Function human sperm midpiece. Medical search. Frequent questions

However, the over production of oxygen free radicals in sperm membrane decreases the antioxidant defense activity thereby leading to low sperm motility and viability, DNA fragmentation and protein denaturation. (scialert.net)
Vigorous motility is initiated almost instantly upon sperm release from cauda during ejaculation. (bioscientifica.com)
The molecular mechanisms that suppress sperm motility but increase cell survival during storage in cauda epididymis are not known. (bioscientifica.com)
Intracellular signaling via phosphorylation cascades is quick events that may regulate motility and survival of transcriptionally inactive sperm. (bioscientifica.com)
Pathscan intracellular signaling array provided the preliminary picture of cell signaling in quiescent and motile rat sperm, indicating upregulation of cell-survival pathways in quiescent sperm, which were downregulated during motility activation. (bioscientifica.com)
Interactome of signaling proteins involved in motility activation was constructed by Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) software, which identified mitogen activated protein kinase-p38 (MAPK-p38), AKT, mTOR and their downstream target p70S6K as the key kinases regulating sperm function. (bioscientifica.com)
Activators of these kinases inhibited sperm motility but increased viability, and vice versa was true for inhibitors, in most of the cases. (bioscientifica.com)
Data suggest that sperm motility and survival are inversely complementary and critically regulated by intracellular cell signaling. (bioscientifica.com)
Aberrant cell signaling in caudal sperm may affect cell survival (sperm concentration) and motility of ejaculated sperm. (bioscientifica.com)
In spermatozoa, several key functions are regulated by cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration such as sperm capacitation, chemotaxis, hyperactive motility, and acrosome reaction. (123dok.net)
and (3) incubating sperm with EVs improved motility, fertilizing capacity of cat spermatozoa and prevented acrosomal exocytosis in vitro . (alphanano.tech)
Main and end piece contains axonemal contractile filaments for sperm motility. (iasri.res.in)
Motility of sperm is visible under ordinary microscope in diluted semen sample. (iasri.res.in)
knockout male mice showed severe subfertility with a defect in sperm motility as well as a significant disorganization in the fibrous sheath. (biologists.com)
Functional assessments on sperm included counting sperm amount and sperm motility, staining F-actin, and quantifying adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. (biomedcentral.com)
Testicular torsion-detorsion significantly decreased the amount of sperm, inhibited the motility, declined the F-actin expression, and reduced the content of ATP in sperm. (biomedcentral.com)
Local injection of MSCs improved sperm function, particularly in sperm motility. (biomedcentral.com)
Local injection of MSCs into a testis damaged by testicular torsion-detorsion restores sperm function mainly through the improvement of sperm motility and energy. (biomedcentral.com)
After staining with R123, fluorescence intensity in the sperm midpiece is related to the mitochondrial membrane potential and motility. (purdue.edu)
Bright green fluorescence was correlated with vigorous sperm motility and dull green fluorescence correlated with slow motility. (purdue.edu)
By contrast, the kinetics of protein tyrosine phosphorylation and sperm motility are unaltered in mutant sperm relative to wild-type. (biologists.com)
PHENOTYPE: Mice homozygous for a knock-out allele exhibit male infertility due to reduced hyperactivated sperm motility and midpiece rigidity. (utsouthwestern.edu)
It is suggested that large-scale deletions of the mtDNA is associated with poor sperm motility and may be a causative factor in the decline of fertility in men. (ijfs.ir)
Sperm motility is one of the key indicators of fertility in men. (ijfs.ir)
first demonstrated the association of the 4977 bp deletion of mtDNA with low motility of the human spermatozoa. (ijfs.ir)
It has been suggested that these mutations cause infertility by affecting sperm motility. (ijfs.ir)
Nineteen patients without children were included with semen abnormalities in concentration, morphology and/or progressive motility detected in 2 semen analyses at the Human Reproduction Laboratory of São Paulo Federal University. (wimbledon-acupuncture.co.uk)
MDA levels were negatively correlated with the sperm motility (MDA = -0.014 x motility + 2.62, p =0.017) and concentration (MDA = -0.0045 x concentration + 2.23, p = 0.0166). (ijbs.com)
GPx activities were positively but non-significantly correlated with the sperm concentration and sperm motility. (ijbs.com)
Seminal MDA concentrations are negatively correlated with sperm concentration and motility, which might provide a simple and useful tool in predicting sperm parameters. (ijbs.com)
Spermatozoa are rendered dysfunctional by lipid peroxidation and altered membrane function, together with impaired metabolism, morphology, and motility [ 2 ]. (ijbs.com)
Epididymal spermatozoas are often described as immature, immotile, and infertile sperm cells, yet the epididymis is the organ where spermatozoa mature, acquire motility, and become fully fertile. (encyclopedia.pub)
In mammals, adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) is known to play highly important roles in sperm motility and acrosomal exocytosis. (plos.org)
It is involved in flagellar movements and motility, and in cellular events that occur in the sperm head, that will lead to successful interaction with the egg and to fertilization [ 1 , 2 ]. (plos.org)
Sperm can modulate their energetics by regulating their flagellar waveform -- how the sperm oscillate their tails -- in order to adapt to varying fluid environments, potentially optimizing their motility and navigation within the reproductive tract, according to new research. (womenshealthdaily.com)
Epididymal transit lasts 5-10 days in the mouse [ 4 ] and leads to the acquisition of sperm motility and the ability to recognize and fertilize oocytes [ 5 ]. (oncotarget.com)

