Function contrast sensitivity. Medical search. Frequent questions

The Pelli Robson contrast sensitivity chart tests your ability to detect letters that are gradually less contrasted with the white background as your eyes move down the chart. (allaboutvision.com)
Probably the most widely used device to test contrast sensitivity is the Pelli Robson contrast sensitivity chart. (allaboutvision.com)
Like a standard Snellen visual acuity chart, the Pelli Robson chart consists of horizontal lines of capital letters but instead of the letters getting smaller on each successive line, it is the contrast of the letters (relative to the chart background) that decreases with each line. (allaboutvision.com)
Outcome measures were uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), distance corrected intermediate visual acuity and distance corrected near visual acuity, defocus curves, QoL (Visual Function Index 14), quality of vision (Quality of Vision [QoV] index), contrast sensitivity (Pelli-Robson chart), and binocular reading speed. (lww.com)

Even if you have 6/6 visual acuity (also described as 20/20 in the US), you can have eye or health conditions that may diminish your contrast sensitivity and make you feel that you are not seeing well. (allaboutvision.com)
A person with normal visual acuity but poor contrast sensitivity might see the trees in the foreground clearly (high contrast), but have trouble seeing the contours of the mountains against the sky in the background (low contrast). (allaboutvision.com)
In most cases, people with cataracts notice a significant improvement in both visual acuity and contrast sensitivity after cataract surgery. (allaboutvision.com)
If your optometrist determines that you need a contrast sensitivity test, it likely will be administered after a standard visual acuity test and before your pupils are dilated . (allaboutvision.com)
ISRCTN13894787 ) were assessed using a range of psychophysical measures of visual function, including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), letter contrast sensitivity (CS), mesopic and photopic CS, mesopic and photopic glare disability (GD), photostress recovery time (PRT), reading performance and subjective visual function, using the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEI VFQ-25). (bmj.com)
Several hypotheses (eg, the acuity hypothesis, 3 glare hypothesis, 4 visibility hypothesis 5 ) have been put forward to explain how MP may influence visual function. (bmj.com)
Prior to assessing contrast sensitivity (CS) determine distance vision/visual acuity using the Snellen chart. (academy.org.uk)
All patients were able to perform both tests, and almost all patients showed moderate or profound deficits in contrast sensitivity (normal value, ~1.70 log units) despite near-normal visual acuity. (arvojournals.org)
Contrast sensitivity should be routinely evaluated alongside visual acuity to monitor foveal visual function in patients with advanced glaucoma. (arvojournals.org)
Abnormal contrast sensitivity and color vision are present in almost all adults with ON even in the absence of a measurable decrease in visual acuity. (medscape.com)
The patients were asked to participate in a series of tests to assess their vision, including a visual acuity test, a contrast sensitivity test and a depth perception test. (medscape.com)
The visual acuity test measured the patients' overall vision functioning, while the contrast sensitivity and depth perception tests focused on the patients' ability to distinguish between objects of different shades of color and the ability to determine relative distances between and within objects. (medscape.com)
Specifically, 96% had visual acuity levels less than age-expected values, 37% had poor contrast sensitivity and 31% failed the depth perception test. (medscape.com)
The study revealed that some of the key visual functions that are altered by cannabis are visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, the ability to focus, and glare sensitivity. (earth.com)
Although visual acuity is the most widely used test to assess the state of visual function, there are other metrics that have been demonstrated to be more important for certain everyday tasks, for example, driving or reading. (earth.com)
At the recent ARVO meeting in Seattle, a number of vision scientists described studies in which significant vision loss could not be detected by standard visual acuity, but could be detected by contrast sensitivity and glare testing. (vectorvision.com)
The visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were measured before and after PTK. (jkos.org)
Assists visual performance and acuity by targeting glare sensitivity, contrast sensitivity, and vision in dim light. (giftespot.com)
Visual acuity charts only measure the eases, history of previous ocular surgery high frequency component of the contrast or photocoagulation and systemic diseases sensitivity function and are markedly af- other than diabetes. (who.int)
Afterwards, the best corrected ocular diseases, including optic neuritis and visual acuity was determined on a subjec- glaucoma, where contrast sensitivity can be tive basis. (who.int)
The chart luminance was regularly checked acuity and Cambridge low-contrast grating using a spot photometer. (who.int)

