• The first observation appeared unexpectedly during the course of a quantitative morphometric study aimed at determining the kinetics of retrograde cell death in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of adult male rats after nerve injury. (nih.gov)
  • Diabetic Polyneuropathy: New Strategies to Target Sensory Neurons in Dorsal Root Ganglia. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although the pathogenesis of DPN is complex, this review emphasizes the concept that hyperglycemia and metabolic stressors directly target sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia ( DRG ), leading to distal axonal degeneration. (bvsalud.org)
  • in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • [4] [5] Ascending sensory tracts in the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway (DCML) carry information from the periphery to the cortex of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ascending tracts that transmit sensory information to the brain occupy the __________ and external __________ portions of the cord, such as the dorsal __________ and __________ tracts. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • With the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry, we show that a population of dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons descending from the gnathal ganglion to thoracic ganglia of the stick insect Carausius morosus contains the neuromodulatory amine octopamine. (uni-koeln.de)
  • The virus remains latent in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord after the initial attack of chicken. (healthy.net)
  • and sensory ataxic, a disabling neuropathy involving the dorsal root ganglia (ganglionopathy) 15 16 resulting in deafferentation. (bmj.com)
  • Sciatic nerve transection, early after birth, results in significant degeneration of spinal motoneurons as well as sensory neurons present in the dorsal root ganglia. (hindawi.com)
  • The posterior (dorsal) horns contain sensory fibers that originate in cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The gray matter also contains many internuncial neurons that carry motor, sensory, or reflex impulses from dorsal to ventral nerve roots, from one side of the cord to the other, or from one level of the cord to another. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of dorsal root and autonomic ganglion cells, and clinically by loss of sensation and autonomic dysfunction. (bvsalud.org)
  • Brainstem and thalamic projections from a craniovascular sensory nervous centre in the rostral cervical spinal dorsal horn of rats. (lu.se)
  • Gamma (γ) and beta (β) oscillations seem to play complementary functions in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit (CBGT) during motor behavior. (jneurosci.org)
  • A SEEG study of ERPs in motor corticles and the basal ganglia. (muni.cz)
  • Basal ganglia involvement in sensory and cognitive processing. (muni.cz)
  • Cognitive potentials in motor and premotor cortices and in the basal ganglia. (muni.cz)
  • Red bi-directional arrows are used to signify the predominantly inhibitory linkages between any given area of cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
  • The basal ganglia are located interior to the cerebral cortex, and they receive prominent input from essentially all of the pallium, both isocortex and allocortex (Swanson 2000). (scholarpedia.org)
  • This loop architecture, summarized in Figure 1 , provides important perspective for this entry on models of basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
  • In the entry basal ganglia , anatomy and physiology are reviewed and the conclusion is reached that the two essential functions of the basal ganglia are action selection and reinforcement learning . (scholarpedia.org)
  • In the present entry, key features of the computational architecture of the loops through the basal ganglia are first described. (scholarpedia.org)
  • Some of these models are anatomically and physiologically constrained, whereas others are abstract but are nevertheless motivated by behavioral functions of the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
  • This entry focuses on the loops through the basal ganglia shown on the left side of Figure 1 . (scholarpedia.org)
  • The premotor and sensory regions provide the input for planning to the basal ganglia and the cerebellum. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, new areas of signal abnormality were demonstrated in the deep grey matter of the basal ganglia. (motherjones.com)
  • In simple terms the thalami, basal ganglia, the vast majority of the white matter of the brain and a significant degree of the cortex have been wiped out by this remorseless degenerative condition. (motherjones.com)
  • Basal ganglia contribution to rule expectancy and temporal predictability in speech. (mpg.de)
  • Non-motor basal ganglia functions: A review and proposal for a model of sensory predictability in auditory language perception. (mpg.de)
  • Cooperation of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, sensory cerebrum and hippocampus: Possible implications for cognition, consciousness, inte lligence and creativity. (bvsalud.org)
  • The basal nuclei (formerly referred to as the basal ganglia) comprise the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. (medscape.com)
  • 1 In idiopathic TN, chemical neurolysis with glycerol, radiofrequency ablation, or balloon rhizotomy of the gasserian ganglion are the preferred treatment choices over MVD. (asra.com)
  • Secondary TNs may also be an indication for neuroablative therapies of the gasserian ganglion. (asra.com)
  • Its sensory ganglion (the gasserian ganglion) resides in Meckel's cave, which is in the floor of the middle cranial fossa. (asra.com)
  • The trigeminal nerve ganglion (also referred to as the gasserian ganglion) lies in the trigeminal cave (also known as the Meckel cave), which is a dural invagination in the petrous part of the temporal bone. (medscape.com)
  • However, it is essential that neural crest and placodes associate together throughout embryonic development to coordinate the emergence of several features in the head, including almost all of the cranial peripheral sensory nervous system and organs of special sense. (frontiersin.org)