The morphological assessment of human spermatozoa which includes the evaluation of the percentage of morphologically normal sperm and the determination of the incidence of various morphological abnormalities has always been part if semen analysis in couples consulting for infertility. (myhealth.gov.my)
Sperm morphology was assessed in the initial semen analysis using the Kruger-Tygerberg Strict Criteria as outlined by the World Health Organization. (myhealth.gov.my)
On volume basis, sperms constitute just 1% of semen volume. (iasri.res.in)
Semen composition is described in terms of volume of ejaculate (i.e. volume of semen discharged per ejaculate) and sperm concentration (i.e. billions of sperms present in one milliliter of semen). (iasri.res.in)
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of bacteriospermia on sperm parameters and clinical outcomes in semen samples infected with two common bacteria ( Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Escherichia coli ) in northern Iran. (ecerm.org)
In washed semen, tight adhesion between the sperm midpiece and S. saprophyticus was observed. (ecerm.org)
Therefore, a comparative study of these two bacteria on semen parameters and fertility results of sperm in laboratory conditions would help to better understand the potential effects of bacteria on sperm fertility potential. (ecerm.org)
Indications for performing a postcoital test include semen hyperviscosity, increased or decreased semen volume with good sperm density, or unexplained infertility. (medscape.com)
Figure 1: Green versus red fluorescence cytograms and corresponding alpha t frequency histograms of Acridine Orange (AO) stained bull semen samples prepared and measured by the Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA). (purdue.edu)
Semen and sperm are then fused together during fertilization, and the result is a child. (fertiligy.com)
The male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes that produce sperm (or spermatozoa ), ducts that transport the sperm to the penis and glands that add secretions to the sperm to make semen (see diagram 13.2). (wikibooks.org)
Excessive generation of ROS in semen may be associated with reduced sperm fertilizing potentials. (ijbs.com)
Moreover, in cats, a species notoriously difficult to collect semen from, epididymal sperm may serve as an extra and easily accessible source of gametes [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Both unilateral and bilateral cryptorchidism are associated with a decrease in sperm production and semen quality, regardless of the timing of orchidopexy. (medscape.com)
It is a well-known fact that sperm counts have dropped by half in the last 50 years, and that modern men have 20 percent less semen volume than their fathers (BMJ, 1992, volume 305). (carmk.net)
The seminal vesicles and prostate gland add fluids to the sperm to create semen. (bccampus.ca)
When a man ejaculates his semen into the vagina of a woman, somewhere between 60 and 450 million sperm cells are dispatched. (healthandscience.eu)

More studies of fertility outcomes in large populations are required to refine the application of CASA to measuring sperm morphology. (myhealth.gov.my)
Therefore, male fertility may be inhibited by the negative effects of bacteriospermia and leukocytospermia on sperm parameters [ 2 ]. (ecerm.org)
However, to the best of our knowledge, no study in the literature has yet investigated the impact of Staphylococcus saprophyticus on sperm quality and male fertility potential during in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques. (ecerm.org)
Since the bead concentration is known, a simple calculation determines the sperm concentration, an important parameter of fertility potential. (purdue.edu)
Several studies have also demonstrated that multiple mtDNA deletions are associated with defective sperm function and diminish fertility in men (14, 21-25). (ijfs.ir)
High lipid peroxidation as represented by MDA levels may cause changes in the sperm and diminish fertility [ 5 ]. (ijbs.com)
Why is Glutathione important for Sperm Quality and Fertility? (carmk.net)
The minisymposium, organized by Victor D. Vacquier, included the following presentations: "An Hypothesis to Explain the Evolution of Species-Specific Fertilization" by Victor D. Vacquier, "Molecular Biology of the Zona Pellucida: Genetic Mutations and Fertility" by Jurrein Dean, and "Sperm-Egg Membrane Interactions During Fertilizations" by Janice P. Evans. (bioone.org)
Mice homozygous for a knock-out allele exhibit reduced male fertility, decreased sperm ferility and abnormal axoneme structure and sperm midpiece morphology. (jax.org)
Using less stringent statistical criteria (uncorrected p -values), also the gene SPATA16 , which has a pivotal role in male fertility and for which episodes of adaptive evolution have been suggested, also displays a putative signal of diversifying selection in the human branch. (biomedcentral.com)
New research provides rare direct evidence showing that increased homozygosity -- meaning two identical alleles in a genome -- leads to negative effects on fertility in a human population. (womenshealthdaily.com)
New research reveals how the bacteria strain Wolbachia pipientis enhances the fertility of the insects it infects, an insight that could help scientists increase the populations of mosquitoes that do not carry human disease. (womenshealthdaily.com)
A new, Greek study of 225 men, who frequented a fertility clinic in Athens, showed that those who consumed a predominantly Mediterranean diet had more active sperm cells compared with those who ate a less healthy diet. (healthandscience.eu)

