Function system basal ganglia. Medical search. Frequent questions

The three areas affected are the basal ganglia , cerebellum and brain stem . (parkinson.ca)
The metenc-ephalon comprises the pons (regulates autonomic functions and connects brain regions) and the cerebellum (coord-inates voluntary muscle movements and posture, with cognitive functi-ons). (cheatography.com)
The premotor and sensory regions provide the input for planning to the basal ganglia and the cerebellum. (cdc.gov)
with the smoothing function performed by the cerebellum. (cdc.gov)
Most of these disorders affect the cerebellum and its pathways, resulting in progressive deterioration of cerebellar function manifested by increasing unsteadiness of gait, incoordination of limb movements with impairment of skilled movements such as handwriting, and a distinctive dysarthria. (nih.gov)
Connecting the cortex to the rest of the brain including the brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia and the thalamus. (uschirodirectory.com)
MSA causes deterioration and shrinkage (atrophy) of portions of your brain (cerebellum, basal ganglia and brainstem) that affect internal body functions and motor control. (middlesexhealth.org)
Voluntary movement requires complex interaction of the corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts, basal ganglia, and cerebellum (the center for motor coordination) to ensure smooth, purposeful movement without extraneous muscular contractions. (msdmanuals.com)
Low levels of binding were found in the basal ganglia, the amygdala, the cerebellum, and the raphe nucleus. (bvsalud.org)

The dience-phalon, composed of the thalamus and hypoth-alamus, regulates sensory inform-ation relay and internal bodily functions, mainta-ining homeos-tasis. (cheatography.com)
Integrating these components with specific thalamic nuclei, specific cerebellar connections to the thalamus, basal ganglia, cortex and prefrontal cortex. (uschirodirectory.com)

A major output from the cortex, with axons from most of the cortical regions connecting to the striatum, is called the corticostriatal connection, part of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. (wikipedia.org)
It has been suggested that largely parallel cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortico loops exist to control different aspects of behavior. (frontiersin.org)
I will present a computational model of learning in cortico-basal ganglia circuits, and motivating experimental data from the mouse dopamine system, which attempts to reconcile these observations. (oist.jp)

Red bi-directional arrows are used to signify the predominantly inhibitory linkages between any given area of cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
The basal ganglia are located interior to the cerebral cortex, and they receive prominent input from essentially all of the pallium, both isocortex and allocortex (Swanson 2000). (scholarpedia.org)
The visceral hypothesis suggests that during sleep, the central nervous system, particularly the cerebral cortex, switches from analyzing exteroceptive information to analyzing signals arriving from interoceptors distributed throughout all the systems of the body. (researchgate.net)
Planning and programming are the functions of the precortical centers (cerebral cortex. (cdc.gov)
The cerebral aqueduct runs from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle, as it is part of the ventricular system. (databasefootball.com)

Other neuronal systems are affected in some of these disorders, notably the corticospinal pathway, basal ganglia, and autonomic nuclei of the brain stem and spinal cord. (nih.gov)
Successful resolvement (self-regulation, self-healing or self-regulation) of this ANS, CNS and SoNS imbalance requires our vagal nuclei and basal ganglia to respond to cyclical oscillatory rhythm, without a response of threat (ergotropic response) from the ANS. (posturalrestoration.com)
The basal ganglia are a collection of gray matter (nuclei) in the brain. (osteopathyebooks.com)
The hypothalamus is a region of the brain composed of many small nuclei with diverse functions. (medscape.com)
By synthesizing and secreting neurohormones, the nuclei of the hypothalamus act as a conduit between the nervous and endocrine systems via the pituitary gland (hypophysis), regulating homeostatic functions such as hunger, thirst, body temperature, and circadian rhythms. (medscape.com)

The lateral region is largely composed of a massive bidirectional fiber pathway, the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), which connects the hypothalamus to the limbic system and brainstem autonomic centers. (medscape.com)

