Function fungal and bacterial pathogens bacterial fungal proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

The main substance in vinegar, acetic acid, can help kill pathogens including bacteria. (elephantjournal.com)
As a biochemist you study the way living organisms - from viruses and bacteria to mammals, plants and other higher organisms - function at the molecular level. (kent.ac.uk)
Biofilms were stained with SYTO 9 ( green , live bacteria), FUN-1 (intracellular red , live fungal cells), calcofluor white ( blue , fungal cell wall). (asmblog.org)
Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae and Argasidae) transmit multiple and diverse pathogens (including bacteria, protozoa, and viruses), which cause a wide range of human and animal diseases, including rickettsial diseases, caused by bacteria in the order Rickettsiales. (cdc.gov)
Cannot get at easily degradable molecules that are protected Bacteria on fungal strands Spiral bacteria Rod bacteria. (jakesonline.org)
SOIL Soil microbiology is the study of microorganisms in soil, their functions, and how they affect soil properties.It is believed that between two and four billion years ago, the first ancient bacteria and microorganisms came about on Earth's oceans. (jakesonline.org)
In this study, we show that two large families of known virulence effector genes, crinkler (CRN) proteins and serine peptidases, were acquired by Bd from oomycete pathogens and bacteria, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Probiotic bacteria, both supplemental and naturally occurring, interact directly with our immune system, influencing its function. (alive.com)
Sepsis, a potentially fatal reaction to bacteria, can occur in people with lowered immune function who use probiotics. (alive.com)
Further experiments showed that compared to bacteria grown in liquid culture, bacterial cells in the resistant colonies had often acquired multiple spacers and were able to fight off phages with other mutations ( Figure 1 , right). (elifesciences.org)
Streamlining Regulon Identification in Bacteria Regulons are a group of genes that can be turned on or off by the same regulatory protein. (doe.gov)
Supercharging SIP in the Fungal Hyphosphere Applying high-throughput stable isotope probing to the study of a particular fungi, researchers identified novel interactions between bacteria and the fungi. (doe.gov)
Our largest research area is the Type VI secretion system (T6SS) , which is widespread in Gram-negative bacteria and is a complex, dynamic nanomachine which 'fires' toxic effector proteins into target cells. (dundee.ac.uk)

In preterm infants, surfactant replacement therapies that include lipids and the hydrophobic surfactant proteins are highly efficacious in improving lung function. (fz-borstel.de)
[2] [3] The cells within the biofilm produce the EPS components, which are typically a polymeric conglomeration of extracellular polysaccharides , proteins , lipids and DNA . (wikipedia.org)
Native membrane derived polymer-supported lipid bilayers (nSLBs) are poised to bridge the gap between live cell experiments and traditional model membrane architectures that by offering a combination of accessibility by surface sensitive analytical instrumentation and a composition which more closely resembles cellular membranes by displaying a diversity of endogenous membrane proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. (lu.se)
Due to the lack of detergent solubilization and reconstitution steps, the nSLBs created using this approach contain essentially all of the native lipids, as well as the membrane-associated proteins and carbohydrates from the donor membrane. (lu.se)

I also successfully treats bacterial and fungal infections and digestive problems. (elephantjournal.com)
Several BS exhibit anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-viral activities, making them appropriate candidates to combat infections [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Spoiler alert: He discovers that virus-infected individuals will not bite humans with other infections or terminal illnesses, and proceeds to infect himself with a BSL4 pathogen and walk among the zombies unscathed. (asmblog.org)
This course aims to provide insight on bacterial and viral infections that are major public health concerns in sub-Saharan Africa. (edu.gh)
4] Skin infections were significantly more prevalent in those with congenital defects in phagocyte number, function, or both, as well as in those with well-defined immunodeficiencies. (medscape.com)
Fungal infections can cause severe disease and death and impose a substantial economic burden on healthcare systems. (cdc.gov)