Therefore, this review will attempt to discuss the relevance of free radicals and antioxidants in spermatozoa production and function. (scialert.net)
Recent studies have shown cytoplasmic droplets to be normal morphological occurrences in human male spermatozoa. (biomedcentral.com)
It is a familiar element of mammalian spermatozoa, though many studies in the past have focused primarily on CDs in non-human species. (biomedcentral.com)
CDs of normal human spermatozoa are still present after ejaculation [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Mature human spermatozoa are similar to that of other mammals in possessing a CD at the midpiece. (biomedcentral.com)
Mature spermatozoa are characterized by an head, midpiece and a long tail for locomotion. (innovations-report.com)
October - Mature spermatozoa are characterized by an head, midpiece and a long tail for locomotion. (innovations-report.com)
Assessing approximately 200 spermatozoa and the value of normal sperm is calculated in percentage. (myhealth.gov.my)
It contains a fluid called seminal plasma and spermatozoa in varying number (sperm concentration). (iasri.res.in)
Cilia Drosophila Basal body Sensory neuron Spermatozoa Cilia are highly structured eukaryotic organelles that perform a variety of motile and sensory functions. (biologists.com)
Animals produce motile sperm known as spermatozoa, and some red algae and fungi produce non-motile sperm cells. (fertiligy.com)
After total DNA extraction, a long-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to determine the mtDNA deletions in human spermatozoa. (ijfs.ir)
However, low levels of mtDNA deletions have been identified in human spermatozoa and studies have not found a clear relationship between large-scale mtDNA deletions and male infertility. (ijfs.ir)
Therefore, the identification of mtDNA mutations in the pathophysiology of human spermatozoa dysfunction is considered to be important better understanding the etiology of idiopathic infertility in men. (ijfs.ir)
Human spermatozoa possess these defense enzymes, which might be useful in the prediction of sperm fertilizing potentials [ 5 ]. (ijbs.com)
As spermatozoa pass through the epididymis, they undergo a series of maturational changes, dependent on the different functions of each part of the epididymis. (encyclopedia.pub)
The functional dialogue between epididymal cells and spermatozoa, and subsequent modifications to the spermatozoa, mainly take place in the caput and corpus of the epididymis, whereas the main function of the cauda is to store spermatozoa [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
A decrease in levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) during sperm production is known to disrupt the membrane integrity of spermatozoa due to increased oxidative stress. (carmk.net)
The mature and ejaculated spermatozoa are carried to the female tract in seminal plasma, which supports key sperm functions such as interactions with the various environments of the tubular genital tract, with the oocyte and with the female immune system and potentially helps modulate sperm rejection or tolerance [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
That's an active, motile sperm - plural spermatozoa, or just plain sperm. (ussromantics.com)
During ejaculation, hundreds of millions of sperm (spermatozoa) are released into the vagina. (openstax.org)
When spermatozoa migrate to the epididymis, chromatin in the sperm head condenses and the process of transcription and translation arrests. (oncotarget.com)

Sperm mitochondria differ in morphology and subcellular localization from those of somatic cells. (wikipedia.org)
The morphology of sperm cells is the end result of a highly complex process of cellular modifications occurring during spermiogenesis. (myhealth.gov.my)
However, the focus of this article is going to be on the assessment of image analysis to indicate the normal sperm morphology of an ejaculate. (myhealth.gov.my)

Mammalian sperm cells present highly specific lipidic composition, high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, plasmalogenes and sphingomyelins. (scialert.net)
The CDs of mature non-human mammalian sperm are found at the distal end of the midpiece. (biomedcentral.com)
Discovery of a gene in multiple mammalian species could pave the way for a highly effective, reversible and non-hormonal male contraceptive for humans and animals. (sciencedaily.com)
Sperm in most mammalian species including rat, mice and human are kept completely quiescent (motionless) and viable for up to a few weeks in the cauda epididymis before ejaculation. (bioscientifica.com)
This review aims to provide insights into the structure, localization, and function of the mammalian CatSper channel, primarily human and mice. (123dok.net)
Mammalian sperm must undergo a physiological maturation, termed capacitation, before they are able to fertilize eggs. (biologists.com)
There are ~22-80 mitochondria in the midpiece of a single mature mammalian spermatozoon (2-4). (ijfs.ir)

MDT combines sperm and egg from the biological parents with healthy mitochondria from a female donor's egg. (ivf.net)
Immunofluorescence localized the kinase proteins in the sperm mid-piece region (mitochondria), a known extra-nuclear target for these signaling pathways. (bioscientifica.com)
The midpiece contains the mitochondria. (ussromantics.com)
The midpiece: that contains mitochondria which are responsible for energy production needed for sperms movement. (online-sciences.com)
The midpiece harbors the small "powerhouses" (mitochondria) that produce the energy, which fuels the rapid tail movements needed for propulsion. (healthandscience.eu)

It is through their transit in the epididymis that sperms cells complete important maturation steps crucial for fulfilling their functions. (123dok.net)
Possible cause of male infertility: Gina Esther Merges and Prof. Hubert Schorle study genes involved in sperm maturation. (innovations-report.com)
Since it is exclusively made in humans and mice during the maturation of male sperm, it has been postulated that the protein is important for this phase of development," notes corresponding author Prof. Hubert Schorle from the Institute of Pathology at UKB, who is also a member of the Transdisciplinary Research Area (TRA) "Life & Health" at the University of Bonn. (innovations-report.com)
A better understanding of the function of this organ and of the chronology of sperm maturation may elucidate the etiological background of many idiopathic subfertilities that are related to disorders in sperm maturation. (encyclopedia.pub)
The epididymis is the location of sperm maturation and sperm storage. (oncotarget.com)
Several accessory organs and ducts aid the process of sperm maturation and transport the sperm and other seminal components to the penis, which delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract. (bccampus.ca)

