AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentDisciplines and OccupationsHealth CareGeographicals
Trypanosoma brucei gambienseTrypanosomiasis, AfricanTrypanosomiasisMelarsoprolTrypanosomiasis, BovineTrypanocidal AgentsTrypanosoma brucei rhodesienseTrypanosomaTrypanosoma brucei bruceiTsetse FliesTrypanosoma congolenseDemocratic Republic of the CongoPentamidineTrypanosoma vivaxAngolaCongoNifurtimoxGuineaSudanCote d'IvoireEflornithineParasitologyCentral African RepublicCentral Nervous System Protozoal InfectionsVariant Surface Glycoproteins, TrypanosomaAntiprotozoal AgentsParasitic Sensitivity TestsCerebrospinal FluidUgandaAntibodies, ProtozoanDNA, ProtozoanAgglutination TestsEquatorial GuineaInsect Control
TrypanosomaRhodesienseSleeping SicknessInfectionHumanParasiteTrypanosomesSubspeciesMelarsoprolAfricanTrypanosomeReservoirsAfricaEliminationGlossinaDiseaseSymptomsHumansEndemicCasesVaccineApproaches2020AnimalCaused by Trypanosoma brucei gaTransmitted by tsetse fliesCause African trypanosomiasisEflornithineSLEEPING SICKNESSTrypanosoma Brucei GaTsetse flyInfectionsChagas DiseaseHemolymphatic stageReservoirChronicVectorsParasitesDiagnosisVectorNaganaLeishmaniasisClinical trialsStagesTreatmentPentamidineStage
Trypanosoma22
Rhodesiense11
  • T. b. gambiense , which is found in western and central Africa, causes chronic disease, while T. b. rhodesiense , which is found in eastern and southern Africa, causes acute severe disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Trypanosomiasis rhodesiense is a zoonosis, and humans visiting affected areas (usually for hunting or tourism) are accidental hosts. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite its sporadic occurrence among travelers, T. b. rhodesiense has been reported more often in European ( 2 ) and American tourists ( 3 ) than T. b. gambiense because T. b. rhodesiense is present in areas not visited by expatriates. (cdc.gov)
  • The ulcer is most commonly observed in T. b. rhodesiense infection, and only rarely in T. b. gambiense (however, in T. b. gambiense infection, ulcers are more common in persons from non-endemic areas). (wikipedia.org)
  • Incubation period is 1-3 weeks for T. b. rhodesiense, and longer (but less precisely characterised) in T. b. gambiense infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Staging for both T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense (i.e., assessment of neurological infection) is performed by microscopic examination of CSF collected by lumbar puncture on a wet preparation looking for motile trypomastigotes and WBCs. (cdc.gov)
  • Suramin is also effective in treating the first stages of both T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense but is recommended to be only used to treat the first stage of T. b. rhodesiense because of the risk of severe adverse reactions in patients co-infected with onchocerciasis, which can occur in T. b. gambiense -endemic areas. (cdc.gov)
  • Adverse reactions to suramin treatment in patients with T. b. rhodesiense trypanosomiasis are frequent, but usually mild and reversible. (cdc.gov)
  • Over several months in T. b. gambiense infection but a period of weeks with T. b. rhodesiense , intermittent fever, headaches, rigors, muscle and joint pain, and transient facial swelling develop. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The animal reservoir is very important in T. b. rhodesiense and less so in T. b. gambiense, although it could explain the long-term endemicity in some foci despite control interventions. (who.int)
  • The causative agents of sleeping sickness are the protozoan parasites T. brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense. (nutritionfact.in)
Sleeping Sickness11
  • Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness, is caused by a flagellated trypanosome protozoan and transmitted by Glossina (tsetse) flies. (cdc.gov)
  • African trypanosomiasis, also known as African sleeping sickness or simply sleeping sickness, is an insect-borne parasitic infection of humans and other animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is an illness endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. (medscape.com)
  • Do cryptic reservoirs threaten gambiense-sleeping sickness elimination? (fao.org)
  • Results from the NECT-Field study confirmed the effectiveness and safety of NECT as a treatment for stage 2 sleeping sickness caused by T.b. gambiense in field conditions. (dndi.org)
  • In August 2019, fexinidazole was included in the World Health Organization's (WHO) treatment guidelines, making NECT the second-line treatment for T.b. gambiense sleeping sickness, though it remains the recommended first-line treatment in cases of advanced disease. (dndi.org)
  • Updated, accurate and comprehensive information on the distribution of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness, is critically important to plan and monitor control activities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The human form of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a disease unique to Africa that leads to death if untreated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is a painful and protracted disease affecting people in the poorest parts of Africa and is fatal without treatment. (unl.pt)
  • Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, is caused by trypanosome parasites that are transmitted by tsetse flies. (who.int)
