• The geniculate ganglion (from Latin genu, for "knee") is a collection of pseudounipolar sensory neurons of the facial nerve located in the facial canal of the head. (wikipedia.org)
  • Instead, the cells of the geniculate ganglion relay the signal to the appropriate brainstem nucleus, much like the Dorsal root ganglion neurons relay signal to nuclei in the spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
  • The CAP threshold shift was associated with the loss of outer hair cells and inner hair cells in the basal, high-frequency region of the cochlea, considerable loss of auditory nerve fibers and a significant loss of spiral ganglion neurons in the basal turn. (cdc.gov)
  • Spiral ganglion neurons showed evidence of soma shrinkage and nuclear condensation and fragmentation, morphological features of apoptotic cell death. (cdc.gov)
  • the fibers that extend from nerve cells (neurons) and transmit impulses to muscles and other neurons. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Furthermore, the vast majority of 5-HT 1D -IR neurons are unmyelinated peptidergic afferents that distribute peripherally, including the dura, cornea, and the sciatic nerve. (jneurosci.org)
  • We observed scattered 5-HT 1D -IR neurons in the nodose ganglia, and there was sparse terminal immunoreactivity in the solitary nucleus. (jneurosci.org)
  • However, in the mid- to late 1990s, a number of laboratories interested in cold transduction began to use primary cultures of either dorsal root (DRG) or trigeminal (TG) ganglia neurons as in vitro models of sensory afferents. (nih.gov)
  • Approximately 10-20 percent of ganglia neurons respond to cold temperatures, with thresholds for activation below 30°C [ 2 , 14-16 ]. (nih.gov)
  • A new study reports high contrast visual stimulation can help damaged retinal neurons to regrow optic nerve fibers. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Fischer A, Hoffmann B. Nitric oxide synthase in neurons and nerve fibers of lower airways and in vagal sensory ganglia of man. (ersjournals.com)
  • Administration of gene therapy viruses into skeletal muscle, where distal terminals of motor and sensory neurons reside, has been shown to result in extensive transduction of cells within the spinal cord, brainstem, and sensory ganglia. (frontiersin.org)
  • Muscles contain the synaptic connection between lower motor neurons and muscle fibers, i.e., the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), as well as specialized sensory nerve endings (e.g., muscle spindles). (frontiersin.org)
  • First, we and others have discovered molecular pathways that can be used to coax stem cells to turn into neurons that look and act like real retinal ganglion cells. (newswise.com)
  • The anterior (ventral) horns of the "H" contain lower motor neurons, which receive impulses from the motor cortex via the descending corticospinal tracts and, at the local level, from internuncial neurons and afferent fibers from muscle spindles. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The axons of the lower motor neurons are the efferent fibers of the spinal nerves. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The gray matter also contains many internuncial neurons that carry motor, sensory, or reflex impulses from dorsal to ventral nerve roots, from one side of the cord to the other, or from one level of the cord to another. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The afferent fibers carrying pain, temperature, and touch from the posterior auricular nerve, as well as those carrying special sensory (taste) fibers from the tongue (via the chorda tympani), do not synapse in the geniculate ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Afferent fibers and sensory ganglion cells within the oculomotor nerve in some mammals and man. (architalbiol.org)
  • The neural elements of somatosensory receptors in the hands and feet represent the distal extreme of long afferent fibers, and thus, are par- ticularly vulnerable in the distal axonopathies. (cdc.gov)
  • In normal eyes, the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) is usually best visible in the inferior temporal part of the fundus, followed by the superior temporal region, the nasal superior region and the nasal inferior region. (nih.gov)
  • With all optic nerve diseases, the visibility of the RNFL is decreased in addition to the age-related loss, in a diffuse and/or a localized manner. (nih.gov)
  • Primary outcome measures were the changes in ganglion cell complex (GCC) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). (entokey.com)
  • and the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), where the ganglion axons are located. (entokey.com)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the macular thickness (MT), ganglion cell complex (GCC), and circum-papillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and normal tension glaucoma (NTG) with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). (octclub.org)
  • To investigate longitudinal retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness change in patients with normal-pressure glaucoma (NPG) and to assess how this may be related to visual fields. (nih.gov)
  • The retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thicknesses were assessed using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. (springer.com)