Various types of sunglasses can reduce glare sensitivity. (aao.org)

[ 1 ] although permanent residual deficits in color vision and contrast and brightness sensitivity are common. (medscape.com)
The lower Ca 2+ affinity is expected to perturb cone function in terms of light sensitivity and synaptic transmission, consistent with the sisters' visual deficits. (jneurosci.org)
Ophthalmologic findings of AD include visual field deficits, decreased contrast sensitivity, impaired oculomotor function, and abnormal viewing behavior. (aao.org)

Poor contrast sensitivity also can increase your risk of a fall if you fail to see that you need to step down from a curb onto similarly coloured pavement. (allaboutvision.com)

The assessment of depth perception and binocular vision function can be critical in detecting issues with the alignment of the eyes. (micromedinc.com)
Major parameters were monocular and binocular uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance, uncorrected (UIVA) and distance corrected (DCIVA) intermediate (80 cm), and uncorrected (UNVA) and distance corrected (DCNVA) near (40 cm) visual acuities (UNVA), contrast sensitivity (CS), defocus curve as well as patient satisfaction and spectacle use. (scirp.org)

Abnormal contrast sensitivity was ob- retinopathy, mild, moderate, severe, or very served in 27.1% of eyes with diabetic retin- severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopa- opathy, compared with 9.0% in unaffected thy (NPDR), early proliferative diabetic eyes. (who.int)

Contrast sensitivity functions show the responses depend on luminance, contrast, spatial and temporal frequency. (apidologie.org)
Contrast sensitivity, the ability to detect luminance differences between two adjacent areas (such as stripes on a grating), is also reduced in newborns relative to adults but develops as infants gain visual experience. (britannica.com)
Contrast sensitivity, the ability to distinguish the relative difference in luminance of an object from its surrounding or adjacent objects, is a useful measure of visual function. (jkos.org)

The contrast sensitivity was measured in mesopic and photopic background luminances, with glare (G) levels of 0-2 (G0, G1, and G2, respectively) and spatial frequencies at 1.5, 3, 6, 12, and 18 cycles per degree (cpd). (jkos.org)

Purpose To investigate the relationship between macular pigment (MP) and visual function in subjects with early age-related macular degeneration (AMD). (bmj.com)
A new maximum color contrast sensitivity test for detecting early changes of visual function in age-related macular degeneration. (lsmuni.lt)
To determine the association between age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and color perception established by the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue (F-M 100) and maximum color contrast sensitivity (MCCS) tests. (lsmuni.lt)
Evaluating contrast sensitivity in early and intermediate age-related Macular Degeneration with the Quick Contrast Sensitivity Function. (epfl.ch)

An OGTT was performed on participants without diabetes, and peripheral insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index), HOMA-IR, basal insulin clearance, insulin secretion (C-peptide index) and beta cell function (disposition index) were estimated. (lu.se)
Conclusions/interpretation: We validated 34 proteins that were associated with type 2 diabetes, of which 11 were associated with measures of type 2 diabetes pathophysiology such as peripheral insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. (lu.se)

Low contrast sensitivity can be a symptom of certain eye conditions or diseases such as cataracts , glaucoma or diabetic retinopathy . (allaboutvision.com)
There is still controversy about the effec- correction of the refractive error, the con- tiveness of contrast sensitivity as a screen- trast sensitivity was evaluated with a Cam- ing tool for diabetic retinopathy [12-17]. (who.int)