Divided into different lobes, each with specific functions: - Frontal lobe: Involved in motor control, decisi-on--making, and executive functions. (cheatography.com)
First, there is abundant evidence for what appear to be value signals in frontal cortex, raising the question of what they are doing there if value learning happens in basal ganglia? (oist.jp)
Anodal tDCS affects neuromodulatory effects of the norepinephrine system on superior frontal theta activity during response inhibition. (tu-dresden.de)
Deduction activated areas near right brain homologues of left language areas in middle temporal lobe, inferior frontal cortex and basal ganglia, as well as right amygdala, but not spatial visual areas. (neurotransmitter.net)
ADHD (problem lies in the frontal cortex and basal ganglia). (osteopathyebooks.com)
Strong heterogeneity was found in the occipital lobe, the frontal lobe, and the basal ganglia, with substantial gender effects. (bvsalud.org)

neurons travel to the brain while __________ neurons travel to the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. (flashcardmachine.com)
I propose that (1) the midbrain DA system is organized in a similar manner, with different groups of DA neurons corresponding to these parallel neural pathways (NPs). (frontiersin.org)
To this end, the dynamics of hybrid systems, consisting of interacting neural network @models and actual neurons in brain slices, are studied, in a new framework which combines electrophysiological experiments and computational modeling. (go.jp)
Deep-brain stimulation represents a scientific renaissance in systems neuroscience, allowing the func-tional mapping of previously uncharted neurons. (the-scientist.com)
In Grill's metaphor, the meatballs are the neurons that make up the subthalamic nucleus, a small component of the basal ganglia control system that is believed to perform action selection. (futurity.org)
The neurons arising from A8 and A9 ascend to the striatum, forming part of the extrapyramidal system, and are involved in initiating and coordinating movement. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Researchers believe that these neurons are involved in emotional expression and cognitive function, and this system may be involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders, schizophrenia and substance abuse. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that α2A-AR is localized on hair cells (HCs), spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), and the stria vascularis (SV) in the postnatal developing cochlea from post-natal day (P) 0 to P28. (bvsalud.org)
He became convinced that given focus from mapping brain anatomy and the right conditions, immature neurons function to studying brain regeneration. (lu.se)

I suggest that the midbrain DA system is suited for this management role of deciding which NPs should be active, and to what degree, at a given moment. (frontiersin.org)
The midbrain , also called the mesencephalon, has multiple functions . (databasefootball.com)
The substantia nigra is part of the midbrain that is linked to the motor system located in the basal ganglia. (databasefootball.com)
The brain and spinal cord link together to enable the various functions of the midbrain. (databasefootball.com)
A closer look at the structure and function of the midbrain will help contextualize its role within the brain as a whole. (databasefootball.com)
Without the function of the midbrain, we wouldn't be able to respond to threats or even move. (databasefootball.com)
In the brain, the principal dopamine systems arise from cells in the midbrain and the hypothalamus. (psychiatrictimes.com)

We use fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and photometry to elucidate the importance of local presynaptic control at dopaminergic terminals and modulation of this dynamic system by endocannabinoids. (nih.gov)
Reinforcement learning (RL) models of cortico-striatal function typically assume that cortex represents the current state of the world, and dopaminergic RPE's update value estimates at cortico-striatal synapses to modify future behaviour. (oist.jp)
Our current focus relates to the role of retinoids in brain physiology and pathology , with a particular interest in basal ganglia and dopaminergic signaling, whose dysfunctions are associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders. (igbmc.fr)
Even subtle alterations in dopaminergic signaling may affect brain functions, and may underlie various neuropsychiatric diseases. (igbmc.fr)
Our ongoing projects are focused on development and functions of the dopaminergic system in basal ganglia including striatum, a brain region important for control of motor, affective and cognitive functions. (igbmc.fr)
Age-related cognitive decline has been linked to alterations of the dopaminergic system and its subcortical trajectories. (uni-luebeck.de)
Slower G-protein-linked receptor systems, as seen in the dopaminergic system, work through second-messenger systems, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and have a longer duration of action. (psychiatrictimes.com)

[ 4 ] Neurochemical and neuroimaging studies have demonstrated significant abnormalities of dopamine neuron function in the basal ganglia that might account for the abnormal extrapyramidal neurologic signs and many of the behavioral anomalies. (medscape.com)
The basal ganglia (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra) form the extrapyramidal system. (msdmanuals.com)

The striatum is the largest structure of the basal ganglia. (wikipedia.org)