Infertility in men can result from deficiencies in sperm formation, concentration, or transportation. (medscape.com)
Free radicals have beneficial or detrimental effects upon sperm functions, which depend on their nature and concentration. (ijbs.com)
As in somatic cells, sperm intracellular cAMP concentration is regulated by the opposite action of two enzymes: the adenylyl cyclases (AC), which synthesize cAMP from ATP, and the phosphodiesterases (PDE), which break the phosphodiester bond of cAMP to form 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP). (plos.org)
A recent report from researchers in Aberdeen presented preliminary data that suggests the sperm concentration of the men seen in their clinic had declined by 29% over the past 14 years. (carmk.net)
Infertile men may have deficiencies in sperm formation, concentration (eg, oligospermia [too few sperm], azoospermia [no sperm in the ejaculate]), or transportation. (medscape.com)
Researchers have found in a new systematic review that there is a strong association between insecticide exposure and lower sperm concentration in adult men globally. (womenshealthdaily.com)
It shows that frequent use of mobile phones is associated with a lower sperm concentration and total sperm count. (womenshealthdaily.com)

In the epididymis several structural and biochemical changes occurs that makes the sperms fertilizable. (iasri.res.in)
Three days after the surgery, orchiectomy was executed and the testis, epididymis, and sperm were separated to each other. (biomedcentral.com)
Human sperm cell is a flagellate cell consisting of a disc-shaped head and a long tail released from the seminiferous tubule and mature in the epididymis. (biomedcentral.com)
In other words, a sperm cell found in the caput of the epididymis possesses characteristics that are different from sperm cells found in the corpus or cauda of the same epididymis, such as the cytoplasmic droplet position. (encyclopedia.pub)
In the initial segment of the epididymis, the sperm cell is immotile-unable to fertilize an oocyte and has a proximal cytoplasmic droplet-close to the neck [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
In our previous work, we found that the Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis has typical long-term sperm storage in the epididymis [ 9 , 10 ]. (oncotarget.com)

The primary- male sex organs are the testes, which pro-duce sperm cells and male sex hormones. (pharmacy180.com)
Sperm is created in the testes and move through a coiled tube, called the vas deferens. (fertiligy.com)
In many animals (including humans) the testes descend into the scrotal sacs at birth but in some animals they do not descend until sexual maturity and in others they only descend temporarily during the breeding season. (wikibooks.org)
The key male reproductive organ in humans is the testes. (biomedcentral.com)
The second important function of the testes is steroidogenesis within the Leydig cells, where cholesterol is converted to testosterone. (biomedcentral.com)
The testes of the adult human male produce about 2 billion sperms per day. (online-sciences.com)
The paired testes are a crucial component in this process, as they produce both sperm and androgens, the hormones that support male reproductive physiology. (bccampus.ca)
This location is important in sperm production, which occurs within the testes, and proceeds more efficiently when the testes are kept 2 to 4°C below core body temperature. (bccampus.ca)

This mediates the fusion of the sperm membrane with the plasma membrane of the egg, facilitating the fertilization of the two haploid nuclei. (tutordale.com)
Egg membranes are also believed to play a role in maintaining species specificity during fertilization, preventing the egg membranes from being accessed by sperm of a different species. (tutordale.com)
In flowering plants, the sperm cell and egg cell meet and fertilization takes place in the flower. (tutordale.com)
The sperm-specific ion channel CatSper is the principal calcium channel in sperm mediating the calcium influx into the sperm flagellum and acting as an essential modulator of downstream mechanisms involved in fertilization. (123dok.net)
Isolated teratozoospermia does not affect in vitro fertilization outcome and is not an indication for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. (myhealth.gov.my)
The authors concluded that these findings provide new insights to improve sperm cryopreservation and in vitro fertilization in the domestic and wild felids and human. (alphanano.tech)
Gamete interaction is a crucial event during fertilization when receptors on sperm bind to ligands on the extracellular coat of the egg, called the zona pellucida in mammals. (biologists.com)
At the same time, we found evidence for recent positive directional selection acting on several human testis-enriched genes ( MORC1 , SLC9B1 , ROPN1L , DMRT1 , PLCZ1 , RNF17 , FAM71D and WBP2NL ) that play important roles in human spermatogenesis and fertilization. (biomedcentral.com)
Fertilization occurs when a sperm and an oocyte (egg) combine and their nuclei fuse. (openstax.org)
During the journey, fluids in the female reproductive tract prepare the sperm for fertilization through a process called capacitation , or priming. (openstax.org)
Fertilization occurs by the fusion of the nucleus of sperm (which contains 23 chromosomes ) with the nucleus of the ovum (which contains 23 chromosomes ) to form the zygote (fertilized ovum), which contains a nucleus with 46 chromosomes (23 pairs of chromosomes ). (online-sciences.com)
At fertilization, the chromosomes in one male gamete, called a sperm (or spermatozoon), combine with the chromosomes in one female gamete, called an oocyte. (bccampus.ca)

