AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
Viral Structural ProteinsViral ProteinsAlphavirusVirionMembrane FusionRNA, ViralMolecular Sequence DataCell FusionGene Products, revCell LineCapsidSindbis VirusVirus AssemblyCapsid ProteinsVirus Replicationrev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency VirusAmino Acid SequenceBase SequenceGenome, ViralRecombinant Fusion ProteinsSemliki forest virusGenes, ViralDNA, ViralViral Envelope ProteinsCercopithecus aethiopsMolecular WeightOpen Reading FramesSARS VirusCricetinaeAntigens, ViralRetroviridaeViral Fusion ProteinsProtein BiosynthesisAntibodies, ViralGene Expression Regulation, ViralSpinal FusionGene Products, gagCloning, MolecularGene FusionElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelCentrifugation, Density GradientPlasmidsRNA, MessengerHIV-1MutationTritiumChick EmbryoHeLa CellsTranscription, GeneticOncogene Proteins, FusionCells, CulturedTransfectionRubella virusMicroscopy, ElectronViral Core ProteinsMyoviridaeOncogene FusionVero CellsGlycoproteinsSpodopteraReoviridaeParvoviridaeArteritis Virus, EquineBacteriophagesMembrane ProteinsSequence Homology, Amino AcidPeptidesEscherichia coliBaculoviridaeViral Nonstructural ProteinsDensovirusProtein PrecursorsEpitopesInclusion Bodies, ViralViral VaccinesNucleocapsidRecombinant ProteinsCaveolin 1Protein BindingNucleocapsid ProteinsGenetic VectorsSequence Analysis, DNASequence AlignmentCell MembraneGreen Fluorescent ProteinsViral Matrix ProteinsNeutralization TestsRepliconSiphoviridaeBlotting, WesternFluorescent Antibody TechniqueVaccinia virusProtein Structure, TertiaryWhite spot syndrome virus 1Peptide BiosynthesisRNA VirusesDNA PrimersCytoplasmBacterial ProteinsProtein Processing, Post-Translational
GenomeNucleocapsidInfectionReplicationVirionAntibodiesGlycoproteinPARTICLESPeptidesReceptorsEncodesMembranesCoronavirusSubunitCellular proteinsEnvelope proteinSARS-CoVVirusesMutationsProteasesEnters the cytoplasmGenesAmino AcidsAttachmentCapsidsMembrane-Associated ProteinsTransmembraneNucleic acidsVaccinesGp41Capsid proteinFacilitating viral entryLigandsConformational rearrangementsMediateACE2Measles virusTriggersGeneParticleSurfaceAntibodyInfectiousAnti-viralAlphavirusesVirusHepatocellularInsightsBindsHostConformationGeneticLipidSimilarityReceptor-bindinCell
Genome18
  • Several thousand copies of a small (50 amino-acid residues) elongated alpha-helical major coat protein subunit (the product of gene 8, or p8) in an overlapping shingle-like array form a hollow cylinder enclosing the circular single-stranded DNA genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] The DNA sequence of the fd genome has 6408 nucleotide comprising 9 genes, but the genome has 11 open reading frames producing 11 proteins, since two genes, gene 2 and gene 1, have internal in-frame translation starts, generating two additional proteins, p10 and p11. (wikipedia.org)
  • As the tip of the pilus bearing p3 approaches the cell wall, the N1 domain of p3 interacts with the bacterial TolQRA protein to complete infection and release the genome into the cytoplasm of the host. (wikipedia.org)
  • The measles virus genome encodes 8 proteins, 6 structural proteins and 2 are responsible for viral entry. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS). (drugbank.com)
  • Molecular tests that identify the prevalence of the RNA genome and antigen tests that indicate the presence of viral antigens, like the viral protein coating, are utilised to help in the diagnosis of COVID-19 during an active infection. (h-h-c.com)
  • We have completely sequenced the genome of Sindbis virus, 11703 nucleotides in length, and will map all of the proteins encoded in this RNA to the RNA nucleotide sequence. (grantome.com)
  • Their conformational rearrangements lead to the unification of lipid bilayers of cell membranes and viral envelopes and the formation of fusion pores through which the viral genome enters the cytoplasm of the cell. (bvsalud.org)
  • The RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 consists of four proteins and 30000 nucleotides. (ijpsr.com)
  • This whole package of DNA (genome) and protein (epigenome) in a chromosome is what controls the development and maintenance of eukaryotic organisms (protists, fungi, animals, and plants). (carnivorousplants.org)
  • First, a full-length functional ZIKV cDNA clone was engineered as a bacterial artificial chromosome, with each reporter gene under the cap-independent translational control of a cardiovirus-derived internal ribosome entry site inserted downstream of the single open reading frame of the viral genome. (mdpi.com)
  • Structural proteins are all encoded by the 3' terminus of the viral genome. (medsci.org)
  • The PEDV has an approximately 28-kilobase pair genome, including seven open reading frames, and encodes both non-structural and structural proteins [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this thesis, a chimeric JFH1 genome that encodes the p7 protein of genotype (GT) 1b strain J4 was generated. (monash.edu)
  • The extra sequences at the N-termini of viral jelly roll capsid proteins, involved in recognizing the viral genome, likely evolved after the capture of these proteins from cells. (virology.ws)
  • Upon admittance into the host cell, the viral genome is translated into the four nonstructural proteins (nsp1 to -4) that comprise the viral transcriptase-replicase complex. (ampkpathway.com)
  • In Mouse monoclonal to IGFBP2 the double-subgenomic promoter (DSP) design, the transgene is placed under the transcriptional control of a duplicate 26S promoter inserted inside the 3 nontranslated area from the viral genome or inside the brief nontranslated area located simply upstream from the indigenous 26S promoter. (ampkpathway.com)
  • Since replicons absence the structural genes, genome product packaging and budding of replicon contaminants can occur only when the structural protein are given in cleavage at its C terminus (between Gly and Pro) either with a regular protease activity (33, 34) or by influencing the translating ribosome release a the 2A-including polypeptide through the translational complicated by advertising hydrolysis of the peptidyl (2A)-tRNAGly ester linkage (8). (ampkpathway.com)
Nucleocapsid8
Infection24
  • Recent clinical studies have confirmed the efficacy of L1-based human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in preventing or eradicating viral infection and thus preventing dysplasia. (cdc.gov)
  • This protein is is associated with the lifelong immunity that follows after recovery of the infection. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • Thus, it is urgent to develop therapeutic strategies to face the SARS-CoV-2 viral infection at the severe stage. (medsci.org)
