alleviate recurrent UTIs, the researchers say. (futurity.org)
  • Recently, the Peer lab was the first to develop a bacterial mRNA vaccine, which could provide a fast response against an aggressive bacterial infection and antibiotic resistant strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • By knocking out this gene in mice, and infecting them with various strains of flu, we were able to show that this gene's absence increases the chances of heart abnormalities - decreased heart rate and irregular heartbeat and death,' said study leader Jacob Yount, an assistant professor of microbial infection and immunity at The Ohio State University (OSU). (labroots.com)
  • The differences in the course of infection between wild-type and nrp mutant strains were accompanied by distinct dynamics of the immune response. (elsevierpure.com)
  • An important limitation of current infection control methodology is that the available bacterial typing methods cannot distinguish between different strains of MRSA. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • Not only could we distinguish different MRSA strains in the hospital, we were also able to rapidly characterise antibiotic resistance and toxin genes present in the clinical isolates. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • The team created a list of toxin genes to rapidly identify those present in the MRSA strains, which currently can only be identified with multiple assays in reference laboratories. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • Distinguishing between strains is important for infection control management. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • Here, we have shown that the allelic variation that results from this recombination event, which replaces the chromosomal region encoding secreted NADase and streptolysin O, is the key driver of increased toxin production and enhanced infection severity of the M1 pandemic strains. (jci.org)
  • Using isoallelic mutant strains, we found that 3 polymorphisms in this toxin gene region increase resistance to killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, increase bacterial proliferation, and increase virulence in animal models of pharyngitis and necrotizing fasciitis. (jci.org)
  • Genome sequencing of an additional 1,125 streptococcal strains and virulence studies revealed that a highly similar recombinational replacement event underlies an ongoing intercontinental epidemic of serotype M89 group A Streptococcus infections. (jci.org)
  • Surface swabs were tested for lytic phages and bacterial isolates for mitomycin C-inducible prophages. (mdpi.com)
  • 2010). strain was attenuated for virulence in a mouse infection model despite persistence at high bacterial load in lungs compared with the isogenic wild type (Geiman et?al. (healthyguide.info)
  • 2010). However, we earlier demonstrated that, is conserved in all the mycobacterial species analyzed and proposed that apart from regulating the expression of virulence genes in pathogenic mycobacteria, SigF is likely to play more roles in mycobacterial physiology (Singh and Singh 2008). (healthyguide.info)
  • To probe the role of the nrp gene in infection, we generated an nrp deletion mutant in M. tuberculosis H37Rv and tested its virulence in immunocompetent (C57BL/6) mice. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We propose that the nrp gene and its associated cluster are drivers of virulence during the early stages of infection. (elsevierpure.com)
  • His lab was among the first to demonstrate immunomodulation through a systemic delivery of RNA-loaded targeted nanocarriers. (wikipedia.org)
  • These endogenous antimicrobials are expressed at nearly undetectable levels in the blood (or hemolymph) of healthy, young adult flies but are transcriptionally induced to massive levels following systemic microbial infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Given the central role PGRP-LC plays in sensing systemic bacterial infections, steroid hormone regulation provides a significant degree of modulation on the ability of cells or animals to respond to bacterial infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [ 2 ] Therefore, specific infections in the oral cavity may create foci of infection that may affect systemic health. (medscape.com)
  • Flowchart showing the possible mechanisms linking oral/dental infections to systemic diseases. (medscape.com)
  • The World Health Organization estimates that 14.9 million of 57 million annual deaths worldwide (25%) are related directly to diseases caused by bacterial and/or viral infections. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • Through this approach they have induced therapeutic gene expression of desired proteins (including novel approaches for cell specific, high efficiency therapeutic genome editing), which has implications in cancer, rare genetic diseases and infectious diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fellows actively participate in the diagnostic activities of these sections and participate in rounds and conferences of the Section and of the Infectious Diseases Services of the Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics and Infection Control. (iu.edu)