Also, several major degenerative diseases of the basal ganglia, including Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, are specific to humans, although "models" of them have been proposed for other species. (wikipedia.org)
Pathological alteration of BG function leads to major motor and cognitive impairments such as observed in Parkinson's disease. (hal.science)
Because synchronized basal ganglia oscillations are a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD), it has been suggested that aberrant rhythmic activity associated with symptoms of the disease could be used as a physiological biomarker to guide pharmacological and electrical neuromodulatory interventions. (lu.se)
This led to being able to demonstrate that patients with Parkinson's disease had abnormally low levels of dopamine in the basal ganglia. (lu.se)

In contrast, a gene primarily controlling prefrontal dopamine function (COMT) is associated with a particular type of 'directed exploration', in which exploratory decisions are made in proportion to Bayesian uncertainty about whether other choices might produce outcomes that are better than the status quo. (dericbownds.net)

The degenerative changes affect specific neuronal groups while others remain preserved, and these diseases can therefore be viewed as system degenerations. (nih.gov)
However, it is thought that excessive synchronized oscillations in brain circuits can be detrimental for many brain functions by disrupting neuronal information processing. (lu.se)

What are the two vital functions of the spinal cord? (flashcardmachine.com)

[ 2 ] However, the mechanism by which HPRT deficiency influences the basal ganglia, and particularly the dopamine systems, remains unknown. (medscape.com)

We have been particularly interested in the role of neocortical-basal ganglia circuit dysfunction. (stanford.edu)

Any problem with the functioning of the autonomic nervous system, which controls unconscious body functions that affect the bladder, bowels, sweating, sexual function and blood pressure. (michaeljfox.org)

The basal ganglia form a major brain system in all species of vertebrates, but in primates (including humans) there are special features that justify a separate consideration. (wikipedia.org)

We proposed a new functional architecture for the basal ganglia (BG) based on the premise that these brain structures play a central role in behavioural action selection. (yale.edu)
The Yoon Lab has developed new high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging methods to more precisely measure the function of basal ganglia components, which given their small size and location deep within the brain has been challenging. (stanford.edu)
Combining this functional system together with review of systems neuroscience, graph theory, tensiometry and complexity theory. (uschirodirectory.com)

Height, weight, and head circumference fall below the fifth percentile, while impairment of vision, hearing, and neurologic function leads to severe disability. (medscape.com)
In Houston, we have been conducting a prospective study that involves both subjective and objective measurements of physical, neurologic, and cognitive functioning of patients identified with symptomatic WNV infections. (cdc.gov)

and contains subnetworks corresponding to classic corticocortical, corticosubcortical, and subcortico-subcortical fiber systems. (medgadget.com)

Impairment of the activity in circuits that control memory and cognitive function is characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. (the-scientist.com)
After the ADA, federal law protected people with an impairment that limited major life functions like sight or mobility from discrimination. (asu.edu)

Review of neuroanatomy and function of each network in detail including the visual network, default mode network, salience network, executive function network (frontoparietal), dorsal and ventral attention networks, limbic network, somatic motor network. (uschirodirectory.com)

Some of these models are anatomically and physiologically constrained, whereas others are abstract but are nevertheless motivated by behavioral functions of the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
My research investigates how dopamine influences behavioral output by modulating basal ganglia circuit function. (nih.gov)
I hypothesize that the brain implements a very efficient resource management system by recruiting and activating NPs only when they are needed, and also by tuning the activity level of mental and behavioral modules depending on the demand, similarly to the CPUs explained above. (frontiersin.org)

As in other vertebrates, the primate basal ganglia can be divided into striatal, pallidal, nigral, and subthalamic components. (wikipedia.org)

Towards these ends, our group has been developing cutting-edge neuroimaging tools to identify neurobiological abnormalities and test novel systems-level disease models of psychosis and schizophrenia directly in individuals with these conditions. (stanford.edu)

Fig. 3: Circuits undergoing gain of function with oDASS. (nature.com)
Our studies of specific retinoid receptors and bioactive metabolites in control of diverse biological processes should contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying development and function of specific cell types and relevant neural circuits. (igbmc.fr)