  • Viral infection and replication in the body cause aggressive inflammation and acute lung injury, as well as the secretion of a cytokine storm consisting of interleukins (IL-1, IL-10, and IL-4), interferon (IFN-), IFN-produced protein (IP-10), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1). (h-h-c.com)
  • Continued high number of SARS-CoV-2 infections, viral evolution with escape from post-infection and vaccinal immunity, and reinfections heighten the potential impact of Long COVID. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2020). The binding of enveloped viruses like Gata6 SARS-CoV-2 to its receptors results in events related to membrane fusion and/or endocytosis followed by establishment of the primary infection. (nostradamus2018.com)
  • 2020). Thus, elucidating tissue and cell-type-specific host machinery that not only mediate viral entry but also replication and budding from the host cell is essential to understand the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. (nostradamus2018.com)
  • 2020). Recently, scRNA-seq has been applied to expand our understanding of the cellular landscape during viral infection including that of SARS-CoV-2 (Russell et al. (nostradamus2018.com)
  • 2020). scRNA-seq has also been used in the identification of various tissues and cells that are potential targets of SARS-CoV-2, and these studies have immensely contributed toward expanding our understanding of the molecular characteristics of the host cells that are targets of viral infection (Colaco et al. (nostradamus2018.com)
  • HA is the major coat protein (~95% of the total) and is responsible for cell attachment and infection by a membrane fusion process. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The reason for this is not a poor immune response, rather it is the fact that the influenza virus continues to change its coat proteins so that the new infecting variants are no longer recognised and destroyed by the immune response generated against the earlier infection. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • It also mediates the fusion of host and viral cell membrane, allowing the virus to enter human cells and begin infection (3). (fgf-erk.com)
  • Chronic infection with viral hepatitis affects half a billion individuals worldwide and can lead to cirrhosis, cancer, and liver failure. (wjgnet.com)
  • This aptly named 'fusion' protein engages with cellular proteins and triggers fusion of the virus with the cell, allowing infection to begin. (lightsources.org)
  • We also provide and interpret evidence from studies that support a potential role for ADCP in either inhibiting or enhancing viral infection. (frontiersin.org)
  • We propose that additional investigation into the role of ADCP in protective viral responses, the specific virus epitopes targeted by ADCP antibodies, and the types of phagocytes and Fc receptors involved in ADCP at sites of virus infection will provide insight into strategies to successfully leverage this important immune response for improved antiviral immunity through rational vaccine design. (frontiersin.org)
  • Measles is the most contagious airborne viral infection and the leading cause of child death among vaccine-preventable diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • We show here that aerosolized lipopeptide fusion inhibitor, derived from heptad-repeat regions of the measles virus (MeV) fusion protein, blocks respiratory MeV infection in a non-human primate model, the cynomolgus macaque. (bvsalud.org)
  • This modeling showed that one of these amino acids, called N460K, also enables the BQ.1 and BQ.1.1 particles to enter host cells more efficiently and force host cells to fuse together, a step in viral infection that can increase pathogenesis - which contributes to disease onset, progression to more severe symptoms, and disease transmissibility. (sflorg.com)
  • The N protein produced during the early infection stages is the most abundant protein throughout the entire viral propagation process [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These actions can reduce the spread of infectious viral material by magnitudes greater than the current fear-based approach which does not differentiate those with infection and those without and has no measurable effect on reducing the amount of infectious virus emanating from an infected person. (coronavirusherbs.com)
  • Since viral replication, symptoms and transmission occur in the nasal and oropharyngeal area, reducing viral titers as early as possible might represent a proactive strategy to prevent infection, dissemination, disease, and spread," the authors wrote. (coronavirusherbs.com)
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious, potentially life-threatening viral infection caused by a previously unrecognized virus from the Coronaviridae family, the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). (medscape.com)
  • genic models are inadequate for number of activated CD8-positive T LMP1 was strongly expressed in the understanding the cancer etiology in cells increased considerably in the lymphoma tissues but was hardly the context of natural viral infection. (who.int)
Replication15
  • Structures of the p3 capsid protein and the p5 replication/assembly protein have also been determined from X-ray crystallography and deposited in the PDB. (wikipedia.org)
  • Binding of viral proteins to their ligands activates signaling pathways-focal adhesion kinase for human herpesvirus 8, JAK1, tyk2 and STAT1/2 for West Nile virus (WNV), I κ B-kinase, and nuclear transcription factor κ B (NF-κB) for influenza virus-resulting in virus entry, DNA delivery to nucleus, and modulation of protein expression that stimulate or inhibit virus replication. (cdc.gov)
  • An HIV-1 gp41 fusion inhibitor used in patients experiencing HIV-1 replication who are already being treated with other anti-retrovirals. (drugbank.com)
  • The + +) placental subsets expressed mRNA for proteins involved in viral budding and replication. (nostradamus2018.com)
  • Following its entry and uncoating, coronavirus replication is initiated by translation of its non-structural proteins including the replicases that allow viral RNA synthesis and capping. (nostradamus2018.com)
  • While the precise host proteins in SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication are not yet understood, its host interactome has been characterized (Gordon et al. (nostradamus2018.com)
  • 2020). The host proteins that interact with SARS-CoV-2 are involved in endocytosis and replication of viruses (Gordon et al. (nostradamus2018.com)
  • We intend to sequence the structural proteins of the vaccine strain of yellow fever virus by a combination of nucleotide sequencing and protein sequencing in order to probe the replication strategy of these viruses and to obtain comparative sequence data on several flaviviruses to study their evolution. (grantome.com)