  • A UNC Ophthalmology faculty-mentored, resident-led study published in the December 2022 Journal of Glaucoma assessed how well glaucomatous changes detected to the optic disc, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) parameters agree among them in pre-perimetric and early perimetric glaucoma, based on optical coherence tomography (Cirrus HD-OCT) normative database classification. (unc.edu)
  • Firat PG, Doganay S, Demirel EE, Colak C. Comparison of ganglion cell and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in primary open-angle glaucoma and normal tension glaucoma with spectral-domain OCT. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. (octclub.org)
  • We further demonstrated in this artery that nicotine acted on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on presynaptic sympathetic nerve terminals to release norepinephrine (NE), which then acted on β 2 -adrenoceptors located on the neighboring NOergic nerve terminals to release NO, resulting in vasodilation. (aspetjournals.org)
  • These results suggest the presence of functional α 7 -nAChRs on postganglionic sympathetic adrenergic nerve terminals of SCG origin, which mediate nicotine-induced neurogenic NOergic vasodilation. (aspetjournals.org)
  • These findings are consistent with our hypothesis that nicotine acts on nAChRs on presynaptic sympathetic nerve terminals to release NE, which then acts on presynaptic β 2 -adrenoceptors located on the neighboring NOergic nerve terminals, resulting in release of NO and dilation of porcine basilar arteries. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen. (bvsalud.org)
  • The peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) were evaluated with SD-OCT. In addition, visual function tests, such as low-contrast letter acuity (LCLA), were evaluated for their ability to provide greater diagnostic specificity when compared to SD-OCT measurements alone. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Nowadays, more advanced segmentation algorithms and higher resolution imaging enable the automated and precise identification of additional retinal layers including the outer retina as well as novel and more precise peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) parameters such as Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) around the optic disk 13 . (nature.com)
  • The greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Typical symptoms of relapses may be referable to demyelinating pathology involving the optic nerves (e.g. optic neuritis), brainstem (e.g. internuclear ophthalmoplegia) or spinal cord (e.g. partial myelitis), although non-specific symptoms referable to the cerebral hemispheres or other brain regions can also occur (Katz Sand and Lublin, 2013). (medscape.com)
  • The greater petrosal nerve, which carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, emerges from the anterior aspect of the ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
  • The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve and supplies sensory innervations to the face via its branches (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • A full neurological exam in clinic re-vealed the following: Cranial nerves II, V, and VII-XII were found to be intact bilaterally. (aao.org)
  • However, when examining cranial nerves III, IV, and VI, she was found to have bilateral adduction defi-cits and limitation in upward gaze. (aao.org)
  • The extraocular muscles are innervated by 3 cranial nerves (CNs): oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV), and abducens nerves (CN VI). (medscape.com)
  • Hirschsprung disease (HD) is characterized by the absence of myenteric and submucosal ganglion cells (Auerbach and Meissner plexuses) along a variable length of the distal GI tract. (medscape.com)
  • Various degrees of pathological changes were detected in the ganglion plexuses (Auerbach and Meissner) of the sigmoid colon from patients with chronic slow-transit constipation using Nissl's toluidine blue staining. (eco-vector.com)
  • Moghimi S, SafiZadeh M, Xu BY, Fard MA, Khatibi N, Rao HL, Weinreb RN (2020) Vessel density and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness following acute primary angle closure. (springer.com)
  • The investigators sought to identify thresholds of optic nerve fiber thickness that would distinguish MS-related pathology from other causes. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Initial studies in the diagnosis of optic neuritis related to MS have also been promising, but these studies, such as one in which machine learning was employed to identify MS on the basis of optic nerve fiber thickness, 4 have been small. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Quantify the thickness of the retina, nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell complex (GCC) and the cornea. (clarionmedical.com)
  • Mutations in the PLA2G6 gene impair the function of the PLA2 group VI enzyme, which may disrupt cell membrane maintenance and contribute to the development of spheroid bodies in the nerve axons. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Later in the disease when patients have lost considerable numbers of retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve axons, and have thereby lost considerable vision, stem cells may be useful to replace lost ganglion cells and restore the connections from the eye to the brain. (newswise.com)
