• These RAS peptides are present in astrocytes, glial cells, oligodendrocytes, and neurons of various areas of the brain [ 14 , 15 ] such as the basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Swanson LW , Hahn JD , Jeub LGS, Fortunato S, Sporns O . Subsystem organization of axonal connections within and between the right and left cerebral cortex and cerebral nuclei (endbrain). (neurotree.org)
  • Network architecture of the cerebral nuclei (basal ganglia) association and commissural connectome. (neurotree.org)
  • This information is sent from receptors of the skin, bones, and joints through sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra is one of the main pathological features of Parkinson's disease , [ 1 ] leading to a marked reduction in dopamine function in this pathway. (en-academic.com)
  • It is present centrally in the brain with about 90% being expressed in astroglial cells and in some neurons present in regions of the brain controlling cardiovascular and other metabolic functions [ 18 , 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Gi protein functions in thalamic neurons to decrease orofacial nociceptive response. (tamu.edu)
  • Lateral hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin neurons: A role in reward-seeking and addiction. (tamu.edu)
  • Functional compensation by other voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in mouse basal forebrain neurons with Ca(V)2.1 mutations. (tamu.edu)
  • GABAergic miniature postsynaptic currents in septal neurons show differential allosteric sensitivity after binge-like ethanol exposure. (tamu.edu)
  • Critically timed ethanol exposure reduces GABAAR function on septal neurons developing in vivo but not in vitro. (tamu.edu)
  • The forward-facing column is the anterior grey column, the rear-facing one is the posterior grey column and the interlinking one is the lateral grey column. (wikipedia.org)
  • the parietal operculum lies between the inferior portion of the postcentral gyrus and posterior rami of the lateral fissure. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Swanson LW , Hahn JD , Sporns O . Structure-function subsystem model and computational lesions of the central nervous system's rostral sector (forebrain and midbrain). (neurotree.org)
  • Swanson LW , Hahn JD , Sporns O . Structure-function subsystem models of female and male forebrain networks integrating cognition, affect, behavior, and bodily functions. (neurotree.org)
  • The frontal operculum rostral to the ascending ramus of the lateral fissure is associated with the prefrontal association cortex and plays a role in thought, cognition, and planning behavior. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Executive functioning in children with intractable frontal lobe or temporal lobe epilepsy. (gov.gy)
  • Investigating higherorder cognitive functions in temporal lobe epilepsy: cognitive estimation. (gov.gy)
  • This is the termination of the afferent auditory pathway after having received fibers from the medial geniculate nucleus. (radiopaedia.org)
  • It is one of the four major dopamine pathways in the brain, and is particularly involved in the production of movement, as part of a system called the basal ganglia motor loop. (en-academic.com)
  • The present discussion will consider memory can affect the encoding, consolidation, reconsol- allostasis and allostatic load from the perspective of the ef- idation, and retrieval of memories of trauma so that nor- fects of extreme psychological stress on the complex regu- mal psychological function can be maintained and re- lation of emotion by the brain and the consequences of experiencing symptoms minimized? (nomedicalcare.com)
  • The lateral grey column is the third column of the spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
  • Interneurons present in the grey matter of the spinal cord Rexed laminae groups the grey matter in the spinal cord according to its function. (wikipedia.org)
  • The intrathalamic grafts of rats which had received a low dose of apomorphine (0.25 mg/kg) 2 h before perfusion showed clusters of intensely Fos-immunoreactive nuclei throughout the transplant, indicating that these cells had developed dopamine receptors and supersensitivity to dopamine agonists. (shengsci.com)
  • The desired clinical effect of reducing psychotic symptoms is thought to be associated with blocking dopamine function in the mesolimbic pathway only. (en-academic.com)
  • In the hypothalamus and adjacent regions the nomenclature is mainly derived from Saper ( The Human Nervous System, Volume 17 , 2004, p.513). (brainmaps.org)
  • The symptoms of the disease typically do not show themselves until 80-90% of dopamine function has been lost. (en-academic.com)
  • As this portion of the frontoparietal operculum contains inferior portions of the precentral (pars opercularis) and postcentral gyri, it also has a role in primary somatosensory and motor function. (radiopaedia.org)