  • Non-structural proteins are involved in the transcription and replication of the virus. (medsci.org)
  • Binds RNA and may function as a RNA chaperone to induce the RNA structural rearrangements taking place during virus replication (PubMed:18033802). (proteopedia.org)
  • Quick suppression of the viral load with highly active ART (HAART) substantially slows viral replication and prevents resistant mutations. (medscape.com)
  • Pomegranate and black choke berry stop viral replication against the enveloped viruses. (coronavirusherbs.com)
  • The recently developed HCV cell culture system, based on the JFH1 strain of HCV, has provided an opportunity to study the role of the viral proteins in the complete HCV replication cycle in human hepatoma cells. (monash.edu)
  • How the viral proteins functionally interact during replication of HCV in cell culture is not completely understood. (monash.edu)
  • Using this approach, the functional interactions of p7 and E2 with other viral proteins during HCV replication was investigated. (monash.edu)
Virion14
  • The virion (virus particle) is a flexible filament measuring about 6 by 900 nm, comprising a cylindrical protein tube protecting a single-stranded circular DNA molecule at its core. (wikipedia.org)
  • About 5 copies each of four minor proteins cap the two ends of the virion. (wikipedia.org)
  • The molecular structure of the virion capsid (the assembly of p8 subunit proteins) has been determined by X-ray fiber diffraction, and structural models have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank. (wikipedia.org)
  • Five gene products are part of the virion: the major coat protein (p8) and the minor proteins capping the two ends, p3 and p6 at one end, and p7 and p9 at the other end. (wikipedia.org)
  • Three gene products (p2, p5, and p10) are cytoplasmic proteins needed for DNA synthesis and the rest are membrane proteins involved in assembly of the virion. (wikipedia.org)
  • The p3 protein is anchored to one end of the virion by the C-terminal domain of p3. (wikipedia.org)
  • Early studies on nonsense mutants of phage phi6 suggested that the major envelope protein P9 and the non-structural protein P12 are the only proteins needed for phi6 virion envelopment [ 23 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The structural proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 Virion are key targets for vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and diagnostics. (biologicmodels.com)
  • Biologic Model designed the 3D printed SARS-CoV-2 Virion Model to help scientists better visualize the structural assembly of viral proteins. (biologicmodels.com)
  • The E protein promotes virion formation and viral pathogenicity while M protein forms ribonucleoproteins and mediates inflammatory responses in hosts. (amitray.com)
  • The M protein is anchored on the envelope of the virion, which is formed by a small amount of E protein [ 7 ], whereas the S protein protrudes in homologous trimer and shapes crown-like projections on the viral surface [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The polyphenols in pomegranate inactivate influenza viruses by targeting the virion surface glycoproteins, causing structural damage to the virion. (coronavirusherbs.com)
  • 2019). Mature S is a trimeric class I fusion protein located on the surface of the virion. (mingsheng88.org)
  • An analysis of the sequence an structure of major virion proteins has identified likely ancestors in cellular proteins. (virology.ws)
Antibodies9
  • That study showed that in naturally infected individuals the majority of potent neutralizing antibodies were those responding to the pre-fusion form of the protein, not the post-fusion form. (nature.com)
  • This is attributable to the cell-mediated memory that causes the creation of neutralising antibodies that target the H protein of the measles virus (Walsh, 2011). (bestessaywriters.com)
  • Studying viral fusion proteins can allow us to better understand how they shape immune responses and inform the design of therapeutics such as drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines. (caltech.edu)
  • It discusses the architecture of these viruses and fusion proteins and how small molecules, peptides, and antibodies can target these proteins successfully to treat and prevent disease. (caltech.edu)
  • We are studying the mechanism of viral membrane fusion and its inhibition by drugs and antibodies. (stanford.edu)
  • Some of our studies are aimed at creating an HIV vaccine that elicits antibodies against a transient, but vulnerable, intermediate in the membrane-fusion process, called the pre-hairpin intermediate. (stanford.edu)
  • The spike protein is the major target for neutralizing antibodies and vaccine development (4). (fgf-erk.com)
  • The researchers purified the fusion protein as a triplet in the open-tripod arrangement to study its architecture and association with antibodies. (lightsources.org)
  • In this study, Ohio State collaborator and co-author Kai Xu created structural models of individual amino acids changed by the newest mutations on the spike protein, identifying a few key molecules that the subvariants have rearranged so they can block antibodies from binding to the viral particles. (sflorg.com)
Glycoprotein8
  • Dynamic structural changes in the Fusion F Glycoprotein reveal and hide binding sites, making targets of new therapies difficult to identify. (biologicmodels.com)
  • Explore RSV Fusion F Glycoprotein-3RRR and learn more about its Postfusion 3D structure. (biologicmodels.com)
  • The structure of 2019-nCoV consists of the following: a Spike protein (S), hemagglutinin-esterease dimer (HE), a membrane glycoprotein (M), an envelope protein (E) a nucleoclapid protein (N) and RNA. (fgf-erk.com)
  • Here we present the structural analysis of the protein and carbohydrate components of the unbound viral attachment glycoprotein of NiV glycoprotein (NiV-G) at a 2.2-A resolution. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Comparison with its ephrin-B2-bound form reveals that conformational changes within the envelope glycoprotein are required to achieve viral attachment. (ox.ac.uk)
  • According to studies, there are three types of structural proteins present on the surface, involving small envelope protein (E), spike surface glycoprotein (S), and matrix protein (M). The S protein is responsible for interacting with the cellular membrane (80%) Fig. 1 5 . (ijpsr.com)