  • Connections to non-vascular diseases were also reported, including diabetes ( 7 ), cancer ( 8 ) and both viral ( 9 ) and bacterial ( 10 ) infection. (biorxiv.org)
  • Faculty conduct research on bacterial, viral and fungal infectious diseases, including detection and vaccine development, supported by state-of-the-art facilities in mass spectrometry and NMR. (cityofhope.org)
  • Diverse observational studies, including cross-sectional studies and cohort studies of HIV seroconvertors, have indicated at least a twofold to fivefold increased risk for HIV infection among persons who have other STDs, including genital ulcer diseases and nonulcerative, inflammatory STDs (3-12). (cdc.gov)
  • [ 5 , 7 ] Although the underlying mechanisms are complex, the chronic inflammatory state and microbial burden in people with periodontal disease may predispose them to cardiovascular diseases in ways proposed for other infections. (medscape.com)
  • The team constructed a list of all the MRSA genes that cause antibiotic resistance. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • We observed the proteins internalization within macrophages and their capacity to eradicate the intracellular mycobacterial infection at a low micro-molar range. (frontiersin.org)
  • Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular human pathogen that exhibits stage-specific gene transcription throughout a biphasic developmental cycle. (plos.org)
  • The objective of this study was to compare the CT load between 2 cohorts of CT positive patients (1) those attending a sexually transmitted infection (STI)-clinic and (2) those participating in the Dutch population-based screening (CSI), thereby taking into account symptoms as well as other determinants relevant for bacterial load. (bmj.com)
  • PHM Session: 2021 Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Guideline Updates: What the Pediatric Hospitalist Needs to Know Presenters: Jason Zucker, MD, Columbia University, New York, and Candice. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of both bacterial sexually transmitted infection and infection-derived blindness world-wide. (plos.org)
  • 2004). Bopindolol malonate Overexpression of in resulted in the differential regulation of many cell wall\associated proteins and other genes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of surface polysaccharides and lippolysaccharides, believed to play important roles in host\pathogen interactions (Williams et?al. (healthyguide.info)
  • The problem with culture is that many organisms that cause symptomatic urinary tract infections will not grow on standard culture medium, or will grow "mixed urogenital flora," making identification of a causative pathogen difficult or impossible. (urologytimes.com)
  • 1,2 Due to X linked or autosomal recessive inheritance of the gene encoding NADPH oxidase, the neutrophils are unable to produce the enzyme and thus unable to destroy invading organisms. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • 5 The common organisms causing infections are Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marsescens, Nocardia species, Aspergillus species and Burkholderia cepacia. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • The researchers now face a whole host of new questions, such as whether the time of day that other organisms are exposed to bacteria is important to infection. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • However, several studies indicate that treating other STDs (e.g., genital herpes infections and trichomoniasis) and genital tract syndromes related to sex (e.g., bacterial vaginosis) also can help prevent HIV transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • validation of novel anti-infective candidates generated by RP1-RP5 as inducers of anti-bacterial autophagy using in vitro and in vivo models. (grantome.com)
  • 5 Although most cases present first with recurrent infections and are then investigated for CGD, hepatomegaly is often noted at the time of presentation. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Неонатальний сепсис Neonatal sepsis is invasive infection, usually bacterial, occurring during the neonatal period. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Whole genome sequencing identifies in vivo acquisition of a blaCTX-M-27-encoding IncFII transmissible plasmid as the cause of ceftriaxone treatment failure for an invasive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, in the United States, an estimated 89,785 invasive MRSA infections associated with 15,249 deaths occurred in 2008. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • More than 60% of women will experience urinary tract infections (UTI) at some point in their lives, and about a quarter will get a second such infection within six months, for reasons that have been unclear to health experts. (futurity.org)