  • It is the causative agent of African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness. (rnpedia.com)
Infection3
  • Winterbottom's sign is common in T. b. gambiense infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Detecting trypanosomes in T. b. gambiense infection is more difficult. (cdc.gov)
  • it causes a chronic infection with a long asymptomatic phase, and it accounts for over 90 percent of total reported cases of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). (biomedcentral.com)
Human27
  • Modelling to Quantify the Likelihood that Local Elimination of Transmission has Occurred Using Routine Gambiense Human African Trypanosomiasis Surveillance Data. (bvsalud.org)
  • The gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) elimination programme in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) routinely collects case data through passive surveillance and active screening , with several regions reporting no cases for several years, despite being endemic in the early 2000s. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nothing is known about this phenomenon in human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), but if occurring, it would imply the need of revaccination of HAT patients after therapy and abolish hope for a HAT vaccine. (itg.be)
  • Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) is a deadly vector-borne, neglected tropical disease found in West and Central Africa targeted for elimination of transmission (EoT) by 2030. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • Human African trypanosomiasis cases diagnosed in non-endemic countries (2011-2020). (fao.org)
  • The elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: Achievements in relation to WHO road map targets for 2020. (fao.org)
  • Human African trypanosomiasis. (fao.org)
  • Human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: disease distribution and risk. (fao.org)
  • Monitoring the progress towards the elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. (fao.org)
  • We argue that a better understanding of the contribution of human and putative animal reservoirs to gambiense-HAT epidemiology is mandatory to inform elimination strategies. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • 1. Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is caused by trypanosomes that are transmitted by the tsetse fly. (who.int)
  • 5. Implementation of this strategy should reduce morbidity and mortality due to human African trypanosomiasis and improve the economic and social status of the affected populations. (who.int)
  • Given the resurgence of both human and animal trypanosomiasis, the epidemic potential, high fatality rate and significant impact on socioeconomic development, many countries requested more active WHO support to control the disease. (who.int)
  • In 2021, approximately 800 combined cases were reported to the WHO, with over 90% caused by T. b. gambiense (see WHO: Human African trypanosomiasis ). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The coastal districts of Boffa, Dubreka and Forecariah, three major foci of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), were particularly affected. (datadryad.org)
  • Prospective Study on Efficacy and Safety of Acoziborole (SCYX-7158) in Patients Infected by Human African Trypanosomiasis Due to T.b. (who.int)
  • Chagas disease (also called American trypanosomiasis ) is a human tropical parasitic disease which occurs in the Americas, particularly in South America. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
  • Important control efforts have led to a significant reduction of the prevalence of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in Côte d'Ivoire, but the disease is still present in several foci. (researcher-app.com)
  • Five other diseases (leprosy, leishmaniasis, yaws, Buruli ulcer and Human African Trypanosomiasis) require individual case management. (who.int)
  • My research interests lie within modelling and decision analysis for vector-borne infections - in particular human African trypanosomiasis and visceral leishmaniasis. (ntdmodelling.org)
  • I have worked on both visceral leishmaniasis and gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). (ntdmodelling.org)
  • To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of drugs for treating second-stage human African trypanosomiasis. (unl.pt)
  • Very little has been published on the costs of methods specifically targeting human African trypanosomiasis. (lstmed.ac.uk)
  • The tsetse fly becomes infected with T. gambiense when it bites an infected human or animal. (rnpedia.com)
  • Think of the tsetse fly as a courier that delivers a harmful package (the T. gambiense parasite) from one location (an infected human or animal) to another (a non-infected human). (rnpedia.com)
  • First-stage (hemolymphatic) and second-stage (meningoencephalitic) human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) due to T. brucei gambiense in patients 6 years of age and older who weigh at least 20 kg. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Kenyan purple tea anthocyanins and coenzyme-Q10 ameliorate post treatment reactive encephalopathy associated with cerebral human African trypanosomiasis in murine model. (ac.ke)
Parasite1