  • Two PEDV spike (S) glycoprotein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed using G2b PEDV-Pintung 52 (PEDV-PT) trimeric full-length S and truncated S 1-501 proteins derived from the human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cell expression system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nirsevimab binding-site conservation in respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein worldwide between 1956 and 2021: an analysis of observational study sequencing data. (cdc.gov)
PARTICLES9
  • Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. (drugbank.com)
  • Using the mutational analysis of recombinant subviral particles of tick-borne encephalitis virus, we provide direct experimental evidence that the initiation of fusion is crucially dependent on the protonation of one of the conserved histidines (His323) at the interface between domains I and III of E, leading to the dissolution of domain interactions and to the exposure of the fusion peptide. (rupress.org)
  • The S, N, M, E form the structural proteins that play a vital role in the life cycle of the viral particles. (amitray.com)
  • The interaction between E2 and host apolipoprotein E/APOE allows the proper assembly, maturation and infectivity of the viral particles (PubMed:25122793, PubMed:29695434). (proteopedia.org)
  • In this thesis, it is shown that p7 is critical for production of viral particles and is implicated in a late step of particle assembly. (monash.edu)
  • It is believed that the neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 involves multiple factors, such as glycan attachment sites on the S protein, the size of lectins, and their propensity to aggregate, which cause inhibition of receptor binding or aggregation of virus particles. (bvsalud.org)
  • Missing from these hypothesis is how nucleic acids became virus particles - that is, how they acquired structural proteins. (virology.ws)
  • Many cell proteins have jelly role motifs, and some form 60-subunit virus-like particles in cells. (virology.ws)
  • At some point these genetic elements acquired structural proteins from the cells and became bona fide virus particles. (virology.ws)
Peptides2
  • In bacteria, the function of the Rabbit Polyclonal to SAA4 tmRNA molecules is to release BMS-354825 cost ribosomes that have become stalled during protein synthesis and to tag incomplete and unnecessary peptides for proteolysis. (baxkyardgardener.com)
  • It presents a proof-of-concept for the aerosol delivery of fusion inhibitory peptides to protect against measles and other airborne viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, in case of high-risk exposure. (bvsalud.org)
Receptors5
  • The H protein targets the cellular receptors of the CD46 and CD150. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • A mutation in the 501st position of Aspargine (N) being replaced by Tyrosine (Y) at the Receptor binding domain where the spike protein binds to the ACE receptors in the human body has increased the affinity of the spike protein to the ACE receptors. (amitray.com)
  • Identification of ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 as cellular receptors for these viruses has enabled the development of immunotherapeutic reagents which prevent virus attachment and subsequent fusion. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The HCV glycoproteins E1 and E2 are present on the surface of virions as a heterodimer that attach virions to host cell receptors and facilitate virus fusion and entry. (monash.edu)
  • Analysis of this HA gene shows that it is closely related to avian A(H5) viruses in HA clade 2.3.4.4b and lacked amino acid changes that improve recognition of mammalian receptors or fusion of the viral membrane with the host endosomal membranes. (cdc.gov)
Encodes3
  • The 5' cap open reading frame encodes a variety of non-structural proteins. (medsci.org)
  • The neuraminidase (NA) gene encodes the other surface protein of the virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Genotyping of ASFV isolates by partial sequencing of the B646L gene that encodes the major capsid protein p72 has identified 22 genotypes ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
Membranes7
  • There are two membranes that enclose the virus proteins. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • The measles virus life cycle starts with virus adsorption to host's cell membranes surface using the H protein. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • Fusion of host and viral membranes is critical for the lifecycle of enveloped viruses. (caltech.edu)
  • The fusion of viral and cell membranes is one of the basic processes in the life cycles of viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • A deep understanding of all the stages of conformational transitions preceding the fusion of viral and cell membranes is necessary for the development of specific inhibitors of viral reproduction. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mounting evidence suggests that the genetic disorders/mutation and diseases change not only the protein expression patterns but also membranes themselves. (lu.se)
  • Native membrane derived polymer-supported lipid bilayers (nSLBs) are poised to bridge the gap between live cell experiments and traditional model membrane architectures that by offering a combination of accessibility by surface sensitive analytical instrumentation and a composition which more closely resembles cellular membranes by displaying a diversity of endogenous membrane proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. (lu.se)
Coronavirus6
  • Structural modifications of vesicle stomatitis virus (VSV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) viral glycoproteins allow membrane fusion and virus entry. (cdc.gov)
  • Coronavirus invades cells through Spike (S) glycoproteins, a class I fusion protein. (fgf-erk.com)
  • It is the major viral surface protein that coronavirus uses to bind to the human cell surface receptor. (fgf-erk.com)
  • Description: SARS-CoV-2 2019-nCoV Spike protein S1 subunit, receptor binding domain (RBD), also known as SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD, novel coronavirus spike RBD and nCoV spike RBD, GenBank Accession No. QHD43416.1, a.a. 319-541, with C-terminal His-tag, expressed in a CHO cell expression system. (fgf-erk.com)
  • The first section of this review describes types of viral fusion proteins and is followed by a comparison of the structural features of class I fusion proteins, namely influenza virus hemagglutinin and the S-protein of the human coronavirus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Antigen Selection and Engineering Coronaviruses Encode Multiple Structural and Non-structural Proteins that Could Potentially Serve as Immunogens for a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine The best characterized proteins are S, N, M, and E. S has most commonly been utilized in coronavirus vaccine studies, due to its pivotal role in mediating viral entry into cells (Song et?al. (mingsheng88.org)