  • The __________ is composed of the peripheral nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • In both models, microsympathectomy reduced macrophage density in the sensory ganglia and peripheral nerve. (iasp-pain.org)
  • The virus then spreads to other mucosal surfaces through centrifugal migration of infectious virions via peripheral autonomic or sensory nerves. (medscape.com)
  • The clinical spectrum of peripheral neuropathies encountered in Sjögren syndrome patients is wide, 6-9 with sensory neuropathies being the most common. (bmj.com)
  • Overall, the present data suggest that acute repair of neonatal peripheral nerves with fibrin sealant results in neuroprotection and regeneration of motor and sensory axons. (hindawi.com)
  • The trigeminal nerve supplies the sensory innervation to the face as well as the sensory and motor innervation to the mastication muscles. (asra.com)
  • The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve and supplies sensory innervations to the face via its branches (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Despite this, prior toxicology guidance provided no recommendations for which sensory and autonomic ganglia to evaluate in nonclinical general toxicity studies. (stagebio.com)
  • The vagus nerve is a major body-brain axis that relays critical sensory information from the neck, chest, and abdomen, and controls basic autonomic functions of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, and immune systems. (yale.edu)
  • After HSV enters the mucosal surface, it initiates replication and infects either sensory or autonomic nerve endings. (medscape.com)
  • It is likely that these post-injury changes in DRG electrogenesis contribute to the neuropathic sensory abnormalities, including chronic pain, that are associated with traumatic nerve injury. (nih.gov)
  • In neuroanatomy, the cranial nerve ganglia are ganglia of certain cranial nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • All cranial nerve ganglia are bilateral. (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans, for example, nerve networks send sensory information to the brain, which processes the information to determine a response (muscle contraction). (nature.com)
  • Shingles, or herpes zoster, is a viral infection of sensory nerve cells caused by the same virus (Varicella zoster) that causes chicken pox. (healthy.net)
  • VZV remains dormant in sensory-nerve ganglia and may be reactivated at a later time causing herpes zoster (i.e., shingles) -- a painful vesicular rash usually appearing in a dermatomal distribution of one or two sensory-nerve roots. (cdc.gov)
  • The neurocapsid of the virus is intra-axonally transported to the nerve cell bodies in the ganglia and contiguous nerve tissue. (medscape.com)
  • After primary infection as varicella (chickenpox), VZV remains latent in the sensory-nerve ganglia and can reactivate later, causing herpes zoster (shingles). (cdc.gov)
  • The mandibular nerve has sensory and motor functions. (medscape.com)
  • The white matter at the cord's periphery contains ascending and descending tracts of myelinated sensory and motor nerve fibers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • After the first contact, the virus establishes a life-long latency in sensory nerve ganglia, being more frequent the trigeminal ganglion 13 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Other research in the lab examines the molecular mechanism of how skin mast cells sensitize sensory nerves under inflammatory states. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Developmental biologist Rita Levi-Montalcini , who in the beginning of 1950's moved from her homeland Italy, to Viktor Hamburger's laboratory in St. Louis, USA, showed in 1952 that when tumours from mice were transplanted to chick embryos they induced potent growth of the chick embryo nervous system, specifically sensory and sympathetic nerves. (nobelprize.org)
  • There are several important structures that reside in the vicinity of the ganglion: the cavernous sinus, the optic and trochlear nerves medially, the inferior surface of the temporal lobe of the brain superiorly, and the brain stem posteriorly. (asra.com)
  • The postganglionic fibers are the sensory nerves to the face and exit via various foramina at the base of the skull. (medscape.com)
  • The ophthalmic and maxillary nerves are purely sensory. (medscape.com)
  • Autoimmune ataxic neuropathies (sensory ganglionopathies): are glycolipids the responsible autoantigens? (nih.gov)
  • This is a protocol describing how to isolate and culture primary sympathetic neurons from superior cervical ganglia (SCG) of newborn rat pups. (jove.com)
  • Type I features autosomal dominant inheritance and distal sensory involvement. (bvsalud.org)
  • Type II is characterized by autosomal inheritance and distal and proximal sensory loss. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, trigeminal ganglion interventions have also been used to palliate cancer pain involving cranial or base of the skull structures. (asra.com)
  • In the octopus, neural ganglia process sensory data within their arms, avoiding the need to send information to the brain. (nature.com)
  • Diabetic polyneuropathy ( DPN ) is the most common type of diabetic neuropathy , rendering a slowly progressive, symmetrical, and length-dependent dying- back axonopathy with preferential sensory involvement. (bvsalud.org)
  • Introduction: Traditionally radiofrequency ablation of the trigeminal ganglion is performed using fluoroscopy and under heavy sedation. (scirp.org)
  • 7 Furthermore, the ganglion has a somatotropic distribution: thus the mandibular portion lies in the rostral and lateral part, the maxillary division does in the middle portion, and the ophthalmic division does in the cephalad and medial region. (asra.com)
  • 5 The ophthalmic division leaves the ganglion to reach the orbit through the superior orbital fissure. (asra.com)
  • Rhythmic activity in the brain is thought to reflect coordinated network activity and to influence single-cell responses during sensory, cognitive, and motor behaviors ( Buzsáki, 2006 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • We aimed to determine the association of macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) thickness with cognitive and sensorineural function in midlife. (nycu.edu.tw)