  • Choice of therapy for second stage Gambiense HAT will continue to be determined by what is locally available, but eflornithine and NECT are likely to replace melarsoprol, with careful parasite resistance monitoring. (unl.pt)
Trypanosomes3
  • Although general laboratory studies may be helpful, a definitive diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis requires actual detection of trypanosomes. (medscape.com)
  • Late in the course of African trypanosomiasis, trypanosomes appear in the interstitial fluid of many organs, including the myocardium and eventually the central nervous system. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Blood samples were tested for trypanosomes by microscopic observation, species-specific PCR for T . brucei sl, T . congolense , T . vivax and subspecies-specific PCR for T . b . gambiense and T . b . gambiense immune trypanolysis (TL). (researcher-app.com)
Subspecies1
  • This low level of variation in the T. b. gambiense BES sequence repertoires is consistent both with the relatively narrow host range of this subspecies and its apparent long-term clonality. (ox.ac.uk)
Melarsoprol1
  • The drug of choice for treatment of East African trypanosomiasis is suramin (for the hemolymphatic stage) or melarsoprol (for late disease with central nervous system involvement). (bushdrums.com)
African11
  • African trypanosomiasis symptoms occur in two stages: the hemolymphatic stage and the neurological stage (the latter being characterised by parasitic invasion of the central nervous system). (wikipedia.org)
  • Diagnostic assistance for African trypanosomiasis is available through DPDx . (cdc.gov)
  • Antitrypanosomal treatment is indicated for all persons diagnosed with African trypanosomiasis. (cdc.gov)
  • No vaccine is available for African trypanosomiasis. (medscape.com)
  • Patients who have recovered from late-stage East African trypanosomiasis should undergo lumbar punctures every 3 months for the first year. (medscape.com)
  • Patients who have recovered from West African trypanosomiasis may no longer need to undergo lumbar punctures every 6 months for 2 years, depending on their treatment regimen. (medscape.com)
  • African trypanosomiasis is confined to tropical Africa between 15° north latitude and 20° south latitude, or from north of South Africa to south of Algeria, Libya, and Egypt. (bushdrums.com)
  • East African trypanosomiasis is more acute clinically, with earlier central nervous system involvement than in the West African form of the disease. (bushdrums.com)
  • Travelers who sustain tsetse fly bites and become ill with high fever or other manifestations of African trypanosomiasis should be advised to seek early medical attention. (bushdrums.com)
  • West African trypanosomiasis is best treated with pentamidine isethionate (for the hemolymphatic stage) or eflornithine. (bushdrums.com)
  • Chandler R.L., Comparative tolerance of West African N'Dama cattle to trypanosomiasis, Ann. (gse-journal.org)
Trypanosome1
  • The new carboxamides were tested for their antitrypanosomal and anti-inflammatory activities against Trypanosome brucei gambiense and inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. (simulations-plus.com)
Reservoirs1
Africa2
  • The card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis/ T. b. gambiense (CATT) is a serologic screening test used for population screening in endemic areas of Africa. (cdc.gov)
  • Thousands of death in Africa and other developing nations are still attributed to trypanosomiasis. (simulations-plus.com)
Elimination1
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) has set the goals of gambiense-HAT elimination as a public health problem for 2020, and of interruption of transmission to humans for 2030. (unboundmedicine.com)
Glossina1
  • The aim of this work is to assess, by a molecular approach (Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR), the possible permanence of T. b. gambiense in the vector (Glossina spp. (unboundmedicine.com)
Disease2
  • Other animals, such as cows, may carry the disease and become infected in which case it is known as Nagana or animal trypanosomiasis. (wikipedia.org)
  • De Raadt P., Immunity and antigenic variation: clinical observations suggestive of immune phenomena in trypanosomiasis, in: Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis with special reference to Chaga's disease, CIBA foundation symposium 20 (new series), Elsevier Associated Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam, 1974, pp. 199-211. (gse-journal.org)
Symptoms1
  • In both early- and late-stage trypanosomiasis, symptoms usually resolve after treatment, and the parasitemia clears on repeat blood smears. (medscape.com)
Humans2
  • Humans are the only meaningful reservoir of T. b. gambiense . (cdc.gov)
  • Humans are the main reservoir of T. b. gambiense , but this species may also reside in animals. (msdmanuals.com)
Endemic1
  • Theses cases suggest an increased risk for expatriates working in trypanosomiasis-endemic countries. (cdc.gov)
Cases1
Vaccine1
  • The effect of gambiense HAT on peripheral blood memory T- and B-cells and on innate and vaccine induced antibody levels was examined. (itg.be)
Approaches1
  • New approaches in American trypanosomiasis research : proceedings of an international symposium, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 18-21 March 1975. (who.int)
20201