  • N -formylpeptides derive from bacterial and mitochondrial proteins, and bind to specific receptors on mammalian phagocytes. (silverchair.com)
  • The latter view has substantial indirect support because N -formylpeptides are products of bacterial proteins ( 2 - 4 ), and because phagocytes are critical effectors of antibacterial host defense. (silverchair.com)
  • The agent function and could permit immunopathologic changes, was initially named HGE agent (1,2), although morpholog- severe disease, and opportunistic infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Also, these recommendations focus on the major treatable STDs -- genital chlamydial infections, gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid -- because of the strong evidence of their cofactor role in HIV transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • Interstitial lung disease and associated fibrosis occur in a proportion of individuals who have recovered from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection through unknown mechanisms. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • One example is the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), infections of which have surged since the start of the pandemic, causing 177,000 hospitalizations and 14,000 deaths annually in the US alone, according to GSK. (ubs.com)
  • By identifying the molecular changes that enhance upper respiratory tract fitness, increased resistance to innate immunity, and increased tissue destruction, we describe a mechanism that underpins epidemic streptococcal infections, which have affected many millions of people. (jci.org)
  • Those affected suffer from infections of organs that are frequently exposed to the environment like pneumonia, cutaneous infections or infections of the lymph nodes draining them. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • MRSA produces numerous unique toxins that can inflict severe clinical syndromes, including septic shock, pneumonia, and complicated skin and soft tissue infections. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • Using experimental infections reproducing the natural route of infection and combining thorough molecular analyses of oyster families with contrasted susceptibilities, we demonstrate that the disease is caused by multiple infection with an initial and necessary step of infection of oyster haemocytes by the Ostreid herpesvirus OsHV-1 µVar. (nature.com)
  • With all six genotypes of citrus tested including Eureka lemon, a cultivar difficult to be transformed, our results demonstrate that the kn1 gene may provide an effective molecular tool to enhance genetic transformation efficiencies of various citrus varieties. (springer.com)
  • genome (6.98?Mb) has expanded nearly twice to the size of (4.4?Mb) to accommodate more genes. (healthyguide.info)
  • In a new study released today in New England Journal of Medicine , researchers demonstrate that whole-genome sequencing can provide clinically relevant data on bacterial transmission within a timescale that can influence infection control and patient management. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • High transformation efficiency of citrus is of great importance for large scale characterization of gene functions and also cultivar development via transgenic and genome editing technologies. (springer.com)
  • The low ANC predispose to recurrent and severe infections since infancy. (lu.se)
  • This undermines the effectiveness of the available treatment options and thus contributes to the persistence of microbial infections. (who.int)
  • A safe and effective vaccine that prevents NoV infection or minimizes NoV disease burden is needed, especially for children and the elderly who are particularly susceptible to NoV disease. (jsce-ip.com)
  • We identified 30 loci that predict tolerance, many of which are in genes involved in the regulation of immunity and metabolism. (datadryad.org)
  • Collectively, these results unraveled a novel and broad role of PI3K in plant immunity which promoted stomatal closure and PR gene expression possibly via regulating ROS production. (frontiersin.org)
  • Acknowledgements Professor Andrew Sewell and Dr. Garry Dolton, University of Cardiff, Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity Research Institute. (bmj.com)
  • FPR −/− mice also had increased bacterial load in spleen and liver 2 d after infection, which is before development of a specific cellular immune response, suggesting a defect in innate immunity. (silverchair.com)
  • Distinguishing between bacterial and viral infections remains one of the key questions in the daily pediatric acute care," commented Lauri Ivaska, MD, from the department of pediatrics and adolescent medicine at Turku (Finland) University Hospital. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • It is known that when a bacteria or virus enters the body, it stimulates the immune system in a unique way leading to the expression of different genes in the host blood. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • Additionally, gene expression of AtVPS34 was increased upon infection by Pst DC3000 ( avrRpt2 ), and SA upregulated AtVPS34 gene expression in this process. (frontiersin.org)