Subunit7
  • These fusion proteins are the basis of many subunit vaccines, a type in which a part of the pathogen being vaccinated against is injected to prompt the body to efficiently raise an immune response that can protect against the live virus. (nature.com)
  • The SARS-CoV-2 spike or fusion protein is a trimer: a group of three units, each consisting of a receptor-binding subunit, S1, and a subunit responsible for fusion, S2. (nature.com)
  • The same conformational change occurs when the spike protein is isolated or made by recombinant technology to produce a soluble subunit vaccine. (nature.com)
  • UQ's molecular clamp technology was designed to hold the spike protein in its original form to produce a useful subunit vaccine. (nature.com)
  • The UQ clamp that was developed consists of fragments of the fusion subunit of HIV's spike protein, gp41. (nature.com)
  • Modulates viral translation initiation by interacting with viral IRES and 40S ribosomal subunit (By similarity). (proteopedia.org)
  • More importantly, the possible implications of mutation D614G (in SDÂ domain) and G1124V (in S2 subunit) on the structural stability of S protein have also been discussed. (iisc.ac.in)
Cellular proteins1
  • Several examples of the role of viral glycoproteins, their ligands, and cellular proteins of the signaling pathways have been described. (cdc.gov)
Envelope protein7
  • We use the HIV envelope protein (gp120/gp41) as a model system. (stanford.edu)
  • HIV Envelope Protein gp41" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (musc.edu)
  • Transmembrane envelope protein of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (musc.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "HIV Envelope Protein gp41" by people in this website by year, and whether "HIV Envelope Protein gp41" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (musc.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "HIV Envelope Protein gp41" by people in Profiles. (musc.edu)
  • The phi6 major envelope protein P9 and the non-structural protein P12 are essential for the envelopment of its virions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results demonstrate that the phi6 major envelope protein P9 can trigger formation of cytoplasmic membrane structures in E. coli in the absence of any other viral protein. (biomedcentral.com)
SARS-CoV20
  • Viral proteases (HCV and SARS-CoV) and viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (Lassa virus, HCV, WNV) are major targets, but treatments targeting viral enzymes often induce the rapid emergence of drug-resistant viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Enveloped viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, infect a host via proteins protruding from their surface that bind to and fuse with a target cell's membrane, allowing the virus to enter a cell. (nature.com)
  • Previous work had identified three main areas of the trimeric spike proteins of many enveloped viruses like SARS-CoV-2 where modification might improve stabilization and expression. (nature.com)
  • This thesis discusses two approaches to targeting two fusion proteins: Env from HIV-1 and S from SARS-CoV-2. (caltech.edu)
  • SARS-CoV-2 binding receptor and the S protein priming protease are co-expressed by a subset of syncytiotrophoblasts (STB) in the first trimester and extravillous trophoblasts (EVT) in the second trimester human placenta. (nostradamus2018.com)
  • The recent study has shown that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds ACE2 with higher affinity than SARS-CoV spike protein (6). (fgf-erk.com)
  • Description: This is a set of capture antibody and HRP-conjugated antbody for quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD protein for through solid phase sandwich ELISA. (fgf-erk.com)
  • The arrangement and chemical composition of the glycans at the 22 N-glycosylation sites of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and those at the sialoglycoprotein coating of RBCs allow exploration of specifics as to how virally induced RBC clumping may form. (bvsalud.org)
  • The in vitro and clinical testing of these possibilities can be sharpened by the incorporation of an existing anti-COVID-19 therapeutic that has been found in silico to competitively bind to multiple glycans on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. (bvsalud.org)
  • With the help of nanotechnology, the treatment of SARS- CoV-2 can be made efficient due to its direct target on viral cells and modifying its genetic material functionings. (ijpsr.com)
  • In a functional flow cytometry test, 50 μg/mL of Mouse Anti-SARS-Cov-2 Spike RBD Antibody(Catalog # MAB105802) will block the binding of Recombinant SARS-Cov-2 Spike RBD His-tagged protein (Catalog # 10500-CV) to HEK293 human embryonic kidney cell line transfected with recombinant human ACE-2. (rndsystems.com)
  • SARS-Cov-2 Spike RBD protein binding to ACE-2-transfected Human Cell Line is Blocked by SARS-Cov-2 Spike RBD Antibody. (rndsystems.com)
  • In a functional flow cytometry test, Recombinant SARS-Cov-2 Spike RBD His-tagged protein ( 10500-CV ) binds to HEK293 human embryonic kidney cell line transfected with recombinant human ACE-2 and eGFP. (rndsystems.com)
  • Liu and colleagues conducted cell-culture studies using pseudo viruses - a non-infectious viral core surrounded by different SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins on the surface structured to match known variants. (sflorg.com)
  • 5 SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from the airway epithelial cells of patients with viral pneumonia in Wuhan. (medsci.org)
  • These medicinal plant extracts were effective in vitro for stopping viral attachment, reducing viral load, and stopping the spread of infectious SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and adenovirus. (coronavirusherbs.com)
  • The authors stressed the importance of using herbal antivirals in the hospital setting to mitigate viral attachment and viral load, no matter if the infections are SARS-CoV-2, influenza or some other respiratory pathogen. (coronavirusherbs.com)
  • 2020). Much like SARS-CoV, the SARS-CoV-2?S protein binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its main sponsor receptor to mediate viral access (Hoffmann et?al. (mingsheng88.org)
  • Likewise, BALB/c mice vaccinated having a vaccinia disease (VV) expressing N demonstrated enhanced viral disease upon SARS-CoV problem, which was connected with a Th2 response with pulmonary infiltration of neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes (Yasui et?al. (mingsheng88.org)