  • The geniculate ganglion receives fibers from the motor, sensory, and parasympathetic components of the facial nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sensory and parasympathetic inputs are carried into the geniculate ganglion via the nervus intermedius. (wikipedia.org)
  • Via the geniculate ganglion, the facial nerve (CN VII) gives parasympathetic innervation to: the lacrimal glands. (wikipedia.org)
  • TMT-induced damage was greatest in the high-frequency, basal region of the cochlea and the nerve fibers beneath the inner hair cells were the most vulnerable structures. (cdc.gov)
  • In some individuals with infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, abnormal amounts of iron accumulate in a specific region of the brain called the basal ganglia . (medlineplus.gov)
  • The large basal ganglia subsequently differentiate from the striatal part of the cerebral vesicle. (ehd.org)
  • The amygdala area lies in the roof of the inferior horn between the rostral end of the horn and the basal ganglia. (ehd.org)
  • We compared the distribution of 5-HT 1D receptor-immunoreactive (5-HT 1D -IR) peripheral afferents within the trigeminal ganglion (TRG) and lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the rat. (jneurosci.org)
  • Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Lumbar spinal stenosis is narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal causing compression of the nerve rootlets and nerve roots in the cauda equina before their exit from the foramina. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia. (bvsalud.org)
  • Fibroblasts are present in connective tissue and are capable of forming collagen fibers. (nutrimedical.com)
  • It is the structural interface between the retina and the vitreous and is composed of collagen fibers, glycosaminoglycans, laminin, and fibronectin. (hindawi.com)
  • It contains special sensory neuronal cell bodies for taste, from fibers coming up from the tongue through the chorda tympani and from fibers coming up from the roof of the palate through the greater petrosal nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • The posterior (dorsal) horns contain sensory fibers that originate in cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Results from double-labeling immunohistochemical studies in whole-mount porcine basilar and middle cerebral arteries and in cultured porcine superior cervical ganglia (SCG) indicated that α 7 -nAChR- and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivities were colocalized in same nerve fibers. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The postganglionic fibers are the sensory nerves to the face and exit via various foramina at the base of the skull. (medscape.com)
  • Trigeminal nerve block provides hemifacial anesthesia and is used predominantly in the diagnosis and treatment of neuralgia. (medscape.com)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by spontaneous, paroxysmal lancinating pain in the trigeminal nerve distribution. (medscape.com)
  • trigeminal nerve block is reserved for patients who do not respond to medical treatment or patients in whom neurologic decompression of the canal is not feasible or has failed. (medscape.com)
  • The trigeminal nerve ganglion (also referred to as the gasserian ganglion) lies in the trigeminal cave (also known as the Meckel cave), which is a dural invagination in the petrous part of the temporal bone. (medscape.com)
  • For more information about the relevant anatomy, see Trigeminal Nerve Anatomy . (medscape.com)
  • The success of a trigeminal nerve block depends on proper identification of the anatomic landmarks and the nerve itself. (medscape.com)
  • This ganglion is formed by 2 roots that exit the ventral surface of the brainstem at the midpontine level and travel forwards and laterally to enter the trigeminal cave. (medscape.com)
  • Scan acquisition has been simplified with real-time en-face imaging displaying a 12x9 mm view of the retina during acquisition to assist the operator in scanning the desired location and new reports with a wider field of view for enhanced capabilities. (clarionmedical.com)
  • Real-time en face display provides a 12x9mm view of the retina during scan acquisition to assist the operator in scanning the desired location. (clarionmedical.com)
  • demonstrated that the absence of the ILM caused permanent retraction of the endfeet of neuroepithelial cells from the vitreal surface of the retina and the formation of a disorganized and abnormally thickened ganglion cell layer [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Within the layers of the retina, photons trigger a series of electrical and chemical reactions, ultimately sending electrical signals by way of the optic nerve, along with visual pathway to the occipital cortex. (medscape.com)
  • In the early to mid-twentieth century, a number of laboratories began to observe cold-induced electrical impulses when recording from mammalian sensory nerves. (nih.gov)
  • These peripheral cold receptors, both Aδ- and C-fibers, have thermal thresholds (i.e., the temperature at which nerve impulses are generated) for cold activation between 30-20°C, temperatures considered to be innocuously cool [ 4 , 6 ]. (nih.gov)
  • Tan O, Chopra V, Lu AT, Schuman JS, Ishikawa H, Wollstein G, Varma R, Huang D (2009) Detection of macular ganglion cell loss in glaucoma by Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography. (springer.com)
