Gastrointestinal mice intestinal mucosa. Medical search. Frequent questions

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the principal determinant of lethality following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). (nih.gov)
The large number of macrophages in the intestinal tract, play a significant role in maintaining the homeostasis of microorganisms on the surface of the intestinal mucosa and in the continuous renewal of intestinal epithelial cells. (frontiersin.org)
The intestinal tract is the largest independent immune system in the body. (frontiersin.org)
Immunological defence mechanisms of the gastrointestinal tract. (ox.ac.uk)
Metalloendopeptidase ADAM-Like Decysin 1 (ADAMDEC1) is an anti-inflammatory peptidase that is almost exclusively expressed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. (stanford.edu)
Our obtained results revealed that both antibiotic regimens were comparably effective in depleting the murine gut microbiota facilitating similar pathogenic colonization alongside the gastrointestinal tract following oral infection. (akjournals.com)
Endoscopy results demonstrated a spectrum of acute inflammatory changes across the gastrointestinal tract. (bmj.com)
The human gastrointestinal tract carries a large number of microorganisms associated with complex metabolic processes and interactions. (mdpi.com)
The researchers developed a silicon (Si)-based agent ingestible agent that stably generates hydrogen when reacting with water within the gastrointestinal tract. (crohnscolitisprofessional.org)
Osaka University researchers designed a silicon-based agent that successfully generated hydrogen continuously in the mouse gastrointestinal tract in an ulcerative colitis (UC) model. (asiaresearchnews.com)
Within your gastrointestinal tract there are many different pieces that all interconnect to help make up the system. (layerorigin.com)
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides and the chromosome 11p15.5 mucin glycoproteins are expressed and secreted in a site specific fashion along the length of the gastrointestinal tract. (embl.de)
The use of genetically engineered mice with both gain-of-function and loss-of-function mutations has been particularly informative about the normal and pathophysiological actions of a number of regulatory peptides of the gastrointestinal tract. (embl.de)

"These proteins are prime targets for unraveling the mechanisms by which probiotic bacteria affect human health through targeted interactions with intestinal epithelial and immune cells in ways that encompass the integrated contributions of the gut microbiota and host diet on the human body," they added. (nutraingredients.com)
In this study, iron was administered orally and parenterally to anemic piglets to investigate the role of iron in host-microbiota interaction and its effects on intestinal mucosal growth and immune plasticity. (bvsalud.org)
The main areas of research relate to the understanding of nutrition and the intestinal microbiota on gut health specifically targeting the initiation, prevention and therapy of chronic inflammatory diseases. (intestinal-microbiota.de)
Co-evolution of the intestinal microbiota with its host has resulted in a state of mutual benefit. (intestinal-microbiota.de)
Besides contributing to host nutrition, physiology and mucosal immunity, the intestinal microbiota protects the host from enteric infections, a function designated as colonization resistance. (intestinal-microbiota.de)
While host-pathogen interactions have been studied in detail during the past decades, the role of the microbiota in this interaction is largely elusive, and the trilateral interaction between enteric pathogens, the intestinal microbiota and the host is not well understood. (intestinal-microbiota.de)
Gnotobiotic mouse models and metagenomic analyses will provide new insights into the intricate interaction between Yersinia , the intestinal microbiota and the mucosal immune system, and might result in novel strategies for treatment of enteric infections. (intestinal-microbiota.de)
Apart from intestinal disorders (diabetes, obesity, colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, etc.), changes in dietary patterns and their effects on gut microbiota are implicated in disorders of other organs like lung (asthma, COPD, etc. (frontiersin.org)
Gut microbiota depletion is a pivotal prerequisite to warrant Campylobacter jejuni infection and induced inflammation in IL-10 -/- mice used as acute campylobacteriosis model. (akjournals.com)
Irrespective of the preceding microbiota depletion regimen, mice were similarly compromised by acute C. jejuni induced enterocolitis as indicated by comparable clinical scores and macroscopic as well as microscopic sequelae such as colonic histopathology and apoptosis on day 6 post-infection. (akjournals.com)
In conclusion, gut microbiota depletion in IL-10 -/- mice by ampicillin plus sulbactam is sufficient to investigate both, C. jejuni infection and the immunopathological features of acute campylobacteriosis. (akjournals.com)
Such novel pathways include induction of mitochondrial stress, inhibition of mitochondrial shuttles, alteration of intestinal microbiota, suppression of glucagon signaling, activation of autophagy, attenuation of inflammasome activation, induction of incretin receptors and reduction of terminal endoplasmic reticulum stress. (cyberleninka.org)
We also discuss the recent 'hot' issue of intestinal microbiota as it relates to metformin activity. (cyberleninka.org)
Although antibiotic treatment is crucial for combating infections, its negative effects on the intestinal microbiota and host immunity have been shown to be of the utmost importance. (mdpi.com)
Thus, it can modulate the composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota, which might potentially enhance the health of the host organism[ 5 , 6 ]. (ijpsonline.com)

Vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with Salmonella typhimurium elicited strong antigen-specific, mucosal responses, which blocked in vitro invasion of epithelia. (ox.ac.uk)
In close agreement, induction of GCC signaling in mucosal sheets ex vivo and intestinal cells in vitro inhibited proliferation by activating cGMP-dependent protein kinase and delaying the cell cycle at the G1/S transition. (jefferson.edu)
Skin and mucosal surfaces of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts also exhibited variable proliferation of epithelial cells and subjacent fibroblasts. (blogspot.com)
Evidence for coexpression of mucins and trefoil peptides has been suggested in numerous gastrointestinal mucosal pathologies. (embl.de)

They are not only responsible for innate immunity, but also participate in the development of intestinal inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, the effects of macrophages in the occurrence and development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and their role in inducing fibrosis, activating T cells, reducing colitis, and treating intestinal inflammation were also reviewed in this paper. (frontiersin.org)
3,4 Recently, a correlation of alpha-synuclein expression in the enteric nervous system (ENS) with acute and chronic intestinal inflammation was demonstrated in pediatric patients with persistence of alpha-synuclein in the tissue up to 6 months. (movementdisorders.org)
A major focus is the identification of disease-related microbial structures relevant for the initiation and prevention of intestinal inflammation. (intestinal-microbiota.de)
It is widely accepted that chronic GERD leads to inflammation and ulceration of the esophageal squamous mucosa and that persistent and recurrent inflammation and ulceration may lead to columnar metaplasia and, ultimately, intestinal metaplasia. (jcancer.org)
To prevent prolonged steroid use and recurrence of gastrointestinal inflammation after resumption of cancer therapy, patients were treated concurrently with infliximab and ICI. (bmj.com)
The researchers tested this approach in a mouse model of UC and found that the Si-treated mice had less weight loss, inflammation, and diarrhea compared with the control mice. (crohnscolitisprofessional.org)
Mice given the agent had reduced hemorrhage, inflammation, and hyperexcitability in the brain area associated with visceral pain and discomfort. (asiaresearchnews.com)

1997). Reported GI symptoms, such as nausea, may not be accompanied by visible damage to the gastric mucosa. (nationalacademies.org)
TNF-alpha expression in gastric mucosa of individuals infected with different virulent Helicobacter pylori strains. (medscape.com)
Achlorhydria is associated with intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa, which may lead to dysplasia, and is hence considered a premalignant condition. (medscape.com)
Genetic ablation of a Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE2), which is expressed in the stomach at high levels, leads to a decrease in gastric acid secretion, along with decreased viability of parietal cells, severe metaplasia, and hyperplasia of gastric mucosa. (medscape.com)
Other mouse models have shown that a hypochloric stomach environment leads to enteric bacterial overgrowth, which may play a role in gastric atrophy, metaplasia, and cancer. (medscape.com)
First, the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery involves formation of a 15- to 30-mL fundal pouch. (medscape.com)
proposed that H. pylori All patients received diagnostic upper to the QIAamp spin column in a 2 present in human bile samples might rep- gastrointestinal endoscopy and gastric mL collection tube were processed ac- resent a risk factor for gallstone formation biopsies were taken to confirm the cording to Qiagen protocol. (who.int)