The contrast sensitivity function (CSF) is routinely assessed in clinical evaluation of vision and is the primary limiting factor in how well one sees. (nature.com)
For a study, researchers reconsidered the role of low-level vision tasks in explaining contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs) in light of the current trend of employing artificial neural networks for vision research and the current understanding of retinal image representations. (physiciansweekly.com)
Conversely, some people achieve better contrast sensitivity and night vision after LASIK, compared with their vision with glasses or contact lenses before the procedure. (allaboutvision.com)
The contrast sensitivity function (CSF) has shown promise as a functional vision endpoint for monitoring the changes in functional vision that accompany eye disease or its treatment. (adaptivesensorytech.com)
The logarithm of contrast sensitivity has been described as a linear function of retinal eccentricity for a visual field of 120 deg (Pointer and Hess, 1989 Vision Research 29 1133-1151). (aston.ac.uk)
The size of the sine-wave gratings, the contrast levels, and their tilt are all based on current vision science and empirical data. (academy.org.uk)
The best way to ensure patients attain maximal function and independence is to refer them to a vision rehabilitation clinic where they will receive a range of services, such as individualized counseling and home visits to help with activities of daily living and safety. (aao.org)
ScripTalk (En-Vision America) encodes the information on the prescription label onto a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag, which is affixed to the container. (aao.org)
Because they provide good intermediate vision with minimal loss of contrast sensitivity, monofocal-plus may help solve the problem, Prof Ribeiro said. (escrs.org)
Assess for a variety of conditions using an advanced analysis of color vision function and detecting subtle changes missed by other methods, available on the G2 and NEO. (micromedinc.com)
The vision is the main function of perception of images, colors, shapes and words etc. (scirp.org)
An appropriate oculomotor control is essential for the proper functioning of the vision. (scirp.org)
None of the studies using the standard high contrast E Chart detected any vision loss. (vectorvision.com)
His results showed a significant, previously unreported, visual function deficit and confirmed his theory that any malformations in the cornea should lead to some type of detectable vision loss when the proper measurement technology is used. (vectorvision.com)
Without early diagnosis and prompt treatment, vision changes can affect someone's ability to carry out daily functions, negatively affecting the quality of life of those with PD. (medicalnewstoday.com)
To help protect one of our body's most important assets, NHT Global has crafted the ideal blend of vibrant carotenoids, beneficial vitamins, and formidable antioxidants to support the health and function of our vision and eyes. (giftespot.com)
NHT Global's OcuFocus is complete with world-renowned ingredients that support the health and function of our vision and eyes. (giftespot.com)
Supports eye health and vision function. (giftespot.com)

These high light levels tend to saturate the retina and therefore decrease finer levels of contrast sensitivity. (aao.org)
The VCTS uses highly controlled advanced photographic and printing techniques to present a series of sine-wave gratings at carefully calibrated levels of contrast. (academy.org.uk)
Designed to approximate the sensitivity of human eyes, PQ allows for better levels of contrast at all light levels. (apple.com)
Combines the Display P3 color space (the wide color gamut used by newer Apple devices and by wide-gamut 4K TVs) with the perceptual quantizer (PQ) function to convert color and luminosity values to high-dynamic-range levels of contrast. (apple.com)

However, it is unclear to what extent age-related declines in NE functioning in humans affect reward-based decision-making. (jneurosci.org)

To investigate contrast sensitivity (CS) in glaucoma patients with advanced visual field damage from glaucoma, and to evaluate the precision of two clinical CS tests. (arvojournals.org)

They also do not capture impairment caused only by visual field or contrast sensitivity problems. (cdc.gov)

The major function of dark (gray, green, or brown) sunglasses is to allow the retina to remain at its normal level of contrast sensitivity. (aao.org)
The improved resolution and contrast enhanced visualization of morphological structures in the retina can be clearly seen. (spie.org)

The tester records the results to produce a contrast sensitivity function (CSF) or curve. (academy.org.uk)
Therefore, the diabetes, mode of control and last blood contrast sensitivity function curve gives glucose level, checked in the past month. (who.int)

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are devastating disorders which impair memory, cognition, movements, and general functioning. (aao.org)
Advances in age is accompanied by many changes and one of the most recognized changes is the decline in cognition functioning. (pearltrees.com)

medical citation needed] Results from pharmacological studies in cats have demonstrated the role of NMDA in contrast perception of magnocellular-tuned stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
This produced a sensitivity surface shaped like a 'witch's hat', and made good predictions for the results for the oblique meridians. (aston.ac.uk)
The results of the color contrast sensitivity test decreased by half in patients with AMD compared with ophthalmologically healthy patients when they performed the F-M 100 test and by one and half when they performed a MCCS test in the blue color range. (lsmuni.lt)
Also techniques and results of reducing speckle contrast by averaging multiple B-scans will be presented. (spie.org)
One of these is contrast sensitivity, and our results have shown that this parameter is significantly worse after smoking cannabis,' wrote the study authors. (earth.com)
The results of the tests confirmed that visual functions like focus and contrast sensitivity were significantly worsened following consumption. (earth.com)