  • Along with pathological changes in nerve cells in the myenteric nerve plexus and gliosis, features of neuron-glial relationships were described, and the death of ganglion cells in the human colon with the active participation of specialized astrocyte-like glial cells was also established for the first time. (eco-vector.com)
  • In the third case, a pattern of pronounced dysplasia and dysgangliogenesis was revealed in the myenteric ganglion plexus of the sigmoid colon, and the presence of diffuse lymph-monocytic infiltrates was noted in the circular muscle layer. (eco-vector.com)
  • The ophthalmic and maxillary nerves are purely sensory. (medscape.com)
  • The mandibular nerve has sensory and motor functions. (medscape.com)
  • The white matter at the cord's periphery contains ascending and descending tracts of myelinated sensory and motor nerve fibers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 3000 ganglion cells in guinea pig, we identified small numbers of color-opponent cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • To clarify the nature of color vision in a nonprimate dichromatic mammal, we studied the morphology and physiology of opponent ganglion cells in guinea pig. (jneurosci.org)
  • Therefore, we asked whether the S+/M− ganglion cells bistratify (as in primate), sending dendrites to both ON and OFF layers of the IPL. (jneurosci.org)
  • Therefore, we asked whether this region contains color-opponent ganglion cells at all, and if so, whether the strength of opponency reflects the gradient of opsin expression. (jneurosci.org)
  • We recorded from ganglion cells via loose-patch electrode and tested for color opponency. (jneurosci.org)
  • The eyecup was cut radially and flattened onto a membrane filter with ganglion cells up. (jneurosci.org)
  • The compound action potential (CAP) threshold was used to assess the functional status of the cochlea and histological techniques were used to assess the condition of the hair cells and auditory nerve fibers. (cdc.gov)
  • Although there was no hair cell loss with the 4 mg/kg dose, there was a noticeable loss of auditory nerve fibers particularly beneath the inner hair cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Researchers are studying the links between phospholipid defects, brain iron, and damage to nerve cells, but have not determined how the iron accumulation that occurs in some individuals with infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy may contribute to the features of this disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • According to researchers, retinal ganglion cells act collectively to correct visual errors and improve accuracy. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Researchers report activating cannabinoid signalling can increase activity in retinal ganglion cells. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Researchers have developed a new method that efficiently turns human stem cells into retinal ganglion cells. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The ganglion cells help coordinate and facilitate bowel relaxation, and if they are absent, the bowel becomes spastic and results in distal intestinal obstruction. (medscape.com)
  • The predictive value of biopsy is essentially 100% in excluding HD if ganglion cells are present. (medscape.com)
  • In HD, the biopsy reveals an absence of ganglion cells, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of nerve fibers, and an increase in acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibers in the lamina propria and muscularis mucosa. (medscape.com)
  • It must be taken well above the anal valves, since ganglion cells are normally absent in the anal canal. (medscape.com)
  • The internal limiting membrane (ILM), the basement membrane of the Müller cells, serves as the interface between the vitreous body and the retinal nerve fiber layer. (hindawi.com)
  • First, early in the disease, they may protect retinal ganglion cells from degenerating - providing a neuroprotective effect. (newswise.com)
  • In all cases, reactive, dystrophic, severe degenerative-necrotic changes of ganglion cells, as well as the details of their death, were described in detail. (eco-vector.com)
  • the donor.4,11 In the case of nerve cells obtained from either delivery of dopamine released from cells the developing central nervous system (CNS), the opti- implanted into the ventricle, adjacent to the stria- mal age was shown to be at, or close to, the cell-cycle tum,6,7 or restoration of synaptic dopamine release exit. (lu.se)
  • Glaucoma is irreversible neurodegeneration that involves retinal nerve fiber layer thinning, optic nerve head cupping, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. (chemdiv.com)
  • Newswise - There is great interest among glaucoma patients, scientists and doctors alike, in discovering regenerative therapies for the optic nerve and translating them from the laboratory to the clinic - and stem cell therapy is one of several promising approaches being studied. (newswise.com)
  • Our laboratory and a number of other laboratories have made considerable progress on the two main fronts of bringing stem cell therapy to optic nerve restoration for glaucoma. (newswise.com)
  • The visceral efferents of the superior cervical ganglia did not contain 5-HT 1D immunoreactivity. (jneurosci.org)