It precisely kills the cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans and degrades the extracellular matrix while sparing commensals such as Streptococcus oralis in a low-pH environment, resulting in localized biofilm disruption," says Dr. Liu. (upenn.edu)
CEFTIN tablets are indicated for the treatment of pediatric patients (who can swallow tablets whole) with acute bacterial otitis media caused by susceptible strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae (including β-lactamase-producing strains), Moraxella catarrhalis (including β-lactamase-producing strains), or Streptococcus pyogenes . (rxlist.com)
CEFTIN for oral suspension is indicated for the treatment of pediatric patients aged 3 months to 12 years with acute bacterial otitis media caused by susceptible strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae (including β-lactamase-producing strains), Moraxella catarrhalis (including β-lactamase-producing strains), or Streptococcus pyogenes . (rxlist.com)
Typical bacterial pathogens that cause CAP include Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae , and Moraxella catarrhalis . (medscape.com)

This course aims to introduce students to the principles and tools for genomic and proteomic study of host-pathogen interactions. (edu.gh)
Efficient recognition of foreign pathogens by T cells requires adhesive interactions between T cells and other cell types, such as endothelial cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and with components of the extracellular matrix. (scielo.br)
More broadly, I have had a long-standing interest in inter-bacterial interactions, including past work on quorum sensing in pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. (dundee.ac.uk)

Plays also a crucial role in the innate immune response to fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens. (icr.ac.uk)
The most common viral pathogens recovered from hospitalized patients admitted with CAP include human rhinovirus and influenza . (medscape.com)

My lab has made important contributions on recognition of pathogens by plants, and suppression of host immunity by pathogens. (edu.au)
I co-convene BIOL2162/6162 Molecular Gene Technology with Dr Tony Millar, and teach modules in BIOL3106 (Plant and Animal Bacterial Pathogenesis) and BIOL3107 (Structure and Function of Protein Kinases in Plant Immunity). (edu.au)
This paper defines a new recognition pathway in plant anti-bacterial immunity, and shows a novel mechanism for how it is targeted and suppressed by a pathogen virulence effector. (edu.au)
Thus, this study identifies another important function for the evolutionarily conserved Toll pathway, in addition to its well-studied roles in embryonic dorso-ventral patterning and innate immunity. (sdbonline.org)
These ATG proteins also perform an important parallel role in 'noncanonical' autophagy, a lysosome-associated signaling pathway with key functions in immunity, inflammation, cancer, and neurodegeneration. (babraham.ac.uk)
We will then describe that resulting from engulfment and degradation of apoptotic cargo, phagocytes undergo an epigenetic, transcriptional and metabolic rewiring that leads to trained immunity, and discuss its relevance for microglia and brain function. (frontiersin.org)
Second, the authors discuss that inability to resolve infection and prevent disease may not be a consequence of the generation of an inadequate number of Th1 cells but of an intrinsic deficiency in macrophage function that prevents these cells from expressing immunity. (scielo.br)
In plant immunity, several reactions occur during a pathogen attack, but the elevation of calcium ion concentration in plant cells is essential in the induction of plant defense responses. (sagepub.com)
Of the four putative novel defence proteins (DFPs) annotated by PSI-BLAST three showed similarity to extracellular matrix proteins from vertebrates implicated in innate immunity, while the fourth was similar to, yet distinct from, the anti-microbial protein cecropin. (biomedcentral.com)
Contact allergen-induced innate immunity contrast to irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), which evolves emollients may help reduce irritancy and stabilize the barrier as a consequence of direct toxic effects of physical or chemi- function of the skin avoiding the penetration of contact aller- cal agents resulting in keratinocyte damage and local inflam- gens. (cdc.gov)

Aspects to be discussed will include the biology of the pathogen, the pathogenesis of its infection, the pathophysiology of the. (edu.gh)
The course will focus on the discussion and identification bacterial, mycobacterial, parasitic, viral and fungal human pathogens and their pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, infectious diseases and antimicrobial agents. (usca.edu)
He also showed that double-stranded (ds)RNA- and ZDNA binding proteins had a role in poxvirus pathogenesis. (cdc.gov)
Streptococcal pathogens continue to evade concerted efforts to decipher clear-cut virulence mechanisms, although numerous genes have been implicated in pathogenesis. (cdc.gov)