  • Mapping Cortical Integration of Sensory and Affective Pain Pathways. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Cortical mechanisms of sensory and affective integration, however, remain poorly defined. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Our results thus define a cortical circuit that plays a potentially important role in integrating sensory and affective pain signals. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Other entirely soft organisms, such as cephalopods, can change color and have nervous systems capable of localized responses to sensory inputs without the need for centralized processing (i.e., the brain). (nature.com)
  • The inner ear contains sensory epithelia composed of mechanosensitive hair cells, supporting cells, and sensory neurons that work in concert to detect sound and positional information and transmit those signals to the brain. (springer.com)
  • These organoids contain functional mechanosensitive hair cells, supporting cells, and sensory neurons, which phenocopy functional components of the inner ear responsible for detection of positional information. (springer.com)
  • The dience-phalon, composed of the thalamus and hypoth-alamus, regulates sensory inform-ation relay and internal bodily functions, mainta-ining homeos-tasis. (cheatography.com)
  • In order to better understand what types of molecular pathways might underlie this compensatory shift in the cercal system, we used a multiple k-mer approach to assemble a terminal ganglion transcriptome that included ganglia collected one, three, and 7 days after unilateral cercal ablation in adult, male animals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The thalami, which I have been told fire the pathways within the white matter which generate sensory perception is, Dr R points out, effectively invisible in the scan. (motherjones.com)
  • Upper and lower limb innervation is greatly affected by brachial and lumbosacral plexus lesion, leading to loss of motor and sensory function [ 1 - 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The neuropathy was axonal in all, in five pure sensory and in four sensorimotor. (bmj.com)
  • This ganglion is formed by 2 roots that exit the ventral surface of the brainstem at the midpontine level and travel forwards and laterally to enter the trigeminal cave. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we investigate the projection from the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), which encodes the sensory pain information, to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a key area for processing pain affect, in freely behaving rats. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Notice the en plaque meningioma anterior to the brainstem. (medscape.com)
  • The mesenc-eph-alon, located in the brainstem, contains the tectum (respo-nsible for sensory proces-sing) and tegmentum (assoc-iated with motor control and pain percep-tion). (cheatography.com)
  • The approach here is distinguished by its simplicity, use of entirely soft materials, and ability to use sensory inputs (touch) to create visual outputs in which the logic occurs at the materials level without the need for semiconductors. (nature.com)
  • It receives multiple modes of sensory information as inputs. (medscape.com)
  • not due to paralysis, sensory changes, or deficiencies in understanding. (brainline.org)
  • This report provides novel evidence that octopamine released by descending neurons on stimulation of leg sense organs contributes to the modulation of leg sensory-evoked activity in a leg motor control system. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Bailey AP, Streit A (2005) Sensory organs: making and breaking the pre-placodal region. (springer.com)
  • The tooth has an unusual sensory system that converts external stimuli predominantly into pain, yet its sensory afferents in teeth demonstrate cytochemical properties of non-nociceptive neurons. (mdpi.com)
  • Our findings indicate that some descending octopaminergic neurons can facilitate motor activity during walking and support a sensory-motor state necessary for active leg movements. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Brachial plexus lesion results in loss of motor and sensory function, being more harmful in the neonate. (hindawi.com)
  • Sensory-motor recovery was behaviorally studied. (hindawi.com)
  • Reporting considerations are also explained, along with an in-depth look at correlations that exist in nonclinical toxicity studies between the functional and structural findings in sensory ganglia. (stagebio.com)
  • We discuss specific new findings that relate to sensory neuron function in DM associated with abnormal dynamics of nuclear bodies such as Cajal bodies and nuclear speckles in which mRNA transcription and post-transcriptional processing occur. (bvsalud.org)
  • Christophorou N, Bailey A, Hanson S, Streit A (2009) Activation of Six1 target genes is required for sensory placode formation. (springer.com)
  • These hairs are innervated by sensory neurons which relay wind direction information to the terminal abdominal ganglion (TAG) forming a map of direction sensitivity [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Acts as a relay station for sensory inform-ation. (cheatography.com)
  • In this recent 2023 paper titled "Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Sampling, Processing, Evaluation, Interpretation, and Reporting of Test Article-Related Ganglion Pathology for Nonclinical Toxicity Studies," working group members explain why the development of new test articles for certain therapeutic modalities warrants nonclinical evaluation of ganglion structure and function. (stagebio.com)
  • Genetic hearing loss is a common sensory disorder, and its cause is highly heterogeneous. (hindawi.com)
  • Conclusion: Trigeminal ganglion ablation under general anesthesia is a good option for older patients and for those who cannot tolerate being awakened during the procedure. (scirp.org)
  • Parietal lobe: Processes sensory inform-ation and spatial awareness. (cheatography.com)
  • agnosia - failure to recognize familiar objects although the sensory mechanism is intact. (brainline.org)
  • Comparing and contrasting the two different compensatory strategies in use in these sensory systems will provide insights into the various mechanisms nervous systems can employ to recover from damage. (biomedcentral.com)