  • Genetic conservation across SARS-CoV-2 non-structural proteins - Insights into possible targets for treatment of future viral outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
Viruses17
  • The objective was to draw general lessons from recent emerging infectious diseases involving viruses and to improve the preparedness of the health community through better surveillance and response to viral spread and epidemics. (cdc.gov)
  • Emergence or reemergence of viral diseases has been caused by major changes in the social environment, in medical and agricultural technologies, and in ecosystems, which have created new niches for viruses to cross species boundaries and adapt to a new species. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, a brief overview is included of the techniques involved in structural biology and how it has informed the study of viruses. (caltech.edu)
  • For the interested reader, chapter 2 contains a review article that serves as a more in-depth introduction for both viruses as well as how the use of structural biology has informed the study of viral surface proteins and neutralizing antibody responses to them. (caltech.edu)
  • The flavivirus membrane fusion machinery, like that of many other enveloped viruses, is triggered by the acidic pH in endosomes after virus uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis. (rupress.org)
  • It has been hypothesized that conserved histidines in the class II fusion protein E of these viruses function as molecular switches and, by their protonation, control the fusion process. (rupress.org)
  • The entry of enveloped viruses into host cells involves a fusion step between the viral and a cellular membrane. (rupress.org)
  • In influenza A viruses there are 8 segments of RNA coding for eight viral proteins and two non-structural proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • A number of enveloped viruses confer fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane using surface viral fusion proteins. (bvsalud.org)
  • We demonstrate that NiV-G is largely devoid of the oligomannose-type glycans that in viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Ebola virus influence viral tropism and the host immune response. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To investigate the emergence of compensatory mutations in the viral proteins during cell passaging, the consensus sequences of the entire polyprotein coding regions of the wild type JFH1 and three chimeric viruses were determined. (monash.edu)
  • We have previously discussed the idea that viruses originated from selfish genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons when these nucleic acids acquired structural proteins (see A plasmid on the road to becoming a virus ). (virology.ws)
  • I want to explore in more detail the idea that the structural proteins of viruses likely originated from cell proteins ( link to paper ). (virology.ws)
  • The matrix Z proteins of arenaviruses are related to cellular RING domain proteins, and the matrix proteins of some negative strand RNA viruses are related to cellular cyclophilin. (virology.ws)
  • There are many more examples, providing support for the hypothesis that viruses evolved on multiple instances by recruiting different cell proteins. (virology.ws)
  • Given this information on the origin of viral capsid proteins, we can modify the three hypotheses for the origin of viruses into one. (virology.ws)
  • Now, the question if of course - is it of viral origin or is it a cellular protein co-opted by viruses? (virology.ws)
Mutations4
  • Their data showed conclusively that the emergence of new influenza virus epidemics was associated with the accumulation of point mutations in the virus coat proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The new mutant belongs to the B.1.1.248 strain has 12 mutations in the spike protein. (amitray.com)
  • Several mutations of this variant affect the "crown" of the corona virus - the spike proteins that are needed to penetrate the host cell. (amitray.com)
  • The N protein mutations reside in the SR-rich region involved in viral capsid formation and the S protein mutation is in the S2 domain, which is involved in triggering viral fusion with the host cell membrane. (iisc.ac.in)
Proteases2
Enters the cytoplasm1
  • After the single-stranded viral DNA enters the cytoplasm, it serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA strand. (wikipedia.org)
Genes6
  • These results recommend early and concomitant dysregulation of HNF-1(inhibition of its transcriptional activity without loss of its proteins appearance) and its own focus on genes, aswell as genes involved with mitochondrial function and biogenesis including secreting NKT cells, neutrophils, and monocytes) through regional creation of proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-and TNF-using IFN-or TNF-stimulation. (bms-911543.com)
  • It seems likely that viral structural proteins originated from cellular genes. (virology.ws)
  • Since DSP-based vectors keep all viral genes, they can handle multiple rounds of disease and suffered transgene manifestation. (ampkpathway.com)
  • In the replicon style, the international gene can be substituted for the viral GW4064 structural genes and it is expressed beneath the control of the indigenous 26S promoter. (ampkpathway.com)
  • The recombinant infections support the VP7/2A and GFP/2A gene sequences put in framework between your capsid and PE2 genes, plus they make structural polyproteins which contain GFP/2A or VP7/2A positioned between PE2 and capsid. (ampkpathway.com)
  • Inoculation with a high dose strains of LMP1 transgenic mice vide a powerful tool in mechanistic of EBV caused a B-cell lymphopro- were established that express LMP1 studies on the role of individual viral liferative disorder in these mice, under the control of the immunoglob- genes in cancer. (who.int)
Amino Acids2
  • Low protein stores can be countered by increasing the intake of amino acids, specifically threonine and methionine. (medscape.com)
  • A small protein of 63 amino acids, p7 is encoded at the junction of the structural and non-strucutural region. (monash.edu)
Attachment3
  • Spike protein comprises two subunits, S1 and S2, which help the structural proteins guide viral attachment, fusion, and entrance. (h-h-c.com)
  • The antiviral phytochemicals from medicinal herbs can block viral attachment, prevent dissemination of virus into the lower airways, and reduce overall viral load. (coronavirusherbs.com)
  • The hemagglutinin (HA) gene codes for one of the two surface glycoproteins and is central to species specificity because it is responsible for virus attachment and fusion with host cells. (cdc.gov)
Capsids2