To develop an appreciation of the effects that age related changes in sensory motor function have on daily living activities. (who.int)

Initially, surveil- tive was to assess the support functions first part concerned laboratory-related lance was limited to counting suspected of the surveillance system with regard to functions: availability of culture and sen- cases and deaths. (who.int)

These bars can vary in width (spatial frequency) as well as contrast from target to target, to give a more thorough evaluation of how sensitive your eyes are to differences in contrast. (allaboutvision.com)
Perception of contrast is affected by the temporal frequency and spatial frequency properties of a stimulus, and the sensitivity to contrast in sine wave stimuli is characterized by the contrast sensitivity function. (wikipedia.org)
We measured contrast detection thresholds for oriented cosine-phase log-Gabor stimuli with a spatial frequency of 4 cycles deg 1 and bandwidths of 1.6 octaves and 25. (aston.ac.uk)
Each row or circular grouping of patches tests at a specific spatial frequency (cycles per degree), which measures the observer's sensitivity to a particular object size. (academy.org.uk)

As an illustration, the best CNN (in the collection of basic architectures examined for retinal signal augmentation) reproduced the CSFs with a root mean square error of 11% of the maximal sensitivity. (physiciansweekly.com)
If visual function deteriorates while on maximal medical therapy, surgical intervention should be strongly considered. (medscape.com)

In GCD2 patients, the contrast sensitivity increased significantly after PTK. (jkos.org)
BACKGROUND: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a multisystem illness characterized by substantial reduction in function accompanied by profound unexplained fatigue not significantly relieved by rest, post-exertional malaise, and other symptoms. (cdc.gov)

Psychophysical and electroretinographic analyses show that the light sensitivity of the cone system is lowered, and the signal transfer from cones to secondary neurons is perturbed. (jneurosci.org)
Inverse-variance weighted method was used as the main result, and comprehensive sensitivity analyses were conducted to estimate the robustness of identified associations and the impact of potential horizontal pleiotropy. (bvsalud.org)
Sensitivity analyses further supported the robustness of the causal relationship between sleep duration and AMD. (bvsalud.org)

For evaluation of eye disease , contrast sensitivity usually is tested on each eye individually. (allaboutvision.com)

During active treatment, serial eye exams including assessment of the optic nerve appearance and static perimetry are essential to follow the visual function of these patients. (medscape.com)
The G2 and NEO can be equipped with an automated assessment of a patient's visual sensitivity to contrast. (micromedinc.com)

proposed three decades ago that human frequency sensitivity may derive from the augmentation necessary for more effective retinal picture interpretation. (physiciansweekly.com)
Each test frequency begins with a high level of contrast, which diminishes progressively with each succeeding patch. (academy.org.uk)
Thus a Loss of low-frequency contrast sensitivity total number of 154 eyes of 80 patients were has been reported to reduce the ability to evaluated. (who.int)

Currently, IOLs are able to compensate not only for spherical errors, but also for astigmatism and presbyopia, providing a complete restoration of the visual function with high levels of spectacle independence. (scirp.org)

Task-related pupil dilations and locus coeruleus (LC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast, which served as a potential window of the LC-NE functions, were assessed in younger and older adults. (jneurosci.org)
Furthermore, older adults ( N = 34, 29 males) showed a lower LC-MRI contrast than younger adults ( N = 25, 15 males). (jneurosci.org)
Older adults showed a lower structural MRI of the LC contrast than younger adults, indicating age-related degeneration of the LC structure. (jneurosci.org)
The association between the LC-MRI contrast and value sensitivity was only observed in older adults. (jneurosci.org)
Mesopic radialfrequency contrast sensitivity function for youngand older adults. (bvsalud.org)

Determine the CS thresholds in terms of a contrast percentage under the following conditions. (academy.org.uk)