Oxygen free radicals are naturally produced by mitochondrial and sperm plasma membrane and have beneficial and detrimental effects that cannot be overlooked. (scialert.net)
This unusual structure of sperm membrane is responsible for its flexibility and the functional ability of sperm cells. (scialert.net)
Binding of the sperm to this inner glycoprotein membrane induces the release of hydrolytic enzymes from the acrosome. (tutordale.com)
The ovum forms a vitelline membrane that prevents the further entry of any other sperm. (tutordale.com)
Activators and inhibitors also affected sperm mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP content and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. (bioscientifica.com)
Co-staining sperm with SYBRI4 and PI readily identifies cells with intact membranes versus membrane compromised cells. (purdue.edu)
Lipid peroxidation damages the sperm cell membrane. (carmk.net)
Sperm-egg interactions occur at multiple levels on the egg surface, first with the egg's extracellular matrix and then with the egg's plasma membrane. (bioone.org)
The membrane that constitutes the swine sperm is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which is important to maintain sperm fluidity and flexibility( 1 1 Surai, PF. (scielo.br)
On the other hand, this lipid membrane makes the sperm cell sensitive to oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS)( 2 2 Sheweita SA, Tilmisany AM, Al-Sawaf H. Mechanisms ofmale infertility: role of antioxidants. (scielo.br)
GPx is part of the membrane defense system, protecting the integrity of the sperm cell from oxidative damage( 3 3 Drevet JR. The antioxidant glutathione peroxidase family andspermatozoa: a complex story. (scielo.br)
They also deplete cholesterol molecules embedded in the membrane of the head of the sperm, thinning the membrane in such a way that will help facilitate the release of the lysosomal (digestive) enzymes needed for the sperm to penetrate the oocyte's exterior once contact is made. (openstax.org)
Finally, a single sperm makes contact with sperm-binding receptors on the oocyte's plasma membrane ( Figure 28.2 ). (openstax.org)
The plasma membrane of that sperm then fuses with the oocyte's plasma membrane, and the head and mid-piece of the "winning" sperm enter the oocyte interior. (openstax.org)
Rather, hundreds of sperm cells must undergo the acrosomal reaction, each helping to degrade the corona radiata and zona pellucida until a path is created to allow one sperm to contact and fuse with the plasma membrane of the oocyte. (openstax.org)
Special proteins -- known as membrane transporters -- are key to the mobility of sperm cells. (womenshealthdaily.com)

Since, ROS is essential for the normal sperm physiology, rationale use of antioxidants is advocated. (scialert.net)
The study indicates that the protein encoded by this gene is required for normal sperm production. (sciencedaily.com)

The fluid portion is known as seminal plasma and sperms are suspended in it. (iasri.res.in)
Seminal plasma also contains some specific bio-molecules that are required for sperm metabolism. (iasri.res.in)

The Chinese Traditional Medicine acupuncture and moxa techniques significantly increase the percentage of normal-form sperm in infertile patients with oligoastenoteratozoospermia without apparent cause. (wimbledon-acupuncture.co.uk)
Because men with high levels of ROS have a seven-fold lower likelihood of inducing a pregnancy than men with lower levels, researchers recommend that treatment for infertile men should include strategies to reduce oxidative stress and improve sperm quality. (carmk.net)
For 10 percent of infertile males, little or no sperm are produced. (womenshealthdaily.com)
Studies show that in around 50% of the cases where a couple is infertile, the man's sperm cell DNA is not properly protected. (healthandscience.eu)

This study was conducted to evaluate in vivo and in vitro development of in vitro-matured equine oocytes fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. (bioone.org)

Once the sperm has matured, they will enter the pelvis and ejaculate. (fertiligy.com)

A sperm cell consists of a head, midpiece, and tail. (pharmacy180.com)
The tail propels the sperm to the egg where it will fertilize the egg. (fertiligy.com)
The tail: thin and long and it is responsible for the movement of the sperm till reaches the ovum . (online-sciences.com)
Sperm cells are smaller than other cell types and have a tail that moves. (healthandscience.eu)

The cytoplasmic droplet then becomes known as excess residual cytoplasm, which can impair overall sperm function and produce higher levels of reactive oxygen species, potentially leading to male infertility. (biomedcentral.com)
When they knocked out the gene in mice, it created infertility only in the males, impacting their sperm count, movement and shape. (sciencedaily.com)
This condition, the most common diagnosis for human male infertility, shows a decrease in the amount of sperm produced, slowed mobility and distorted shape so that the sperm are unable to fuse with an egg. (sciencedaily.com)
Homozygous mutations in SPEF2 induce multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella and male infertility. (nih.gov)
The protamine status, chromatin structure, chromatin condensation, and acrosome reaction of sperm and assisted reproductive outcomes were determined in couples with different male infertility factors. (ecerm.org)
In addition, the effects of bacteriospermia on sperm quality and assisted reproductive outcomes were studied among couples with different factors of male infertility. (ecerm.org)
Testicular biopsy is indicated in azoospermic men with a normal-sized testis and normal findings on hormonal studies to evaluate for ductal obstruction, to further evaluate idiopathic infertility, and to retrieve sperm. (medscape.com)
Patients sought infertility treatment in the Human Reproductive Division of the Department of Gynecology and Discipline of Urology of the São Paulo Federal University Paulista School of Medicine between January 1999 and September 2000. (wimbledon-acupuncture.co.uk)
Other reasons for infertility include congenital factors, and health conditions like prostatitis and diabetes that can affect sperm production. (carmk.net)
There is strong clinical evidence to show that men diagnosed with infertility have high levels of oxidative stress that may impair the quality of their sperm. (carmk.net)