All of the virulence-associated genes are transcriptionally upregulated during iron starvation and encode functions that are important for survival during iron starvation, which emphasizes the crucial role of adaptation to iron starvation in virulence. (frontiersin.org)
Brief summaries describing the function of each gene's product are of great value to the research community, especially when interpreting genome-wide studies that reveal changes to hundreds of genes. (stanford.edu)
However, writing such summaries is a daunting task, given the number of genes in each organism (e.g. 13,929 protein coding genes in Drosophila melanogaster). (stanford.edu)
The present study has identified many potential immune-related genes in A. mylitta some of which are vertebrate homologues and others are hitherto unreported putative defence proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
We aimed to evaluate quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) targeting three protein-coding genes of Histoplasma capsulatum (100-kDa, H and M antigens) for detection of this fungus in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from patients with proven histoplasmosis. (cdc.gov)

Biofilms are conglomerations of bacterial cells protected by self-synthesized extracellular polysaccharide matrices (EPS). (biomedcentral.com)
Protein secretion systems are molecular machines used by bacterial cells to translocate specific sets of proteins out of the bacterial cell, either to the extracellular milieu or directly into target cells (eukaryotic or prokaryotic. (dundee.ac.uk)
In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal–regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)

A number of bacterial and fungal pathogens capture human C4BP and use it to prevent binding of C4b, which allows them to establish infection. (wikipedia.org)
SP-A-deficient mice have an enhanced susceptibility to infection to pulmonary infection with bacterial and fungal pathogens and collectin replacement in these animals corrects defects in dysregulated cellular functions and microbial clearance. (fz-borstel.de)
Our group is investigating the functions and mechanisms of immune cells that are involved in the specific ability of pulmonary collectins to carry out immunomodulations that are important for preventing infection and inflammation. (fz-borstel.de)
The control over access to iron is one of the central battlefields during infection as pathogens have to "steal" the iron from the host. (frontiersin.org)
however, Toll activation in response to infection leads to degalactosylation, which raises the immune response to an adequate level and contributes to the prompt elimination of pathogens. (sdbonline.org)
Recent studies have explored the requirement of S A for mounting the hypersensitive response (HR) against an invading pathogen, where a particular cell death process is activated at the site of attempted infection causing a confined lesion. (springer.com)
Now that you understand the development of mature, naïve B cells and T cells, and some of their major functions, how do all of these various cells, proteins, and cytokines come together to actually resolve an infection? (openstax.org)
Think of a primary infection as a race between the pathogen and the immune system. (openstax.org)
According to the findings, M. incognita infection can alter the bacterial population in the soil. (ppjonline.org)
Principal Coordinate Analysis revealed clear separations between bacterial communities from infested and uninfested soil, indicating that different infection conditions resulted in significantly different bacterial community structures in soils. (ppjonline.org)
By PICRUSt analysis, some metabolism-related functions and signal transduction functions of the rhizosphere bacterial community in the M. incognita infection-tobacco plants had a higher relative abundance than those uninfected. (ppjonline.org)
A potential pathogen must be able to compete against host microflora, other pathogens and other residents of environmental reservoirs in order to mount a successful infection. (dundee.ac.uk)
Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. (cdc.gov)

Are children who avoid exposure to pathogens better off? (openstax.org)
It addresses containment principles, technologies and practices that are implemented to prevent the unintentional exposure to pathogens and toxins, or their accidental release. (who.int)

Among the insects, only the dipterans ( Drosophila and various mosquito species) have been widely investigated for their immune responses towards diverse pathogens. (biomedcentral.com)

Various microbial pathogens have been associated with IAH in SCD. (bvsalud.org)

They conclude that although armed with highly distinct effector functions, there are many parallels between the T cell and B cell components of the immune response and their conversion into memory. (scielo.br)
Recent studies indicate that memory T lymphocytes contain distinct populations of central memory (T CM cells) and effector memory (T EM ) cells characterized by distinct homing capacity and effector function. (scielo.br)
A family of Type VI secretion system effector proteins that form ion-selective pores. (dundee.ac.uk)

Moringa oleifera has been shown to be anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral and antibiotic, which will certainly lighten the load on the immune system. (weebly.com)

Phage populations, however, can also adapt and evade bacterial CRISPR-Cas systems. (elifesciences.org)

Rapid and transient activation of myelin basic protein kinase in tobacco leaves treated with hairpin from Erwinia amylovora . (springer.com)
We study a number of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, mostly members of the Enterobacteriaceae, including the human pathogens Serratia marcescens , E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae , and the plant pathogens Erwinia spp. (dundee.ac.uk)