15 Studies using other aspheric IOLs extended these findings to include better mesopic contrast sensitivity, a higher modulation transfer function cutoff, and lower ocular SA with customization. (crstoday.com)

A contrast sensitivity test measures your ability to distinguish between finer and finer increments of light versus dark (contrast). (allaboutvision.com)
Contrast sensitivity is a very important measure of visual function, especially in situations of low light, fog or glare, when the contrast between objects and their background is often reduced. (allaboutvision.com)
Contrast is a feature of visual stimuli that characterizes the difference in brightness between dark and light regions of an image. (wikipedia.org)
2020 color space using the perceptual quantizer (PQ), a mathematical transfer function that converts image signal values in a video file to absolute light levels on an HDR-capable display. (apple.com)
2020 color space using hybrid log-gamma , a mathematical transfer function that converts image signal values in a video file to scene-relative light levels. (apple.com)
We argue that these alterations are responsible for the perturbations in light sensitivity and synaptic transmission. (jneurosci.org)

The CREST trial will investigate whether enrichment of MP influences visual function among those afflicted with this condition. (bmj.com)
We conducted a probabilistic decision-making task and applied a Q-learning model to investigate participants' anticipatory values and value sensitivities. (jneurosci.org)

Contrast sensitivity scores were similar with both IOLs ( P = .12). (lww.com)
A meta-analysis of spherical versus aspheric IOLs showed better contrast sensitivity with the latter at all spatial frequencies, most conspicuously under mesopic conditions and with pupillary sizes of 4 mm or greater, as well as reduced overall ocular SA. (crstoday.com)

Usage of 2D optical sensors to capture sequences of correlated 2D speckle patterns allows for building a pointwise estimate of a given statistical measure which should give a quantitative high contrast detailed 2D map of the spatial distribution of activity across the object surface. (spie.org)
The fluctuations decrease the contrast of the built 2D activity map and worsen sensitivity and resolution of the dynamic speckle method. (spie.org)

There is evidence that schizophrenia affects perception of contrast and motion, control of eye movements, detection of visual contours, and recognition of faces or facial expressions. (wikipedia.org)
Motion perception is an important visual function and occurs from the earliest stages of cortical visual processing, with individual neurons being tuned to a preferred direction of motion. (wikipedia.org)
[12] It is characterized by massive neuronal loss in the hippocampus and cortex impairing memory and executive functioning [13] , including dysfunction of speech, language, and perception. (aao.org)

Your optometrist might perform the test because of a specific visual complaint you have or because he or she suspects you have a condition that is affecting your ability to discern contrast. (allaboutvision.com)
and with MnB for executive function, cognitive flexibility, visuo-spatial construction ability, and visual contrast sensitivity. (cdc.gov)

This agrees with the findings mentioned previously related to weaker suppression of perceived contrast in this disorder. (wikipedia.org)

Each correct letter has a contrast threshold value of 0.05 log units however scoring in terms of log units is reserved for research. (academy.org.uk)

We found that the very act of action video game playing also enhanced contrast sensitivity, providing a complementary route to eyesight improvement. (nature.com)

Guessing ensures the use of the three-alternative, forced-choice test method, known to improve the accuracy of contrast threshold measurement. (academy.org.uk)
The primary patient outcome is change in physical function measured using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)-29. (cdc.gov)

What is a contrast sensitivity test? (allaboutvision.com)
Contrast sensitivity testing often isn't included in a routine eye test. (allaboutvision.com)
Other, more sophisticated devices also may be used to test your contrast sensitivity. (allaboutvision.com)
The low frequencies test sensitivity to very large objects, while on the other end, high frequencies measure sensitivity to very small objects. (academy.org.uk)
L'analyse bactériologique du liquide céphalorachidien (LCR) et un test de sensibilité aux antibiotiques de la bactérie mise en culture étaient disponibles dans un tiers des hôpitaux. (who.int)

Chasing brain dynamics at their speed: what can time-varying functional connectivity tell us about brain function? (epfl.ch)
Because those patients retain some cone function, we reasoned that mutant alleles encode functional channel subunits that alter the human cone visual pathway in characteristic ways. (jneurosci.org)
On in vitro expression, only A3 T369S forms functional channels that display altered ion permeation, gating, ligand sensitivity, and low apparent affinity for extracellular Ca 2+ . (jneurosci.org)
To increase sensitivity to the feelings engendered when functional skills are impaired and independence is compromised. (who.int)