The difficulty of inferring causation from metagenomic microbiome sequencing studies and from mouse-human interspecies differences has prompted the development of sophisticated in vitro models of human gut-microbe interactions. (knaw.nl)

The metabolites produced by them not only modulate gastro-intestinal immunity, but also impact distal organs like lung and brain. (frontiersin.org)
Spatial distribution of LTi-like cells in intestinal mucosa regulates type 3 innate immunity. (stanford.edu)

A clear understanding of the function of macrophages, as well as their role in pathogens and inflammatory response, will delineate the next steps in the treatment of intestinal inflammatory diseases. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we discuss the origin and development of macrophages and their role in the intestinal inflammatory response or infection. (frontiersin.org)
The lamina propria of the small intestine is the main site of the intestinal immune system, which contains a large number of macrophages, CD4 T cells, and dendritic cells. (frontiersin.org)
However, the cellular origin for this gene expression is controversial as it is also known to be expressed in intestinal macrophages. (stanford.edu)
The hallmark of the pathologic report was the marked infiltration by foamy macrophages of joints and aortic valves, and prominent deposits of fat within intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes, which made Whipple consider this case an obscure disease of fat metabolism and propose the name intestinal lipodystrophy. (medscape.com)
Intestinal lamina propria of AIDS patients with concomitant Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) infection may be packed with PAS-positive granules containing macrophages, but the intracellular bacilli are acid fast. (medscape.com)

MHC class II expression on IECs was absent from mice deficient in the TLR adaptors MyD88 and TRIF and required IFNγ secretion by lamina propria lymphocytes. (nih.gov)
The next layer of the intestinal barrier is the lamina propria, a type of connective tissue that's often found below a thin layer of cells covering a mucous membrane [v] . In the gut, the lamina propria is where the immune cells of both the adaptive and innate systems can be found, so they can easily participate in defence activities. (layerorigin.com)

These observations suggest that GCC signaling may regulate the renewal of the intestinal epithelium by restricting the proliferating compartment and promoting the transition from proliferation to differentiation along the crypt to villus axis. (jefferson.edu)
Epithelial intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, consistent with Guarnieri bodies, were usually inconspicuous by light microscopy, but when present, were most readily apparent in the stratified squamous epithelium of the oral mucosa and epidermis. (blogspot.com)
Multinucleated syncytial cells were also occasionally observed in the stratified squamous epithelium of the tongue, tonsil, and skin, and in the intestinal mucosa. (blogspot.com)
The mucus layer that covers the colic epithelium represents the first line of defense against the aggression caused by antigens, virus, and bacteria in the intestinal lumen. (scielo.br)

The trefoil peptide intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) plays a critical role in the protection of colonic mucosa and is essential to restitution after epithelial damage. (embl.de)
Influence of the application of enemas with oily extract of curcumin ( Curcuma longa ) on the tissue content of neutral and acidic mucins in the colonic mucosa without fecal stream ☆ ☆ Study conducted at Universidade São Francisco (USF), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM), Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil. (scielo.br)
To verify if the application of enemas containing oily extracts of curcumin preserves the tissue content of mucins in the glands of the colonic mucosa without fecal stream. (scielo.br)

The intestinal mucosa is the first line of defense for organisms against intestinal pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
These cells play a key role in early resistance to intestinal pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
The gut lining is a semi-permeable structure which has a major role in allowing the transportation of nutrients into the body while, at the same time, preventing pathogens from entering it, a process called intestinal permeability iii . (layerorigin.com)

Trinta e seis ratos Wistar foram submetidos à derivação intestinal por colostomia proximal e fístula mucosa distal. (scielo.br)

And a major one is the intestinal epithelial barrier, also commonly known as the gut lining. (layerorigin.com)
What does the intestinal epithelial barrier look like? (layerorigin.com)
The intestinal epithelial barrier also has in important role in implementing an immune response with the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), through the initiation of pro- and anti-inflammatory signals [vi] . (layerorigin.com)