  • The only bacteriophages known to have a lipid envelope around their protein capsids are the members of the Cystoviridae family [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To understand the structural underpinning for this trafficking, we investigated nuclear egress of progeny herpesvirus capsids where capsid envelopment is mediated by two viral proteins, forming the nuclear egress complex (NEC). (princeton.edu)
Membrane-Associated Proteins2
  • Staining was performed using our Staining Membrane-Associated Proteins protocol. (rndsystems.com)
  • Due to the lack of detergent solubilization and reconstitution steps, the nSLBs created using this approach contain essentially all of the native lipids, as well as the membrane-associated proteins and carbohydrates from the donor membrane. (lu.se)
Transmembrane4
  • The RBD on S1 interacts with the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor, allowing the virus to enter, and the Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) receptor allows S protein priming, which in turn is essential for viral transmission and pathogenesis. (h-h-c.com)
  • The most prevalent M protein has three transmembrane domains that assist in shape vision, in addition to the spike protein. (h-h-c.com)
  • By proximity ligation assay (PLA), we demonstrated that the mCherry-Arc fusion protein retains the Arc function by interacting with the transmembrane protein stargazin in postsynaptic spines. (lu.se)
  • This new approach has been shown to preserve mobility and enzymatic activity of transmembrane proteins in the resulting nSLB. (lu.se)
Nucleic acids1
Vaccines3
  • Tackling this issue will require novel vaccines and therapies to be developed and the viral surface protein may be a suitable target for these interventions. (lightsources.org)
  • The structural insight gained from this work will allow for strategic development of new vaccines and therapies against the virus. (lightsources.org)
  • Vaccines and antibody therapies target a single protein on the surface of the rabies virus. (lightsources.org)
Gp414
  • Further structural modification was needed to achieve stability, whereas fusion proteins clamped using the gp41 fragments were stable on their own. (nature.com)
  • The gp41 fragment sequences, which are shaped as coils known as alpha helices, link to the end of each of the spike protein's three fusion subunits (S2s). (nature.com)
  • The N-terminal part of gp41 is thought to be involved in CELL FUSION with the CD4 ANTIGENS of T4 LYMPHOCYTES, leading to syncytial formation. (musc.edu)
  • Thymic pathogenicity of an HIV-1 envelope is associated with increased CXCR4 binding efficiency and V5-gp41-dependent activity, but not V1/V2-associated CD4 binding efficiency and viral entry. (musc.edu)
Capsid protein1
  • Human papillomavirus type 16 L1 capsid protein antigen is contained in Gardasil, or a recombinant Human Papillomavirus Quadrivalent (Types 6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine for intramuscular injection. (drugbank.com)
Facilitating viral entry1
  • This course requires a network of host factors to create an optimal environment for facilitating viral entry, gene expression, RNA synthesis and virus release (de Wilde et al. (nostradamus2018.com)
Ligands1
  • We are also developing methods to identify ligands for non-druggable protein surfaces. (stanford.edu)
Conformational rearrangements1
  • Fusion with the host cell is most likely mediated by both E1 and E2, through conformational rearrangements of the heterodimer required for fusion rather than a classical class II fusion mechanism (PubMed:16533059, PubMed:29505618, PubMed:24698129). (proteopedia.org)
Mediate1
  • These proteins are the components of the viral envelope that together they mediate integration of the virus into the cells in the upper respiratory tract. (bestessaywriters.com)
ACE22
  • The protein modeling suggests that there is strong interaction between Spike protein receptor-binding domain and its host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which regulate both the cross-species and human-to-human transmissions of COVID-19 (5). (fgf-erk.com)
  • 13 , 14 However, the amino acid perfectly maintains the stability of the mutual structural conformation of the virus S-protein and the ACE2 receptor in a holistic manner. (medsci.org)
Measles virus2
  • and Hemagglutinin (H protein) that causes the integration of the measles virus into the host cells. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • These are the Hemagglutin (H) as well as the measles virus fusion (F) protein. (bestessaywriters.com)
Triggers2
  • Binding to a receptor triggers a very rapid structural change, with some parts of the protein flipping through 180°, pulling the viral membrane and the host membrane close together to allow them to fuse. (nature.com)
  • These conformational changes are activated by specific triggers, allowing fusion to occur at the right time and at the right place in the viral life cycle. (rupress.org)
Gene3
  • However, as opposed to what seen in the AKI model, IFN-treatment induced a moderate but significant reduction in HNF-1protein manifestation (Number 2C), whereas protein levels were drastically decreased (six- to seven-fold) when gene manifestation was inhibited with an siRNA, suggesting that these conditions did not fully recapitulate the condition where HNF-1protein large quantity is probably controlled by multiple cytokines. (bms-911543.com)
  • Protein-protein interactions play important functional roles in almost all biological activities, including, but not restricted to, signal transduction, gene regulation, catalytic enzymatic activities and structural roles [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Arc gene, which contains remnants of a structural GAG retrotransposon sequence, produces a protein that self-assembles into capsid-like structures harboring Arc mRNA. (lu.se)
Particle2
  • The first part in chapter 3 involves a study on conformational changes induced in the HIV-1 Env protein by CD4-mimemtic drugs using single particle cryo-EM. (caltech.edu)
  • Participates in the viral particle production as a result of its interaction with the non-structural protein 5A (By similarity). (proteopedia.org)
Surface7
  • The fusion protein on the surface of the virus behaves remarkably like a mousetrap in that it's held in a highly tensed form," explains Young. (nature.com)
  • The trouble is that the final stable post-fusion form of the protein is not what is on the viral surface and so is not an appropriate form to stimulate a strong protective immune response in a vaccine. (nature.com)