  • Furthermore, overexpression of AtVPS34 enhanced PR gene expression after syringe infiltration with Pst DC3000 ( avrRpt2 ), while PI3K inhibitors inhibited that. (frontiersin.org)
  • The production of hydrogen peroxide and the expression of gene encoding antioxidant enzyme were both enhanced in AtVPS34 overexpressing lines after spray inoculation or syringe infiltration with Pst DC3000 ( avrRpt2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of FOXP3+ Treg cells in leprosy skin lesions and to correlate their clinical forms, laboratory characteristics (CD4, CD8, and CV), and the immune reconstitution syndrome in HIV-leprosy co-infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These findings support that higher activity of the HIV may stimulate or result in a higher expression of FOXP3-Tregs and that they may be involved in active immunosuppression observed at the infection site at the tissue level. (bvsalud.org)
  • 0.05) also revealed the dramatic decrease in the expression of papG gene, taking 16s rRNA gene as an endogenous control for normalization. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Sigma factors reversibly associate with RNA polymerase and allow them to specifically direct the expression of specific set of genes. (healthyguide.info)
  • In addition, we found that the M. aurum infection of human THP1 macrophages modulates the expression of endogenous RNase3 and RNase6, suggesting a function in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
  • Representative σ 66 -dependent gene transcription was repressed in the absence of rsbV1 or upon increased expression of RsbW, and increased upon elevated expression of RsbV1. (plos.org)
  • The primary data for 1-step growth, 2-step growth and gene expression summarized in Figs 4 and 5 are available in the S1 Dataset in the supplementary information. (plos.org)
  • Our results demonstrate that expression of the kn1 gene enhances transformation efficiencies from 3 to 15 fold compared to a control vector, 3-11 fold relative to the highest transformation efficiencies reported for these citrus genotypes. (springer.com)
  • When our mitochondria uses fat as an energetic source, its toxic load is decreased, expression of energy producing genes are increased, its energetic output is increased, and the load of inflammatory energetic-end-products is decreased. (sott.net)
  • We show that desiccation increased ecdysone synthesis in MTs, while inhibition of ecdysone synthesis or ecdysone receptor expression, specifically within MTs, prevented induction of PGRP-LC and reduced protection from bacterial infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Relish directly induces AMP gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Introduction Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) load is suggested to be higher in symptomatic patients. (bmj.com)
  • DNA sequencing allows the researchers to determine the DNA sequences in genes and helps a researcher to create a repository of entire genomes. (thebusinessresearchcompany.com)
  • E. coli -derived recombinant GroEL expressed from DNA coding for the consensus sequence of 32 GroEL gene sequences extracted from the GenBank database was used to immunize rabbits and mice. (jsce-ip.com)
  • Type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread genetic modules in bacterial genomes. (mdpi.com)
  • Resistance is the ability of the host to limit a pathogen burden, whereas tolerance is the ability to limit the negative consequences of infection at a given level of infection intensity. (datadryad.org)
  • We then performed a genomewide association study to map the genetic basis of variation in resistance to and tolerance of infection by the bacterium Providencia rettgeri. (datadryad.org)
  • This report presents the status of AMR in Africa by analysing the main types of resistance and the underlying genes where possible. (who.int)
  • Aside from the bacterial clusters, common features among widespread but unrecognized. (cdc.gov)
  • We did not detect Bsal in our samples, but found widespread infection by Bd across central and northern Taiwan, both taxonomically and spatially. (nature.com)
  • Methods The MR1-restricted T cell clone, MC.7.G5 (7G5.TCRT), with reported cancer specificity and pan-cancer activity, 1 was cloned and expressed via lentiviral transduction in Jurkat E6.1 TCRαβ- β2M- CD8+ NF-κB:CFP NFAT:eGFP AP-1:mCherry cells or in human donor T cells (with or without CD8 or after knockout of the TRBC1 and 2 genes with CRISPR Cas9). (bmj.com)
  • A problem, particularly in primary care, is differentiating between patients with bacterial infections who might benefit from antibiotics and those with viral infections where supportive treatment is generally required. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • The researchers infected these mice with E. coli , monitored them for signs of infection in their urine for four weeks, and then gave them antibiotics. (futurity.org)