The egg in humans contains two major protective layers the corona radiata containing follicular cells, and the zona pellucida. (tutordale.com)
The corona radiata needs to be enzymatically overcome by sperm before reaching the zona pellucida. (tutordale.com)
In this paper, we describe the capacitation phenotype of sperm lacking the long isoform of β1,4-galactosyltransferase I (GalT I), a sperm surface protein that functions as a receptor for the zona pellucida glycoprotein, ZP3, and as an inducer of the acrosome reaction following ZP3-dependent aggregation. (biologists.com)
As expected, wild-type sperm must undergo capacitation in order to bind the zona pellucida and undergo a Ca 2+ ionophore-induced acrosome reaction. (biologists.com)
By contrast, GalT I-null sperm behave as though they are precociously capacitated, in that they demonstrate maximal binding to the zona pellucida and greatly increased sensitivity to ionophore-induced acrosome reactions without undergoing capacitation in vitro. (biologists.com)
Binding to the zona pellucida clusters the sperm receptor, activating intracellular signaling cascades that stimulate the exocytosis of the acrosome. (biologists.com)
Then, upon contact with the zona pellucida, the sperm bind to receptors in the zona pellucida. (openstax.org)
These enzymes clear a path through the zona pellucida that allows sperm to reach the oocyte. (openstax.org)
Some sperm undergo a spontaneous acrosomal reaction, which is an acrosomal reaction not triggered by contact with the zona pellucida. (openstax.org)

Testicular sperms are not capable of fertilizing ovum. (iasri.res.in)
We previously reported that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), through local injection upon testicular torsion-detorsion, restored the spermatogenesis without differentiation into sperm. (biomedcentral.com)
MSCs significantly reversed the imbalance of glycolysis in sperm and testis induced by testicular torsion-detorsion, as evidenced by increasing the expression of phosphoglycerate kinase 2 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-spermatogenic, activating Akt, and increasing glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), which led to the increase in glycolysis cascades and ATP production. (biomedcentral.com)
Human stem cell factor contributed the activation of Akt/GSK3 axis when sperm suffered from testicular torsion-detorsion-induced germ cell injury. (biomedcentral.com)
Duration of testicular torsion and the severity of cord twisting are two key prognostic factors for sperm survival and activity. (biomedcentral.com)

Oxygen is required to support life, but its metabolites such as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) can modify cell functions, endanger cell survival, or both. (scialert.net)
Sperm cells are highly sensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced during cellular oxidation. (mdpi.com)
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced lipid peroxidation is associated with sperm function. (ijbs.com)
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the human reproduction. (ijbs.com)

In the WSU study, the male mice lacking this gene produced 28% less sperm that moved 2.8 times slower than in normal mice - and about 98% of their sperm had abnormal heads and mid-pieces. (sciencedaily.com)
Using this criterion, any subnormally (or borderline forms) classified sperm cells are going to be indicated as abnormal. (myhealth.gov.my)

They are elongated, flattened, and arranged circumferentially to form a helical coiled sheath in the midpiece of the sperm flagellum. (wikipedia.org)
Located in sperm flagellum. (nih.gov)
Biallelic mutations in Sperm flagellum 2 cause human multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF) phenotype. (nih.gov)
The flagellum on the sperm cell makes it move. (fertiligy.com)

This implies that intracellular targets of albumin, Ca 2+ and/or HCO 3 - may be constitutively active in GalT I-null sperm. (biologists.com)
These data suggest that GalT I may function as a negative regulator of capacitation in the sperm head by suppressing intracellular signaling pathways that promote this process. (biologists.com)
Sperm intracellular cAMP levels depend on the activity of adenylyl cyclases, mostly SACY, though transmembrane-containing adenylyl cyclases are also present, and on the activity of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE) whose role is to degrade cAMP into 5'-AMP. (plos.org)
It plays a key role during sperm capacitation [ 3 - 6 ] and the acrosomal exocytosis [ 7 - 10 ], where it affects different intracellular signalling pathways. (plos.org)

Thus, the race into the uterine tubes, which is the most typical site for sperm to encounter the oocyte, is reduced to a few thousand contenders. (openstax.org)
If the sperm do not encounter an oocyte immediately, they can survive in the uterine tubes for another 3-5 days. (openstax.org)
Sperm must undergo the process of capacitation in order to have the "capacity" to fertilize an oocyte. (openstax.org)
As it is swept along the distal uterine tube, the oocyte encounters the surviving capacitated sperm, which stream toward it in response to chemical attractants released by the cells of the corona radiata. (openstax.org)
To reach the oocyte itself, the sperm must penetrate the two protective layers. (openstax.org)
As you can see, the first sperm to reach the oocyte is never the one to fertilize it. (openstax.org)

The droplet is located in the proximal region of the midpiece in a caput-spermatozoon and in the distal region of the midpiece in a corpus-spermatozoon [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Sperm consists of several parts, including a head cap that contains the nucleus and a midpiece that contains the genetic material. (fertiligy.com)
All cells in the human body have a nucleus that contains our genetic coding (DNA), which is our cellular blueprint. (healthandscience.eu)

The glutathione peroxidase/reductase enzymes play a central role in the defense against oxidative damage in human sperm. (carmk.net)