This course will aim to teach the biology of eukaryotic pathogens with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogen success. (edu.gh)
Secretion systems, and the diverse proteins that they secrete, represent key virulence factors against eukaryotic host organisms. (dundee.ac.uk)

Soil Virus Offers Insight into Maintaining Microorganisms Through a collaborative effort, researchers have identified a protein in soil viruses that may promote soil health. (doe.gov)

Card9 complexes are engaged upon fungal, bacterial, or viral recognition, and they are essential for host protection. (nih.gov)
Cell-autonomous recognition of the rust pathogen determines Rpl-specified resistance in maize. (springer.com)

For many of our studies we use the potent anti-bacterial T6SS of the opportunistic pathogen Serratia marcescens as a model system. (dundee.ac.uk)

Also activates the inflammasome and NF-kappa-B-mediated transcription of chemokines and cytokines in presence of pathogens. (icr.ac.uk)
[ 1 ] Neutrophils move to the site of invasion by means of chemotaxis, which occurs in response to microbial products, activated complement proteins, and cytokines. (medscape.com)

Microbial molecules (pathogen associated molecular patterns, PAMPs), such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide and fungal zymosan , can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and induce IL-1β secretion in the presence of ATP [1] . (invivogen.com)

Also functions downstream of receptors mediating cell adhesion. (icr.ac.uk)
Together with B cell lymphoma (Bcl)10 and the paracaspase, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein (Malt)1, Card9 links spleen-tyrosine kinase (Syk)-coupled C-type lectin receptors to inflammatory responses. (nih.gov)

However, in typical current clinical practice, one pathogen responsible for the disease is identified and targeted for treatment with more or less specific antimicrobial drugs. (asmblog.org)
A study of the principles of clinical immunology relative to antigen/antibody structure and function, disease states and clinical serologic testing methodologies. (usca.edu)
Historical clues and physical examination findings may suggest a causative pathogen, but the clinical signs and symptoms of CAP are not sufficiently specific to reliably differentiate the exact etiologic agent. (medscape.com)

Soil Microbiology deals with study of soil microorganisms and their functions involved in the changing properties of soil such as fertility and nutrient availability such as humus formation, N-fixation, soil stability and decomposition. (jakesonline.org)

Various bacterial pathogens release NADase enzymes into the host cell that deplete the host's NAD + pool, thereby causing rapid cell death. (nature.com)
Protein is needed not only for the structural components such as muscle and tissues, but neurotransmitters, hormones, enzymes and immunoglobulins as well. (weebly.com)
Fungal enzymes play an important role in the breakdown of plant cell walls during plant degradation. (lu.se)
An international collaboration of researchers explored the auxiliary activities 7 (AA7) enzyme family, characterizing four fungal enzymes and uncovering a novel class of flavo-enzymes, exemplified by oligosaccharide dehydrogenase. (lu.se)

The innate immune system is the first line of defense encountered by invading pathogens. (sdbonline.org)
Here, we discuss the molecular regulation and the physiological functions of Card9 in host defense and immune homeostasis, and provide a framework for the therapeutic targeting of Card9 signaling in immune-mediated diseases. (nih.gov)
It is the body's first-line defense against many bacterial pathogens. (medscape.com)

In addition to banishing certain pointy-toothed figures of folklore, garlic is equally offensive to fungal and bacterial pathogens. (alive.com)

Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein (Card)9 is a nonredundant adapter protein that functions in the innate immune system in the assembly of multifunctional signaling complexes. (nih.gov)
The hygiene theory is the idea that the immune system is geared to respond to antigens, and if pathogens are not present, it will respond instead to inappropriate antigens such as allergens and self-antigens. (openstax.org)
There are various nutrients that can have a beneficial effect on enhancing immune system function and Moringa oleifera certainly qualifies in this category due to the ability to provide several of these phytonutrients. (weebly.com)
Speaking of the immune system, one of the functions of the immune system is to keep pathogens from growing, proliferating and damaging tissues. (weebly.com)

Subsequently, I ran a research group studying tomato and Arabidopsis pathogens at the The Sainsbury Laboratory , Norwich , UK. (edu.au)
2021) Principles of mRNA targeting and regulation via the Arabidopsis m6A-binding proteins ECT2 and ECT3. (oeaw.ac.at)
Brodersen P, Arribas-Hernández L, ..., Nodine MD (2021) The Arabidopsis m6A-binding proteins ECT2 and ECT3 bind largely overlapping mRNA target sets and influence target mRNA abundance, not alternative polyadenylation. (oeaw.ac.at)