  • For example, which aspects of the acute neuro- of stress mediators, the deleterious effects on psychologi- chemical response to traumatic stress promote behaviors cal and physiological function, termed the "allostatic that facilitate an effective survival reaction and may ac- load," occur. (nomedicalcare.com)
  • The study expands our understanding of the neural circuitry downstream of the cerebellum by describing pathways between the deep cerebellar nuclei and the nucleus accumbens. (elifesciences.org)
  • This information is sent from receptors of the skin, bones, and joints through sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
  • An aggregation of cells in the middle hypothalamus dorsal to the ventromedial nucleus and bordering the third ventricle. (nih.gov)
  • The linear nucleus (Li) is found in the medullary reticular formation surrounding the middle segment of the compact part of the ambiguus nucleus (AmbC) in dorsal, medial and/or lateral aspects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the cerebellum is now recognized as part of a long-range brain network that serves limbic functions and motivated behavior, knowledge of cerebello-limbic connectivity is limited, and nothing is known about how the cerebellum connects functionally to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). (elifesciences.org)
  • The finding extends previous investigations about the connections between these two brain areas, and are important for elucidating the role of the cerebellum in influencing functions supported by the nucleus accumbens, such as motivation and reward. (elifesciences.org)
  • The linear nucleus (Li) was identified in 1978 from its projections to the cerebellum. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The majority of the abovementioned nuclei have recognized roles in movement control, consistent with the likely role of the projections from Li to the cerebellum. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, some of these nuclei may provide relay signals to the cerebellum through Li. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using in-situ hybridization, we found strong expression of MHC class I transcripts in neocortex, hippocampal formation, substantia nigra and nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
  • In-situ hybridization with emulsion autoradiography demonstrated MHC class I mRNA in distinct pyramidal neurons of cortex and hippocampus, in granule neurons of the dentate gyrus, in dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra and in motor neurons of nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
  • Interestingly, in marmoset monkeys that were immunosuppressed with FK506 (tacrolimus), expression of neuronal MHC class I proteins, which could be detected with MRC-Ox18, was either very low (neocortex, nucleus Ruber , substantia nigra) or absent (hippocampus). (brainmaps.org)
  • The correct anatomic position of the electrode tip could be indirectly assessed thanks to the topographic relationship of the STN with the hyperechogenic substantia nigra and the nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
  • We report on a patient presenting features of VP associated with an intracerebral lesion not ascribed to VP to date, namely an isolated ischaemic focal lesion located in the left cerebral peduncle between the substantia nigra and nucleus Ruber as evidenced by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (brainmaps.org)
  • To our knowledge, this is the first case of clinically manifest VP to be described with a single lesion in the contralateral cerebral peduncle between the substantia nigra and nucleus Ruber , and suggests alternative intracerebral patterns for the distribution of disease-causing lesions in VP, and possibly new pathophysiological explanations for the nature of this disease. (brainmaps.org)
  • Bilateral projections with an ipsilateral dominance were observed after injections in a) jointly the paralemniscal nucleus, the noradrenergic group 7/ Köllike -Fuse nucleus/subcoeruleus nucleus, b) the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, c) and the solitary nucleus/the parvicellular/intermediate reticular nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some of these regions such as the amygdala, the solitary nucleus, raphe nuclei also have established roles in cardiovascular control and pain modulation, suggesting that Li may share these functions, if these regions are confirmed to project to the Li. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we report that stimulation of cerebellar nuclei in mice of both sexes modulates spiking activity in both NAc core and medial shell with fast excitation and slower, less synchronized inhibition. (elifesciences.org)