Both sperm and egg are only haploid cells. (tutordale.com)
While sperm cells are made in the pollen, egg cells are made in the ovule, the structure that becomes the seed. (tutordale.com)
After being released in the lumen of the seminif- erous tubules, sperm cells have to accomplish several challenging tasks before reaching and fertilizing the egg. (123dok.net)
Male sperm cells are constantly produced in large quantities in the testicles during so-called spermatogenesis. (innovations-report.com)
In this process, the typical elongated sperm cells are formed from round germ cells. (innovations-report.com)
Without ACTL7B, development is blocked, the cells often remain in a roundish shape, usually do not form the elongated, typical sperm shape and die to a large extent ," says first author Gina Esther Merges, a doctoral student in Professor Schorle's laboratory. (innovations-report.com)
Figure 4: Two parameter green (log) versus red (linear) fluorescence isometric displays of 10,000 cells collected from fertile (A) and less fertile (B) bull sperm stained with SYBRI4 and counterstained with Propidium Iodide (PI). (purdue.edu)
Sperm and egg cells combine to form a diploid organism with 46 chromosomes. (fertiligy.com)
The reproductive organs of mammals produce the gametes (sperm and egg cells), help them fertilize and then support the developing embryo. (wikibooks.org)
Other recent studies verified the presence of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells of humans, monkeys, cattle, mice, and pigs. (bioone.org)
The primordial germ cells differentiate in the testis, in these seminiferous tubules… But let me first fast forward to the end of the process and describe a complete, mature sperm cell or spermatozoon. (ussromantics.com)
Spermatogonia are undifferentiated male germ cells, or sperm cells. (ussromantics.com)
We found that the splicing factors hnRNPA1/A2, PTBP1/2, and U1-snRNP inhibit ZAPS production and demonstrated the feasibility to modulate the ZAPL/S balance by splice-switching antisense oligonucleotides in human cells. (bvsalud.org)
Transcriptomic analysis of ZAP-isoform-specific knockout cells revealed uncharacterized host mRNAs targeted by ZAPL/S with broad cellular functions such as unfolded protein response (UPR), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and innate immunity. (bvsalud.org)
Because each of these reproductive cells is a haploid cell containing half of the genetic material needed to form a human being, their combination forms a diploid cell. (openstax.org)
The sperm first burrow through the cells of the corona radiata. (openstax.org)
Unique for its role in human reproduction, a gamete is a specialized sex cell carrying 23 chromosomes-one half the number in body cells. (bccampus.ca)
The more healthy sperm cells a man is able to produce, and the faster they are able to swim, the greater are the chances that one of them reaches its target - the egg - and fertilizes it. (healthandscience.eu)
This is most likely because this type of diet is rich in vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids that protect and nourish the sperm cells. (healthandscience.eu)
The content of nutrients in the diet affects the immature sperm cells in the testicles as well as those that are fully matured, which require a lot of energy and protection of their genetic payload. (healthandscience.eu)
What is more, sperm cells only contain very little cytoplasm that normally produces enzymes, which help repair cellular DNA. (healthandscience.eu)
In other words, sperm cells are not able to repair their own DNA damage and are therefore highly vulnerable to oxidative stress caused by free radicals. (healthandscience.eu)
This makes the sperm cells vulnerable to something called DNA fragmentation, which not only impairs the sperm's ability to swim but may also mean that the first sperm cell to reach the egg is not necessarily the most suited one. (healthandscience.eu)
Therefore, it is vital to protect the sperm cells and their DNA against free radicals and oxidative stress, and our only shield against these threats are antioxidants such as vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and zinc. (healthandscience.eu)
Did you know that sperm cells are extremely vulnerable towards oxidative stress caused by free radicals, and that stress, poisoning, tobacco smoke, and radiation increase the free radical load? (healthandscience.eu)
All human cells contain selenium . (healthandscience.eu)
Sperm cells are particularly dependent on selenium, as this nutrient is a vital part of (seleno)proteins in the filament, which delivers the forward propulsion. (healthandscience.eu)

Recent human transcriptomic analyses revealed a very large number of testis-enriched genes, many of which are involved in spermatogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
This comprehensive transcriptomic data lead us to the question whether positive selection was a decisive force influencing the evolution and variability of testis-enriched genes in humans. (biomedcentral.com)
Episodic diversifying selection, possibly driven by sperm competition, was not an important force driving the evolution of testis-enriched genes in the human lineage. (biomedcentral.com)

In biological terms sexual reproduction involves the union of gametes - the sperm and the ovum - produced by two parents. (wikibooks.org)
The sperms rush the ovum at the beginning of the fallopian tube . (online-sciences.com)
The ovum surrounds itself with a coat after the penetration of sperm inside it to prevent the penetration of any other sperm . (online-sciences.com)

Sperm flagellar 2 (SPEF2) is essential for sperm flagellar assembly in humans. (nih.gov)

Human Reproduction. (wikipedia.org)
The purpose of this review is to compare CDs to ERC, to describe ERC's relevance to human reproduction, and to clarify its assessment and clinical importance. (biomedcentral.com)
Sexual reproduction is most commonly seen in humans, most animals, and some plants. (tutordale.com)
The initial focus, however, is on giving humans more control over their own reproduction. (sciencedaily.com)
EDITOR'S PREFACE: The first paper in this issue of Biology of Reproduction is a minireview entitled "Getting Sperm and Egg Together: Things Conserved and Things Diverged," by Janice P. Evans. (bioone.org)