They include multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP ), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). (parkinson.ca)
Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) is a progressive brain disorder caused by loss of nerve cells in specific areas of the brain. (parkinson.ca)
Which parts of the brain are affected in Multiple System Atrophy? (parkinson.ca)
How is someone diagnosed with Multiple System Atrophy? (parkinson.ca)
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, degenerative neurological disorder affecting your body's involuntary (autonomic) functions, including blood pressure, and motor control. (middlesexhealth.org)
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) affects many parts of your body. (middlesexhealth.org)
In addition, the primary sign of multiple system atrophy is autonomic failure, which may cause problems with body functions you can't control. (middlesexhealth.org)
If you develop any of the signs and symptoms associated with multiple system atrophy, see your doctor for an evaluation and diagnosis. (middlesexhealth.org)
There's no known cause for multiple system atrophy (MSA). (middlesexhealth.org)
Some research suggests that there may be too much buildup of this protein in multiple system atrophy. (middlesexhealth.org)
People typically live about 7 to 10 years after multiple system atrophy symptoms first appear. (middlesexhealth.org)

This complexity reflects the difference in functioning of different cortical areas in the primate brain. (wikipedia.org)

This framework is designed to address the validity of hypotheses about basal ganglia network functions, using a bottom-up approach. (go.jp)
2 . Gurney KN, Humphries M, Wood R, Prescott TJ, Redgrave P (2004) Testing computational hypotheses of brain systems function: a case study with the basal ganglia. (yale.edu)
Testing computational hypotheses of brain systems function: a case study with the basal ganglia. (yale.edu)

In the entry basal ganglia , anatomy and physiology are reviewed and the conclusion is reached that the two essential functions of the basal ganglia are action selection and reinforcement learning . (scholarpedia.org)
In this viewpoint, we advocate that deep learning can be further enhanced by incorporating and tightly integrating five fundamental principles of neural circuit design and function: optimizing the system to environmental need and making it robust to environmental noise, customizing learning to context, modularizing the system, learning without supervision, and learning using reinforcement strategies. (jneurosci.org)
Body motor function, in general, has strong somatic nervous system bias, built by positive reinforcement from past voluntary motor patterning. (posturalrestoration.com)
Quantitative model fits reveal that genetic factors modulate independent parameters of a reinforcement learning system. (dericbownds.net)

Pathologic studies reveal diffuse and extensive demyelination in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (medscape.com)
The __________ is composed of the peripheral nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors. (flashcardmachine.com)
The mechanical motions of the body segments necessary to accomplish a task are skillfully controlled by a myriad of neuromuscular components and a series of well-orchestrated neural events encompassing both the central and peripheral nervous systems. (cdc.gov)

The How role is encoded in tonic and phasic DA neuron firing patterns and gives a directive to its target NP: how vigorously its function needs to be carried out. (frontiersin.org)

Connects the endocrine and nervous systems by intera-cting with the pituitary gland. (cheatography.com)
In this case, I think we have to go back several hundred million years to see the very first evolving animals with complicated nervous systems that are getting more and more sophisticated. (khanacademy.org)

The basal ganglia (BG) provide a major integrative system of the forebrain involved in the organization of goal-directed behaviour. (hal.science)

A working hypothesis is that some of the core symptoms of schizophrenia are attributable to impairments in neocortical function that results in disconnectivity with components of the basal ganglia and dysregulation of their activity. (stanford.edu)
The reward prediction error (RPE) hypothesis of dopamine function is one of the great success stories of theoretical neuroscience, explaining a diverse set of experimental data from normative principles. (oist.jp)
We found that the empirical degree distribution of the network is consistent with the hypothesis of the maximum entropy exponential distribution and discovered two remarkable bridges between the brain's structure and function via network-theoretical analysis. (medgadget.com)
One mechanistic hypothesis for this phenomenon suggests that social adversity in early life programs biological systems in a manner that persists across decades and thereby accentuates vulnerability to disease. (dericbownds.net)

In the present entry, key features of the computational architecture of the loops through the basal ganglia are first described. (scholarpedia.org)
1 . Gurney K, Prescott TJ, Redgrave P (2001) A computational model of action selection in the basal ganglia. (yale.edu)
The necessity to function with resource constraints has led evolution to design animal brains (and bodies) to be optimal in their use of computational power while being adaptable to their environmental niche. (jneurosci.org)
[2] Cognitive architectures are computational models of human brain function, including separate cognitive capacities that work synergistically. (lesswrong.com)
He is the leader of the Stanford Computational Imaging Lab and a faculty co-director of the Stanford Center for Image Systems Engineering. (stanford.edu)
At the intersection of computer graphics and vision, artificial intelligence, computational optics, and applied vision science, Prof. Wetzstein's research has a wide range of applications in next-generation imaging, wearable computing, and neural rendering systems. (stanford.edu)