  • Available at https://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/events/twelfth_stag/en/ (accessed 7 April 2020). (who.int)
Animal1
  • It is therefore crucial to develop better tools to study the epidemiological role of potential animal reservoir for T . b . gambiense . (researcher-app.com)
Caused by Trypanosoma brucei ga7
Transmitted by tsetse flies1
Cause African trypanosomiasis2
Eflornithine2
  • Eflornithine is recommended for treatment of patients with West African trypanosomiasis, especially in the late (neurologic) stage. (medscape.com)
  • For the meningoencephalitic stage of gambiense trypanosomiasis, the treatment of choice is nifurtimox + eflornithine (NECT). (msf.org)
SLEEPING SICKNESS9
  • 1083 patients with late-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness were treated with melarsoprol in Nioki hospital, Zaire, between 1983 and 1990. (nih.gov)
  • The type of drug treatment used depends on the type and stage of African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)-that is, whether it is East African or West African and whether it is stage 1 (early/hemolymphatic) or stage 2 (late/neurologic). (medscape.com)
  • sleeping sickness) caused by Trypanosome brucei gambiense . (medscape.com)
  • sleeping sickness) caused by Trypanosome brucei gambiense in adults and children aged 6 years and older who weigh at least 20 kg. (medscape.com)
  • Is fexinidazole more effective than the standard treatments for sleeping sickness due to T. brucei gambiense? (prescrire.org)
  • Fexinidazole (Fexinidazole Winthrop°, Sanofi Aventis) has been evaluated by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) as a treatment for both stages of sleeping sickness due to T. brucei gambiense, in adults and children aged 6 years or more and weighing at least 20 kg. (prescrire.org)
  • Sleeping sickness is caused by two types of parasites Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense . (medlineplus.gov)
  • 2002). T. brucei rhodesiense and T. b. gambiense causes sleeping sickness in humans and other species, such as T. b. brucei, T. congolense, T. vivax and T. evansi causes disease in animals (Sileghem et al . (vin.com)
  • But one has to wait for the yearly reports of the "Organisation de Coordination contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale" (OCEAC), between 1977 and 1997, to know that 146 sleeping sickness patients were diagnosed through a passive way in the Campo area. (moam.info)
Trypanosoma Brucei Ga9
Tsetse fly3
Infections3
  • Posterior triangle cervical lymphadenopathy, or "Winterbottom's sign" is commonly seen in T. b. gambiense infections, but lymphadenopathy can also be seen in the axillar, inguinal and epitrochlear regions. (cdc.gov)
  • Melarsoprol is the drug of choice for late disease with central nervous system involvement (infections by T.b. gambiense or T. b. rhodiense ). (wikidoc.org)
  • The 14 bp insertion appears to favour the occurrence of long-lasting T. b. gambiense latent infections. (scirp.org)
Chagas Disease1
Hemolymphatic stage1
  • African trypanosomiasis symptoms occur in two stages: the hemolymphatic stage and the neurological stage (the latter being characterised by parasitic invasion of the central nervous system). (wikipedia.org)
Reservoir3
  • Humans are the only meaningful reservoir of T. b. gambiense . (cdc.gov)
  • Negative Effects of African Trypanosomiasis - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * So how do the reservoir hosts become infected? (powershow.com)
  • Humans are the main reservoir of T. b. gambiense , but this species may also reside in animals. (msdmanuals.com)
Chronic1
  • T. b. gambiense , which is found in western and central Africa, causes chronic disease, while T. b. rhodesiense , which is found in eastern and southern Africa, causes acute severe disease. (cdc.gov)
Vectors2
Parasites1
Diagnosis1
  • 1998). Direct parasitological diagnosis of trypanosomiasis is based on the trypomastigotes forms detection in fresh blood samples or blood smear by microscopic examination. (vin.com)
Vector2
  • Flobert Njiokou spends much of his time researching Zoology, Veterinary medicine, Vector, Malaria and African trypanosomiasis. (research.com)
  • His Vector research incorporates themes from Trypanosomiasis, Paratransgenesis, Biotechnology and Disease transmission. (research.com)
Nagana1
Leishmaniasis1
  • Pentamidine isethionate is an antiprotozoal agent typically used for early (stage 1) African trypanosomiasis, as well as for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and leishmaniasis. (medscape.com)
Clinical trials2
Stages1
  • Pentamidine isethionate and suramin (under an investigational New Drug Protocol from the CDC Drug Service) are the drugs of choice to treat the hemolymphatic stages of West and East African Trypanosomiasis , respectively. (wikidoc.org)
Treatment2
  • The authors of this manuscript investigated spliced leader (SL)-RNA detection in blood and cerebrospinal fluid to assess treatment outcomes in 97 patients with gambiense -HAT in collaboration with a phase II/III trial of acoziborole. (dndi.org)
  • If a person fails to receive medical treatment for African trypanosomiasis , death will occur within several weeks to months. (wikidoc.org)
Pentamidine1
  • Pentamidine injections protect against T b gambiense , but not against T b rhodesiense . (medlineplus.gov)
Stage2