There are many microorganisms colonized in the human intestine, and more than 1000 bacterial species in the intestinal ecosystem of a single individual. (frontiersin.org)
Vaccine-induced protection against gastrointestinal bacterial infections in the absence of secretory antibodies. (ox.ac.uk)
In this study, polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) knockout mice, which lack secretory antibodies (SAb), were used to investigate the role of vaccine-elicited SAb in protection against gastrointestinal bacterial infections. (ox.ac.uk)
These results suggested that, in immune animals, SIgA is crucial for the protection of gastrointestinal surfaces against secreted bacterial toxins, may inhibit early colonization by C. rodentium, but is not essential for protection against re-infection with S. typhimurium or C. rodentium. (ox.ac.uk)
The most commonly lost gene products in colorectal carcinogenesis include guanylin and uroguanylin, the endogenous ligands for guanylyl cyclase C (GCC, GUCY2C), the intestinal receptor for diarrheagenic bacterial enterotoxins. (jefferson.edu)

Here, we review recent advances in the co-culture of microbes with intestinal and colonic epithelia, comparing the rapidly developing fields of organoids and organs-on-chips with other standard models. (knaw.nl)
We tested the hypothesis that individual trefoil peptides are uniquely localised with specific mucins in the UACL and normal gastrointestinal epithelia. (embl.de)
Colocalisation of mucins and trefoil peptides was demonstrated by immunofluorescent colabelling in UACL and normal gastrointestinal epithelia. (embl.de)
Coordinated localisation of trefoil peptides and mucins in UACL and normal gastrointestinal epithelia suggests they may assist each others' functions in protection and repair of gastrointestinal mucosa. (embl.de)

"These results identify the niche-specific adaptations of a dietary microorganism to the intestinal ecosystem and provide novel targets for molecular analysis of microbial-host interactions which affect human health," wrote the researchers, led by Prof Michiel Kleerebezem from NIZO Food Research. (nutraingredients.com)
Mechanisms of microbe-host interactions are specified by the use of germ-free mouse models largely focusing on inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). (intestinal-microbiota.de)

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) stimulates small intestinal growth through induction of intestinal epithelial proliferation. (nih.gov)

Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of KLF5 blocked the expression of CDX2, MUC2 and villin, but transfection of a KLF5 expression vector into esophageal epithelial cells promoted their transdifferentiation into columnar-like cells, as demonstrated by increased expression of the intestinal markers CDX2, MUC2 and villin. (jcancer.org)
MUC2 and TFF3 were colocalised throughout the large and small bowel mucosa. (embl.de)

Monkeypox virus antigen was readily demonstrated by immunohistochemistry using anti-vaccinia mouse polyclonal antibodies as well as anti-monkeypox rabbit polyclonal antibodies. (blogspot.com)

An essential role for specific SAb in protection against Vibrio cholerae was evident from experiments showing that vaccinated pIgR(-/-) mice, but not vaccinated C57BL/6 mice, were susceptible to cholera toxin challenge. (ox.ac.uk)
However, vaccinated C57BL/6 and pIgR(-/-) mice were equally resistant to challenge infection with virulent S. typhimurium. (ox.ac.uk)
Although higher numbers of bacteria were detected early after challenge infection in feces of vaccinated pIgR(-/-) mice compared with vaccinated C57BL/6 mice, both mouse strains showed complete clearance after 9 days. (ox.ac.uk)

Some studies have demonstrated that early inulin intervention in High Dietary (HD) fed mouse can reduce the glucose metabolism disorders and gut dysbiosis in the offspring[ 7 ]. (ijpsonline.com)

Upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopic examinations Accuracy of Dengue conducted 1 month after discharge revealed no notable abnormalities. (cdc.gov)
The patients presented with a combination of upper and lower gastrointestinal symptoms and subsequently underwent upper endoscopy and/or lower endoscopy. (bmj.com)

The significance of loss of GCC ligands early in intestinal tumorigenesis remains obscure because (patho)physiological roles of GCC signaling in intestine, beyond regulation of intestinal fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, are poorly defined. (jefferson.edu)