[ 6 ] HELLP syndrome is a severe form of preeclampsia and involves hemolytic anemia, elevated liver function tests (LFTs), and low platelet count. (medscape.com)
Positive predictive value (PPV) of ICD-9-CM/ICD-10-CM codes for CHD was 68.1% (1020/1497) overall, 94.6% (123/130) for cases identified in both health care systems, 95.8% (249/260) for severe codes, 52.6% (370/703) for shunt codes, 75.9% (243/320) for valve codes, 73.5% (119/162) for shunt and valve codes, and 75.0% (39/52) for 'other CHD' (7 ICD-9-CM/ICD-10-CM codes). (cdc.gov)

The basal ganglia striosomes affect the modulation of conflicts by subliminal information - evidence from X-linked dystonia parkinsonism. (tu-dresden.de)

Within the SN/VTA, age correlated negatively with MT, but there was no clear evidence in favor of a relationship between behavior and R2* or MT. Our results suggest that age-related increases in iron and demyelination within the BG, which are part of a fronto-striatal network, not only impact on verbal memory but also executive functions. (uni-luebeck.de)
We show that two genes controlling striatal dopamine function, DARPP-32 (also called PPP1R1B) and DRD2, are associated with exploitative learning to adjust response times incrementally as a function of positive and negative decision outcomes. (dericbownds.net)

LLMs by themselves are like a human with great automatic language processing, but no goal-directed agency, executive function, episodic memory, or sensory processing. (lesswrong.com)
Delve into the cortex's complex functions, from sensory processing to motor control. (khanacademy.org)

Contains the periaq-ued-uctal gray (mediates analgesic effects), substantia nigra (senso-rimotor system), and red nucleus (senso-rimotor system). (cheatography.com)

This entry focuses on the loops through the basal ganglia shown on the left side of Figure 1 . (scholarpedia.org)
Each of these loops functions as a macroscopic signal processing module, being comprised of thousands of microscopic loops. (scholarpedia.org)

Biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease is a disorder that affects the nervous system, including a group of structures in the brain called the basal ganglia, which help control movement. (medlineplus.gov)
During sleep, they switch to structures supporting the efficient operation of all the visceral systems. (researchgate.net)
these questions can be posed at a very coarse scale, focusing on the entire system that confers a particular ability, or at increasingly more specific scales, ultimately focusing on individual structures or processes. (neurotransmitter.net)

Normal function of the brain's control centers is dependent upon adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients through a dense network of blood vessels. (osteopathyebooks.com)

Many of the neurological problems that can occur in biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease affect movement, and can include involuntary tensing of various muscles (dystonia), muscle rigidity, muscle weakness on one or both sides of the body (hemiparesis or quadriparesis), problems coordinating movements (ataxia), and exaggerated reflexes (hyperreflexia). (medlineplus.gov)
They can be seen as one regulation system that controls movements (planning and programming movements - how large or rapid must the movement be) as well as reward and motivation (cognition concerning motor activity). (osteopathyebooks.com)
Dopamine was found in particularly high concentrations in the parts of the brain known as the basal ganglia, which have a significant role in controlling our muscle movements. (lu.se)

abstract = "Oscillations are a naturally occurring phenomenon in highly interconnected dynamical systems. (lu.se)

Fast receptor systems, such as the GABAA receptor and the nicotinic receptor at the neuromuscular junction, involve the direct binding of a neurotransmitter to a ligand-gated channel, which opens or closes the channel. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Among subjects with low early-life SES, there was significant up-regulation of genes bearing response elements for the CREB/ATF family of transcription factors that conveys adrenergic signals to leukocytes, and significant down-regulation of genes with response elements for the glucocorticoid receptor, which regulates the secretion of cortisol and transduces its antiinflammatory actions in the immune system. (dericbownds.net)

Evaluation of cognitive function and dementia risk factors with imaging studies, laboratory tests, physical examination, neurocognitive tests, and medical history were presented. (uschirodirectory.com)

The neurofunctional basis of the noradrenergic (NA) system and its associated disorders is still very incomplete because in vivo imaging tools in humans have been missing up to now. (bvsalud.org)