A range of bacterial ( Bartonella spp, Mycoplasma spp. (bvsalud.org)

These effectors are referred to as "crinkler" proteins because of their association with cell death and leaf crinkling, which parallels the effects of Bd on amphibian skin [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The interaction with apoptotic and necrotic cells is mediated by the Gla domain of protein S and does not affect the ability of C4BP to inhibit complement. (wikipedia.org)
We propose that fungal NADases may convey advantages during interaction with the host or competing microorganisms. (nature.com)
While IAEMH is associated with severe anaemia due to intravascular haemolysis caused by red cell invasion, oxidative injury, auto-antibodies, and/or pathogen-haem interaction, IAIMH is associated with haemophagocytic tri-lineage destruction of haematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow. (bvsalud.org)

Previous studies suggest that the bacterial strain, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PMB05, can intensify the plant immune responses of cabbage against black rot disease and reduce disease occurrence. (sagepub.com)

Considering the differences in the structure and function of the molecules reported to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, it is unlikely that they directly interact with NLRP3. (invivogen.com)
Dr. Li's study demonstrated that Nell-1 also affects brain functions and is one of the molecules shared by craniofacial bone and the neural system, which may open a new avenue for therapy development. (upenn.edu)

We are interested in the molecular mechanisms and regulation of the T6SS machinery, but also in the identification and characterisation of new anti-bacterial toxins secreted by the system. (dundee.ac.uk)

Our work mapped the taxonomic distribution of protein sequences in the AA7 family and revealed a striking high proportion of sequences encoded by major plant pathogenic fungi and Oomycetes," said Maher Abou Hachem, Professor of Biotechnology and Biomedicine at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). (lu.se)

However, the Atg8 family of proteins are not found solely attached to double-membrane autophagosomes. (babraham.ac.uk)
While many studies have been focused on the membrane structure, the dynamics of such systems are crucial for the function of the membrane including membrane bound proteins. (lu.se)

This is particularly perplexing because Bd was only recently discovered in 1999 and no chytrid fungus had previously been identified as a vertebrate pathogen. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, we report the identification of NADases on the surface of fungi such as the pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus and the saprophyte Neurospora crassa . (nature.com)
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous saprophytic fungus, which has become the most common air-borne fungal pathogen of humans ( Tekaia and Latge, 2005 ). (frontiersin.org)

Overall my research aims to elucidate how Gram-negative bacterial pathogens are able to successfully cause disease. (dundee.ac.uk)

The 1.6 Å X-ray structure of the homodimeric A. fumigatus protein reveals unique properties including N-linked glycosylation and a Ca 2+ -binding site whose occupancy regulates activity. (nature.com)
The V-ATPase complex regulates non-canonical Atg8-family protein lipidation through ATG16L1 recruitment. (babraham.ac.uk)

It is increasingly becoming recognised that protein secretion systems can also be important mediators of competition between bacterial cells, with such systems delivering anti-bacterial toxins. (dundee.ac.uk)

This review paper will focus on the plant-derived products as antimicrobial agents for use in food preservation and to control foodborne pathogens in foods. (hindawi.com)

It provides unique identifiers, names and synonyms, list of complex members with their unique identifiers (UniProt, ChEBI, RNAcentral), function, binding and stoichiometry annotations, descriptions of their topology, assembly structure, ligands and associated diseases as well as cross-references to the same complex in other databases (e.g. (stanford.edu)
It is the prototype of the primary immunodeficiency diseases and is caused by numerous molecular defects that lead to severe compromise in the number and function of T cells, B cells, and occasionally natural killer (NK) cells. (medscape.com)
Public health research requires a multidisciplinary approach and is essential to help save lives and prevent disability from fungal diseases. (cdc.gov)
In this manuscript, we outline the main public health research priorities for fungal diseases, including the measurement of the fungal disease burden and distribution and the need for improved diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. (cdc.gov)
Characterizing the public health, economic, health system, and individual burden caused by fungal diseases can provide critical insights to promote better prevention and treatment. (cdc.gov)
Investment in vaccines may eliminate certain fungal diseases or lower incidence and mortality. (cdc.gov)
Mounting evidence suggests that the genetic disorders/mutation and diseases change not only the protein expression patterns but also membranes themselves. (lu.se)

and fungal ( Histoplasma spp. (bvsalud.org)