Coordinated localisation of mucins and trefoil peptides in the ulcer associated cell lineage and the gastrointestinal mucosa. (embl.de)
Tissue quantification of neutral and acid mucins in the mucosa of the colon with and without fecal stream in rats. (scielo.br)

In this study, we determined post-stroke host defense responses at the colonic epithelial surface in mice. (bvsalud.org)
Secretory IgA (SIgA) is widely held to be responsible for the defense of the mucosae against pathogenics and other potentially harmful agents. (ox.ac.uk)

Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), the intestinal receptor for the paracrine hormones guanylin and uroguanylin whose early loss characterizes transformation, has emerged as a component of developmental programs organizing spatiotemporal patterning along the crypt-surface axis whose loss promotes tumorigenesis through hyperproliferation and genetic instability. (jefferson.edu)
Lipopolysaccharides from Legionella and Rhizobium stimulate mouse bone marrow granulocytes via Toll-like receptor 2. (southernbiotech.com)
X. Trefoil peptide and EGF receptor/ligand transgenic mice. (embl.de)

"Several people have studied this in animals, but our study shows that there is a specific human adaption of these bacteria that is not seen in mice," he said. (nutraingredients.com)
The bacteria adapt to the gastrointestinal conditions. (nutraingredients.com)

Yersinia enterocolitica targets cells of the innate and adaptive immune system by injection of Yops in a mouse infection model. (intestinal-microbiota.de)
This chapter evaluates the effects of fluoride on the gastrointestinal system (GI), the kidney, the liver, and the immune system, focusing primarily on new data that have been generated since the earlier NRC (1993) review. (nationalacademies.org)

Crypt hyperplasia in GCC-/- mice was associated with compensatory increases in cell migration and apoptosis. (jefferson.edu)

To examine the physiology of GLP-2-induced bowel, mice were treated with GLP-2 (2.5 micrograms) or vehicle for 10 days. (nih.gov)
Download instantly Gastrointestinal Physiology and Diseases - Methods and Protocols by Andrei I. Ivanov. (booksdo.com)

Investigation of Host and Pathogen Contributions to Infectious Colitis Using the Citrobacter rodentium Mouse Model of Infection. (booksdo.com)

Thus induction of intestinal growth by GLP-2 in wild-type mice results in a normal-to-increased capacity for nutrient digestion and absorption in vivo. (nih.gov)
Utilizing clinically related in vivo mouse fashions of sepsis and a novel septic arthritis mannequin, we discovered that the quantity and exercise of SLO was important in figuring out the course of an infection. (holliseden.com)

Furthermore, innate and adaptive immune cell responses in the large intestines were similar in both infected cohorts, which also held true for intestinal, extra-intestinal and even systemic secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6. (akjournals.com)
Using mice lacking the DNA hydroxymethylase TET2, we showed the requirement for TET2 in optimal production of hallmark cytokines by ILC3s and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) by inflammatory ILC2s. (stanford.edu)
The levels of certain proinflammatory cytokines were reduced in the mice given the therapeutic agent. (crohnscolitisprofessional.org)

Helicobacter species other than H. pylori , but not H. trogontum , have emerged as causes of gastrointestinal and systemic disease, mainly in immunocompromised patients ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

The product IBS is an innovative food supplement developed by Biofarma Group, intended for treating intestinal disorders associated with a first phase. (nutraingredients.com)
We conclude that Clec4a4+ eosinophils have immunomodulatory functions, which could be harnessed for the therapy of food allergies and eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders. (stanford.edu)

Finally, GLP-2 did not alter other markers of intestinal or pancreatic gene expression, including levels of mRNA transcripts for ornithine decarboxylase, multidrug resistance gene, amylase, proglucagon, proinsulin, and prosomatostatin. (nih.gov)
For example, alpha-synuclein, one of the most reliable markers of the disease, can be found in gastrointestinal biopsies of patients with PD. (movementdisorders.org)
Identification and monitoring of metabolite markers of dry bean consumption in parallel human and mouse studies. (oregonstate.edu)