The signs and symptoms of biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease usually begin between the ages of 3 and 10, but the disorder can appear at any age. (medlineplus.gov)

These functions are the regulation of temperature, control of vision and hearing, motor control, controlling the sleep-wake cycle, and arousal. (databasefootball.com)
what's a complex motor function vs a basic motor function? (khanacademy.org)

In both scenarios addiction is correlated with some changes in brain systems, particularly in networks mediating experience and anticipation of reward, perception and memory, and cognitive control ( 7 ), but the point at stake is whether such changes should be regarded as pathological or rather as brain developments caused by particular biological, psychological and environmental factors. (frontiersin.org)
Autonomic functions are body functions that occur automatically, such as bladder control. (parkinson.ca)
In MSA, cells are damaged in different areas of the brain which control a variety of body functions. (parkinson.ca)
By contrast, an individual may compulsively seek drugs (that is, persist in seeking drugs despite the negative consequences of doing so) when the neural systems that underlie habitual behaviour dominate goal-directed behavioural systems, and when executive control over this maladaptive behaviour is diminished. (nature.com)
Our goal is to decipher the highly diverse functions of vitamin A, its active derivatives (retinoic acids), and the corresponding nuclear receptors (RARs/RXRs), in neural development, aging, and in stem cell control. (igbmc.fr)
Testing interactive effects of automatic and conflict control processes during response inhibition - A system neurophysiological study. (tu-dresden.de)

This loss causes problems with movement, balance and autonomic functions of the body. (parkinson.ca)

Age-related impairments in value representations and updating during decision-making and reward-based learning are often related to age-related attenuation in the catecholamine system such as dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE). (jneurosci.org)
This study provides direct evidence for the expression of α2A-AR in HCs, SGNs, and the SV of the cochlea, indicating that norepinephrine might play a vital role in hearing function within the cochlea through α2A-AR. (bvsalud.org)
In animals, lead has been shown to alter a number of neurotransmitter systems including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and gamma- aminobutyric acid systems (ATSDR 1999). (cdc.gov)
He then discovered that dopamine was concentrated in different parts of the brain to norepinephrine, which led him to conclude that dopamine itself could function as a neurotransmitter. (lu.se)

However, it is unclear to what extent age-related declines in NE functioning in humans affect reward-based decision-making. (jneurosci.org)
However, it is unclear how age-related declines in the LC-NE system may affect reward-based learning. (jneurosci.org)
Lots of adrenergic receptors (ARs) are widely present across the auditory pathways and are positioned to affect auditory and vestibular functions. (bvsalud.org)
Lead has been shown to affect virtually every organ and system in the body in both humans and animals. (cdc.gov)
Lead can affect virtually every organ or system in the body through mechanisms that involve fundamental biochemical processes. (cdc.gov)

In terms of the role of the lateral habenula (LHb), the LHb is expected to suppress maladaptive behaviors and mental processes by controlling the DA system. (frontiersin.org)

Methods and Results CHDs in 1497 cases with at least 1 encounter between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2019 in 2 health care systems, identified by at least 1 of 87 ICD-9-CM/ICD-10-CM CHD codes were validated through medical record review for the presence of CHD and CHD native anatomy. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy33

Organisms3

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs5

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Psychiatry and Psychology6

Phenomena and Processes6

Cerebellum9

Thalamus2

Cortico-basal3

Cerebral5

Nuclei5

Brainstem1

Frontal6

Neurons9

Midbrain7

Dopaminergic7

Extrapyramidal2

Striatum1

Parkinson's4

Prefrontal1

Neuronal2

Spinal cord1

Dopamine systems1

Circuit dysfunction1

Autonomic nervou1

Including humans1

Functional3

Neurologic2

Subcortical1

Impairment2

Frontoparietal1

Behavioral3

Subthalamic1

Abnormalities1

Circuits2

Multiple System11

Cortical1

Hypotheses3

Reinforcement4

Peripheral3

Neuron1

Nervous systems2

Forebrain1

Hypothesis4

Computational6

Severe2

Modulation1

Striatal2

Sensory2

Substantia nigra1

Loops2

Structures3

Centers1

Movements3

Abstract1

Receptor2

Cognitive function1

Disorders1

Symptoms1

Motor2

Control6

Movement1

Norepinephrine4

Affect5

Processes1

Anatomy1