They have two main functions: the efficient production of sperm (spermatogenesis) over a male's reproductive life span and the synthesis of hormones necessary to develop male sex characteristics. (biomedcentral.com)
Human spermatogenesis requires about 70 days for a complete cycle. (biomedcentral.com)

Studies show that anti-oxidant supplementation - glutathione in particular - can improve sperm quality, and possibly increase your chances of conceiving. (carmk.net)
It may be caused by a lack of certain nutrients and exposure to different environmental factors, but, fortunately, it possible to improve sperm quality and increase the chances of conception by means of relevant dietary adjustments and the use of specific supplements. (healthandscience.eu)

However, controversy exists regarding the role of different types of bacteria in decreasing sperm parameters. (ecerm.org)

How do sperm penetrate the corona radiata? (openstax.org)

The male gamete , sperm, is a smaller, mobile cell that meets up with the much larger and less mobile female gamete , egg or ova. (tutordale.com)
Sperm is the male reproductive cell or gamete of an animal. (fertiligy.com)
Data that were presented are reviewed here and discussed with respect to conserved and divergent features of gamete functions. (bioone.org)

Sperm mitochondrial-associated cysteine-rich protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMCP gene. (wikipedia.org)
The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the capsule associated with the mitochondrial outer membranes and is thought to function in the organization and stabilization of the helical structure of the sperm's mitochondrial sheath. (wikipedia.org)
Oatley's team will next work on designing a drug that would inhibit production or function of that protein. (sciencedaily.com)
Disrupting this protein wouldn't require any hormonal interference, a key hurdle in male contraception since testosterone plays other roles beyond sperm production in men including building bone mass and muscle strength as well as red blood cell production. (sciencedaily.com)
This protease activity has recently been ascribed to serine metalloprotease(s), including pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), which was first detected in human follicular fluid nearly 20 yr ago. (bioone.org)

MPVs were previously considered distinct from CDs and characteristic of immature sperm [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The sperm can survive for up to two days outside the male body and 72 hours in the female reproductive tract. (fertiligy.com)
The function of the male reproductive system ( Figure 1 ) is to produce sperm and transfer them to the female reproductive tract. (bccampus.ca)

Due to the mitochondrial helix that forms around the core of the axoneme-outer dense fibers complex, the midpiece has a large diameter relative to the rest of the cell [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Involved in sperm axoneme assembly. (nih.gov)

Now, new research is shedding light on what may be going wrong in the process of sperm formation, leading to potential theories on possible treatments. (womenshealthdaily.com)
In this section, we examine each of these different structures, and discuss the process of sperm production and transport. (bccampus.ca)

This explains why the sperm of male mice with a mutated Actl7b gene is not able to develop the characteristic shape. (innovations-report.com)

To protect sperm from damage, the body depends on powerful antioxidant enzymes in the body such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase/reductase (GPX/GRD). (carmk.net)
This initiates a process called the acrosomal reaction in which the enzyme-filled "cap" of the sperm, called the acrosome , releases its stored digestive enzymes. (openstax.org)

Loss-of-function mutations in SPEF2 cause multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF). (nih.gov)

In humans, it leads to widely heterogenous morphological pattern, with many cellular abnormalities which may be associated with sperm dysfunction. (myhealth.gov.my)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)

For this reason, CDs are not considered detrimental to proper sperm function. (biomedcentral.com)
In recent years, the detrimental effects of different types of bacteria strains and/or leukocytes on some sperm parameters were studied [ 3 ]. (ecerm.org)

To investigate the level of correlation between large-scale deletions of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with defective sperm function. (ijfs.ir)
In some groups, higher levels of ROS were associated with lower sperm counts and defective sperm structure, while lower antioxidant levels correlated with reduced sperm movement. (carmk.net)

Sperm cell membranes are high in polyunsaturated fatty acids and are sensitive to oxygen free radical induced damage mediated by lipid peroxidation. (scialert.net)

Sperm consists of DNA and contains the genetic material of the male. (fertiligy.com)

When this gene is inactivated or inhibited in males, they make sperm that cannot fertilize an egg, and that's a prime target for male contraceptive development. (sciencedaily.com)
In other words, while the sperm cell is technically able to fertilize the egg, the egg may not develop properly because of the fragmented sperm cell DNA. (healthandscience.eu)

Anatomy5

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs5

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes7

Motility36

Semen17

Fertility13

Spermatozoa22

Morphology3

Mammalian7

Mitochondria5

Maturation6

Concentration7

Epididymis6

Testes8

Fertilization12

Membrane16

Normal sperm2

Seminal2

Infertile4

Intracytoplasmic sperm inj1

Ejaculate1

Tail4

Infertility10

Zona pellucida9

Testicular5

Reactive4

Abnormal2

Flagellum4

Intracellular4

Oocyte6

Distal1

Nucleus2

Oxidative damage1

Cells27

Testis3

Ovum3

Flagellar1

Reproduction5

Spermatogenesis2

Improve sperm quality2

Decreasing sperm parameters1

Penetrate1

Gamete3

Protein5

Immature1

Reproductive tract2

Axoneme2

Process of sperm2

Mice1

Enzymes2

Morphological abnormalities1

Cellular2

Detrimental2

Defective sperm2

Lipid peroxidation1

Consists1

Fertilize2