  • The part of the hypothalamus posterior to the middle region consisting of several nuclei including the medial mamillary nucleus, lateral mamillary nucleus, and posterior hypothalamic nucleus (posterior hypothalamic area). (nih.gov)
  • Loose heterogeneous collection of cells in the anterior hypothalamus, continuous rostrally with the medial and lateral preoptic areas and caudally with the tuber cinereum. (nih.gov)
  • The medial edge of the internal capsule and the subthalamic region form its lateral boundary. (nih.gov)
  • The nervus intermedius exits the brainstem at the boundary between the pons and the inferior cerebellar peduncle lateral to the motor root of the facial nerve and medial to the vestibulocochlear nerve (in close proximity to the pontomedullary junction). (radiopaedia.org)
  • After tracer injections into the inferior olive, labeled somata were observed bilaterally in the pretectum, nucleus Ruber , principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, descending trigeminal nucleus, inferior reticular formation, and cerebellar valvula. (brainmaps.org)
  • The main objective of the study is to examine afferents to Li from the central amygdaloid nucleus, KF, the paralemniscal nucleus (PL) which is rostral and adjacent to KF, Gi, Sol and adjacent parvicellular/intermediate reticular nucleus (PCRt/IRt). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Principal sensory trigeminal and valvular afferents exhibited a clear contralateral preponderance, while afferents from the nucleus Ruber were predominantly ipsilateral. (brainmaps.org)
  • The present study examines its afferents from some nuclei involved in motor and cardiovascular control with anterograde tracer injections. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results suggest that Li is involved in a variety of physiological functions apart from motor and balance control it may exert via its cerebellar projections. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The linear nucleus (Li) was first identified in 1978 by horseradish peroxidase retrograde labelling from rat cerebellar tactile regions [ 47 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. (nih.gov)
  • Historically, studies of the central nervous sys- tem have concentrated heavily on localization of function and mapping of pathways related to spe- cific functions. (nih.gov)
  • Injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) or biocytin to the carp nucleus isthmi labeled cells in the ipsilateral optic tectum and nucleus Ruber of Goldstein [ 1905]. (brainmaps.org)
  • Labeled terminals were seen in the ipsilateral nucleus pretectalis superficialis pars parvocellularis (PSp), optic tectum, and bilateral nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
  • Thus the nucleus isthmi has reciprocal fiber connections with the ipsilateral optic tectum, receives projections from the ipsilateral nucleus Ruber , and projects to the ipsilateral PSp. (brainmaps.org)
  • Other tissues are generally far more homogeneous, with most of their cells functioning similarly and synchronously in response to a com- mon stimulus or regulatory influence. (nih.gov)
  • A nucleus of the middle hypothalamus, the largest cell group of the tuberal region with small-to-medium size cells. (nih.gov)
  • Hypothalamic nucleus overlying the beginning of the optic tract. (nih.gov)
  • It was shown that the cortical representation area of the forelimbs projected to the whole rostro - caudal extension of the nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
  • In addition, the present study revealed a previously unknown afferent from the nucleus Ruber to the percomorph nucleus isthmi. (brainmaps.org)
  • At the geniculate ganglion (at the first genu) it joins the motor root of the facial nerve 1,2 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The nervus intermedius: a review of its anatomy, function, pathology, and role in neurosurgery. (radiopaedia.org)
  • That middle portion of the hypothalamus containing the arcuate, dorsomedial, and ventromedial nuclei, and the tuber cinereum. (nih.gov)
  • However, there is no systematic study of its connections with other areas of the central nervous system possibly due to the challenge of injecting retrograde tracers into this nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fast responses would be well poised to support rapid communication of information critical to the control of motivated behavior, whereas slower responses may be suggestive of a regulatory function, such as gain control. (elifesciences.org)
  • Control of blood flow to the hypothalamus. (clinicalgate.com)
  • Understanding how the nervous system functions requires a knowledge not only of the mechanisms of excitation and inhi- bition, but even more so of their precise localization in the nervous system and the relationships of neural subunits to specific functions. (nih.gov)