The main form of C4BP in human blood is composed of 7 identical alpha-chains and one unique beta-chain, which in turn binds anticoagulant, vitamin K-dependent protein S. C4BP is a large glycoprotein (500 kDa) with an estimated plasma concentration of 200 micrograms/mL synthesized mainly in the liver. (wikipedia.org)

Clearly, interspecies bacterial communication influences the regulation of gene expression. (asmblog.org)
This study used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PICRUSt to assess bacterial community structure and function changes in rhizosphere soil from Meloidogyne incognita -infected tobacco plants. (ppjonline.org)
Protein most similar to RIC4 (family subgroup V). Gene is expressed in all tissues examined. (or.jp)

Exciting advances have been made in the identification of cellular protective functions and cell death suppressors that might operate in HR. Moreover, the spatio-temporal patterns of the SA accumulation (non-homogeneous distribution, biphasic kinetics) described in some HR lesions, may also reveal important clues for unraveling the complex cellular network that tightly balances pro- and anti-death functions in the hypersensitive cell death. (springer.com)

The association with the receptor can also be indirect and mediated by adapter proteins containing ITAM or partial hemITAM domains. (icr.ac.uk)
It comprises the NLR protein NLRP3, the adapter ASC and pro-caspase-1. (invivogen.com)

In addition to its function downstream of BCR plays also a role in T-cell receptor signaling. (icr.ac.uk)
In X-linked SCID, loss of IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) function leads to the loss of a lymphocyte proliferation signal. (medscape.com)
Loss of IL-7R function is also associated with the loss of a T-cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement. (medscape.com)

Conjugation of the Atg8 (autophagy related 8) family of ubiquitin-like proteins to phospholipids of the phagophore is a hallmark of macroautophagy/autophagy. (babraham.ac.uk)

Although extensive data has described the key role of salicylic acid (SA) in signaling pathogen-induced disease resistance, its function in physiological processes related to cell death is still poorly understood. (springer.com)
2021) Cdc4 phospho-degrons allow differential regulation of Ame1CENP-U protein stability across the cell cycle. (oeaw.ac.at)
This system protects the bacterial cell by taking a short length of DNA from the phage and inserting this 'spacer' into its own genome. (elifesciences.org)
If the bacterial cell becomes re-infected, the spacer allows the cell to recognize the phage and stop it from replicating by cutting and destroying its DNA. (elifesciences.org)
Now, in eLife, Nora Pyenson and Luciano Marraffini from the Rockefeller University report that the number of spacers each bacterial cell acquires depends on its local environment ( Pyenson and Marraffini, 2020 ). (elifesciences.org)
In the figure, each bacterial cell has one of four different spacers (shown in blue, green, orange and pink). (elifesciences.org)
Loss of IL-7R function leads to the loss of an antiapoptotic signal, resulting in a loss of T-cell selection in the thymus. (medscape.com)
Loss of IL-15R function leads to the ablation of NK-cell development. (medscape.com)

Anatomy3

Organisms35

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs13

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes24

Information Science4

Bacteria13

Lipids4

Infections6

Streptococcus4

Interactions3

Viral pathogens2

Immunity10

Pathogenesis4

Genes5

Extracellular3

Infection13

Exposure to pathogens2

Diverse pathogens1

Microbial Pathogens1

Effector3

Anti-viral1

Evade1

Erwinia2

Eukaryotic2

Viruses1

Recognition2

Opportunistic1

Cytokines2

PAMPs1

Receptors2

Clinical3

Microbiology1

Enzymes4

Defense3

Offensive1

Immune system4

Arabidopsis3

Range of bacterial1

Effectors1

Interaction3

Bacillus1

Molecules2

Mechanisms1

Pathogenic1

Membrane2

Vertebrate1

Aspergillus2

Elucidate1

Regulates2

Toxins1

Plant1

Diseases7

Histoplasma1

Human1

Gene3

Patterns1

Adapter2

Receptor3

Phospholipids1

Cell8