  • It is characterised by an ability to constantly change its two surface proteins - haemagglutinin and neuraminidase - allowing the virus to cause successive epidemics every one or two years or more serious pandemics at irregular intervals. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Influenza virus is a pleomorphic, enveloped virus with two coat proteins on its surface, the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Virus strains are named according to influenza virus type, the place where first isolated, the isolate number and the year of isolation as well as the nature of the two surface proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Structural differences are particularly pronounced in the 579-590 loop, a major component of the ephrin binding surface. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Finally, by mapping structural conservation and glycosylation site positions from other members of the paramyxovirus family, we suggest the molecular surface involved in oligomerization. (ox.ac.uk)
Antibody2
  • Protein binding was detected with Mouse Anti-His APC-conjugated Monoclonal Antibody ( IC050A ). (rndsystems.com)
  • 2003). From the less-studied proteins, Orf3a offers been proven to manage to increasing a neutralizing polyclonal antibody response in rabbits (Akerstr?m et?al. (mingsheng88.org)
Infectious1
  • The inaugural address from A.D.M.E. Osterhaus noted that over the past 6 decades, viral emerging infectious diseases in humans and animals have dramatically increased worldwide. (cdc.gov)
Anti-viral1
  • Since the protein plays a critical role in the virus life cycle, chemical compounds that block p7 function are potential candidates for anti-viral therapy. (monash.edu)
Alphaviruses1
  • These outcomes demonstrate that 2A fusion protein-expressing alphaviruses could be particularly perfect for applications that want enduring manifestation of an individual proteins or coexpression of two alternate proteins. (ampkpathway.com)
Virus9
  • E proteins are microscopic proteins that help the virus assemble and release. (h-h-c.com)
  • It functions as a hemagglutinin and attaches to sialic acid, allowing the virus to enter the cell via the S-protein. (h-h-c.com)
  • The heptad repeat 2 domain is a major determinant for enhanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) fusion and pathogenicity of a highly pathogenic HIV-1 Env. (musc.edu)
  • Fusion-induced apoptosis contributes to thymocyte depletion by a pathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope in the human thymus. (musc.edu)
  • Chikungunya fever, a re-emerging viral disease affecting both old and new world countries is caused by Chikungunya virus, an RNA virus belonging to Alphaviridae. (actascientific.com)
  • In summary, this thesis demonstrates the importance of functional interactions between HCV proteins during virus morphogenesis and infectivity. (monash.edu)
  • Unravelling the epidemiological diversity of Zika virus by analyzing key protein variations. (cdc.gov)
  • To enable the tracking of Arc molecules from individual neurons in vivo, we devised an adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated approach to tag the N-terminal of the mouse Arc protein with a fluorescent reporter using CRISPR/Cas9 homologous. (lu.se)
  • To enable the tracking of Arc molecules from individual neurons in vivo, we devised an adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated approach to tag the N-terminal of the mouse Arc protein with a fluorescent reporter using CRISPR/Cas9 homologous independent targeted integration (HITI). (lu.se)
Hepatocellular1
  • Alters lipid metabolism by interacting with hepatocellular proteins involved in lipid accumulation and storage (PubMed:14602201). (proteopedia.org)
Insights2
  • Structural comparison of protein-protein interfaces provides valuable insights into the functional relationship between proteins, which may not solely arise from shared evolutionary origin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While these approaches provide insights into the mechanism of protein-protein recognition, they are not suitable for measuring similarities between a given pair of protein-protein interfaces. (biomedcentral.com)
Binds1
  • The three S1 and S2 subunits form a fusion spike embedded in the viral membrane and held in a very particular conformation until it binds to a target cell. (nature.com)
Host3
  • The cystovirus Pseudomonas phage phi6 has an envelope that harbors five viral membrane proteins and phospholipids derived from the cytoplasmic membrane of its Gram-negative host. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The N protein enhances viral entry and performs post-fusion cellular processes necessary for viral survival and growth in the host. (amitray.com)
  • Catechins interfere with endosome acidification and viral enzyme activity, blocking their fusion to host cells. (coronavirusherbs.com)
Conformation1
  • The bundle structure stabilizes the spike protein in its pre-fusion conformation. (nature.com)
Genetic1
  • These six structural proteins determine its closest genetic linkage with other henipaviruses like Mojiang henipavirus [ 8 ]. (jogh.org)
Lipid1
  • The possibility to locate heterologous proteins into the P9-lipid vesicles facilitates the production of vesicular structures with novel properties. (biomedcentral.com)
Similarity1
  • Furthermore, we illustrate potential application of our method to recognize interesting biological relationships masked by apparent lack of structural similarity. (biomedcentral.com)
Receptor-bindin2
  • This variant has a mutation in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein at position 501, where amino acid asparagine (N) has been replaced with tyrosine (Y). The shorthand for this mutation is N501Y, sometimes noted as S:N501Y to specify that it is in the spike protein. (amitray.com)
  • The S1 fragment contains the receptor binding domain (RBD) and the S2 fragment contains the fusion peptide, which are responsible for receptor binding and cell fusion, respectively. (mingsheng88.org)
Cell4
  • From my perspective, this is cause for concern because the original omicron variant was not very pathogenic - it did not cause much cell fusion at all," Liu said. (sflorg.com)
  • The truncated S 1-501 protein was selected from a superior expressed stable cell line. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Central to the recent dramatic rise in the use of fluorescence microscopy in cell biology has been the development of genetically-encoded fluorescent proteins that act as endogenous labels to enable virtually any protein or peptide to become a fluorescent homing beacon for imaging and analysis. (fsu.edu)
  • There is also the phenomenon of HAP2 - a fusion protein that is used by many different eucaryotic organisms "all over" the phylogenetic tree (from Chlamydomonas to Bees) for mediating cell-cell fusion, predominantley of gametes. (virology.ws)