  • PACAP immunoreactivity has been shown in nerve fibers innervating the intrapancreatic ganglia as well as the islets of Langerhans in pancreas. (eurogentec.com)
  • Utilizing a FRMD6-aimed antiserum, we detected particular immunoreactivity in varicose nerve fibers in the rat peripheral and central nervous program. (bioinf.org)
  • The disease is characterized by nonsuppurative ganglioneuritis of the vegetative nerve plexuses of the crop, proventriculus, gizzard, and duodenum. (cdc.gov)
  • The morphological study of the resected sections of the colon obtained at the S.P. Fedorov Department of Faculty Surgery of S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, as a result of surgical treatment of patients with severe chronic slow-transit constipation, included an assessment of the changes in the structures of ganglion plexuses. (eco-vector.com)
  • Considering its great importance in the assessment of optic nerve anomalies and diseases and taking into account the feasibility of its ophthalmoscopic evaluation using green light, the retinal nerve fiber layer should be examined during any routine ophthalmoscopy. (nih.gov)
  • NPG patients and normal subjects who had had serial GDx nerve fibre layer Analyzer II imaging and Humphrey visual fields performed at least 18 months apart were selected for study. (nih.gov)
  • The ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer inter-eye difference was the single best discriminator of history of optic neuritis in patients with MS. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The difference between GS010-treated and sham-treated eyes in change from baseline of temporal retinal nerve fiber layer missed statistical significance (p=0.0513). (businesswire.com)
  • Tissue engineering the retinal ganglion cell nerve fiber layer. (fescenter.org)
  • An oral nerve block is a simple and effective way to manage orofacial pain without distorting the anatomy of a wound and without the use of narcotics. (medscape.com)
  • The primordial piriform cortex at the surface is close to the primordial olfactory bulb where the olfactory nerves enter. (ehd.org)
  • Rapid, involuntary eye movements (nystagmus), eyes that do not look in the same direction (strabismus), and vision loss due to deterioration (atrophy) of the nerve that carries information from the eye to the brain (the optic nerve) often occur in infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • At the level of the primary afferent nerve, the site at which thermal stimuli are converted into neuronal activity, temperature-sensitive members of the TRP channel family are found. (nih.gov)
  • examined radial, median, and ulnar nerve specimens from a CRPS-affected amputated limb and showed widespread (47-58%) selective degeneration in the larger myelinated Aα fibers (motor/proprioception) and in groups of small unmyelinated C fibers (Remak bundles), while the smaller Aδ (pain/temperature) fibers were spared. (frontiersin.org)
  • It is covered superiorly by the petrous part of the temporal bone (which is sometimes absent over the ganglion). (wikipedia.org)
  • Occasionally, tumor infiltration, vascular compression of the nerve, or diseases such as multiple sclerosis may be the causative factors. (medscape.com)
  • The iVue80 system delivers many Optovue exclusives such as ganglion cell complex (GCC) analysis with focal loss volume (FLV%) and global loss volume (GLV%) metrics, the iWellnessExam® and Vault Mapping for specialty lens fitting. (clarionmedical.com)
  • This route is minimally invasive and therefore clinically relevant for gene therapy targeting to peripheral nerve soma. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this review article, we outline key characteristics of major gene therapy viruses-adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), and lentivirus-and summarize the mechanisms regulating important steps in the virus journey from binding at peripheral nerve terminals to nuclear delivery. (frontiersin.org)
  • Moghimi S, SafiZadeh M, Fard MA, Motamed-Gorji N, Khatibi N, Chen R, Weinreb RN (2019) Changes in optic nerve head vessel density after acute primary angle closure episode. (springer.com)
  • Throughout the years, in the absence of ancillary or diagnostic tools, many descriptive phrases, clichés, or analogies have been used to describe the eye, such as "the eye is the window to the soul," the "eye works like a camera," and "the eye is the only structure that allows us to physically see blood vessels and nerve fibers. (medscape.com)
  • Occipital neuralgia (ON) is a rare neuralgic pain in the distribution of the sensory branches of the cervical plexus, usually described as a paroxystic, stabbing pain in the distribution of the greater occipital nerve (GON), lesser occipital nerve (LON) and/or third occipital nerve and presents tenderness over the affected nerve 11 . (bvsalud.org)
  • The authors postulated that large Aα fiber degeneration could consequently affect the associated innervated muscles. (frontiersin.org)
  • We determined whether administration of a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor alters optic nerve head blood flow (ONHBF) regulation during isometric exercise in healthy subjects. (arvojournals.org)
  • Optic nerve aplasia (ONA, OMIM 165550) is a very rare unilateral or bilateral condition that leads to blindness in the affected eye, and is usually associated with other ocular abnormalities. (molvis.org)