  • After a chronic infection, even though the bacteria have been eliminated with antibiotics and the bladder lining has healed, the behavior of cells lining the bladder do not revert back to normal even after the inflammation is finally resolved," Hannan says. (futurity.org)
  • Here, we report an efficient gene editing strategy based on direct delivery of Cas9 and gRNA into Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolate. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • We have covalently conjugated cas9 protein with CQD's using EDC/NHS chemistry and targeted papG gene by synthesizing sequence specific complimentary gRNA. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • There is an unusual expansion of several genes which have acquired many paralogs unlike in other mycobacterial species (Waagmeester et?al. (healthyguide.info)
  • Furthermore, the team is developing novel therapeutic strategies to treat different types of cancers using novel drug targets that they identify, cancer vaccines or by using bacterial toxins in the form of mRNA to kill tumor cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Detection of new cases in children reveals persistent transmission of the infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • Fast and accurate detection of bacterial transmission is crucial to better control of healthcare-associated infection. (sanger.ac.uk)
  • ACHSP considered that the evidence was strong that early detection and treatment of other STDs is an effective strategy for preventing sexually transmitted HIV infection but was concerned that this strategy has not been clearly articulated or implemented as a core strategy for HIV prevention in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • On May 2, 1997, ACHSP reviewed data on the role of STD detection and treatment in the prevention of HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • La información en esta página debería ser considerada como ejemplos de información de antecedentes para la temporada de influenza 2021-2022 para la práctica médica respecto del uso de medicamentos antivirales contra la influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • 6 Due to the increased frequency of infections and increased load on the body and immune system to fight these infections, patients are also seen with involvement of the reticuloendothelial system leading to hepatomegaly, splenomegaly lymphadenopathy, hypergammaglobulinemia, and anemia of chronic disease. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • others develop chronic infections that last for weeks. (futurity.org)
  • A day after infection, 11 out of 14 had more bacteria in their bladders than they had started with, and many went on to again develop chronic infections that lasted at least four weeks. (futurity.org)
  • Where available, anti-retroviral drugs can control HIV viral loads, effectively turning HIV into a manageable chronic condition. (ubs.com)
  • One of the most common chronic bacterial oral infections, periodontitis, affects the supporting structures of the teeth. (medscape.com)
  • In mouse studies, the researchers found that a transient infection triggers a short-lived inflammatory response that rapidly eliminates the bacteria. (futurity.org)
  • To understand the impact of tolerance on host defence and identify genetic variants that determine host tolerance, we defined genetic variation in tolerance as the residual deviation from a binomial regression of fitness under infection against infection intensity. (datadryad.org)
  • The effects of a maize knotted1 ( kn1) gene under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter on genetic transformation efficiencies of six citrus genotypes were tested. (springer.com)
  • METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: An observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study was carried out comparing four groups of patients: those with concomitant diagnosis of leprosy and HIV infection without a leprosy reaction, those with leprosy and HIV co-infection patients with a reverse reaction (RR), those with leprosy without HIV and without reaction, and those with leprosywithout HIV and with RR. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the sample studied, there was a positive correlation between FOXP3+ cell density and viral load, negative correlation with blood CD4+ (not statistically significant), significant positive correlation in CD8 count in patients with leprosy reaction, and positive relationship in patients with IRIS. (bvsalud.org)
  • The early stages of infection can impact eyesight, swimming, and the ability to find food. (nautil.us)
  • But if the initial infection lingers for weeks, the inflammation also persists, leading to long-lasting changes to the bladder that prime the immune system to overreact the next time bacteria find their way into the urinary tract, worsening the infection. (futurity.org)
  • In the process of fighting these infections, the immune system sometimes does more harm to the bladder than to the bacteria. (futurity.org)