Dr. Saubermann's clinical interest is centered on taking care of adolescents and adults with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, such as Crohn's Disease, Ulcerative Colitis, Celiac Sprue(gluten sensitive enteropathy), and microscopic /lymphocytic colitis, though he also sees patients with a variety of gastrointestinal and liver related illnesses. (rochester.edu)
The bi-directional cross-talk between gut and lung (termed as Gut-Lung axis) is best exemplified by intestinal disturbances observed in lung diseases. (frontiersin.org)

Isolation from the Mouse Small and Large Intestine. (booksdo.com)

Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze human and mouse esophageal specimens. (jcancer.org)
Goat Anti-Rat Ig-Biotin antibody with minimal reactivity to mouse proteins for use in ELISA, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry / immunocytochemistry, and western blot assays. (southernbiotech.com)

The former maintains intestinal health, while the latter plays an important role in the occurrence of inflammatory reactions. (frontiersin.org)
In addition to mechanisms of microbe-host interaction, the role of cell stress related to unfolded protein responses (UPR) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria is characterized in the context of inflammatory and tumorigenic processes using novel tissue-specific mouse models. (intestinal-microbiota.de)
Inflammatory bowel disease therapies and bation under a microaerophilic atmosphere only, a blood gut function in a colitis mouse model. (cdc.gov)

Oral or duodenal administration of glucose or maltose did not reveal any differences in the ability of GLP-2-treated mice to absorb these nutrients, possibly because of decreases in expression of the glucose transporters sodium-dependent glucose transporter-1 (SGLT-1) and GLUT-2. (nih.gov)
Elimination of GCC expression in mice (GCC-/-) increased crypt length along a decreasing rostral-caudal gradient by disrupting component homeostatic processes. (jefferson.edu)
COS was given to mice through the best route of administration, and the changes in ovarian and immune function were detected using assays of organ index, follicle counting, serum estrogen (E 2 ) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels, and the expression of IL-2 and TNF-α in the ovaries. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, we characterized the whole-genome distribution of methyl-CpG and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in mouse innate lymphoid cell 3 (ILC3), ILC2 and natural killer (NK) cells. (stanford.edu)

MHC class II was expressed on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) within the ileum at steady state but was absent from the IECs of germ-free mice. (nih.gov)
The next layer is the epithelial layer, a single, continuous layer of intestinal epithelial cells or IECs that are tightly attached to one another at junction proteins. (layerorigin.com)

Analysis of microRNA Levels in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. (booksdo.com)
Myeloperoxidase Imaging and Flow Cytometry Analysis of Intestinal Myeloid Cells. (booksdo.com)
But if a sheet of these cells is spread out and viewed en face it becomes much easier to visualize the arrangement. (doctorc.net)
You're seeing them en face , that is, as if you were facing the 'wall' of cells. (doctorc.net)

Assay for Compounds that Protect Against Intestinal Injury in Zebrafish Larva. (booksdo.com)
Distinct pathways of cell migration and antiapoptotic response to epithelial injury: structure-function analysis of human intestinal trefoil factor. (embl.de)

Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are very prevalent in PD patients. (movementdisorders.org)

Previous studies have shown that there are significant amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the intestinal mucosa of those with UC. (crohnscolitisprofessional.org)

Prof Kleerebezem and his co-workers focussed their attention on changes to the established probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 299v in the intestinal mucous membrane of five patients suffering from colon cancer. (nutraingredients.com)

It appears that an HF concentration somewhere between 1.0 and 5.0 mmol/L (20 and 100 mg/L), applied to the stomach mucosa for at least 15 minutes, is the threshold for effects on the function and structure of the tissue (Whitford et al. (nationalacademies.org)
Of late, much attention has been given to sonic hedgehog (Shh), a morphogen protein that has been studied in the mouse stomach. (medscape.com)

Both clinical and experimental studies have shown that bile acids are noxious to the esophageal mucosa. (jcancer.org)

Anatomy54

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