4 , 6-10 Furthermore, most interventional trials have shown that supplementation with the macular carotenoids impacts positively on visual function in subjects with and without retinal disease, 11-16 and it appears that supplementation with all three macular carotenoids offers advantages over formulations containing only two of these three nutrients. (bmj.com)

Here we ask whether this is a suitable account for the central 9 deg of the visual field where most contrast sensitivity experiments are performed. (aston.ac.uk)
Sensitivity to the entire central visual field was estimated by elliptical interpolation between bi-linear fits to each of the four cardinal half-meridians. (aston.ac.uk)
Stereoscopic depth cues provide information about distances of objects in near space as a function of their relative horizontal positions in the visual field. (britannica.com)

A. 1.5 Tesla, contrast-enhanced spin echo T1-weighted, fat-suppressed coronal MRI through the orbits shows enlargement and contrast enhancement of the left optic nerve in the retrobulbar portion (arrow). (medscape.com)
The goal of management in IIH is to preserve optic nerve function while managing increased ICP. (medscape.com)

Median contrast sensitivity was 1.30 log units (range, 1.05 to 1.65 log units) with the PR chart and 1.35 log units (range, 1.00 to 1.90 log units) with FrACT. (arvojournals.org)

Visual processing abnormalities in schizophrenia are commonly found, and contribute to poor social function. (wikipedia.org)

These estimates measure the best visual function obtainable with proper glasses or contact lenses. (cdc.gov)

In certain high-illumination situations, sunglasses allow for better visual function in a number of ways. (aao.org)
Improved lighting in dialysis units, large magnifiers, and modified educational materials with large type and high contrasts can be inexpensive and effective ways to improve patient functioning. (medscape.com)

Visual function begins to improve 1 to several weeks after onset, even without any treatment. (medscape.com)
In recent years, considerable attention has been placed on identifying interventions that are useful in boosting cognitive functioning and delaying the onset of cognitive decline among the increasing older population. (pearltrees.com)

This could be caused by a loss of contrast sensitivity from the surgery. (allaboutvision.com)
In almost every case, we found that the initial sensitivity loss with eccentricity was steep (average = 1.1 dB cycle 1 ), becoming shallower (average = 0.4 dB cycle 1 ,similar to previous reports) after a critical point: a behaviour that was nicely described by a bilinear equation. (aston.ac.uk)
Corticosteroids should only be considered on a very short-term basis in patients who present with marked loss of visual function. (medscape.com)

where m k (λ) is the wavelength sensitivity function (also known as the color matching function) of the k th cone type or color sensor. (informit.com)

But researchers note the long-term effects of gaming on a key cognitive function called temporal visual selective attention - the capacity to distinguish between important and irrelevant information within a rapid stream of visual stimuli - has never been studied. (pearltrees.com)

In both age groups, participants who showed a larger uncertainty-evoked pupil dilation exhibited a higher value sensitivity as reflected in the β parameter of the reinforcement Q-learning model. (jneurosci.org)
According to the questionnaires we gave to the participants, about two thirds are aware of the negative effect of cannabis on their visual function, although very few indicate that it affects them to any great extent. (earth.com)

Here we analyze the molecular basis of achromatopsia in two siblings with residual cone function. (jneurosci.org)

Anatomy18

Organisms5

Diseases32

Chemicals and Drugs6

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment44

Psychiatry and Psychology39

Phenomena and Processes32

Disciplines and Occupations3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities1

Information Science2

Named Groups1

Health Care10

Geographicals1

Pelli Robson4

Acuity21

Glare sensitivity1

Deficits3

Poor contrast sensitivity1

Binocular2

Abnormal1

Luminance3

Mesopic and photopic1

Macular degeneration4

Peripheral2

Diabetic retinopathy2

Vision18

Levels of contrast4

Declines1

Glaucoma1

Impairment1

Retina2

Curve2

Cognition2

Results6

Sensory1

Tive1

Spatial frequency4

Maximal2

Significantly2

Analyses3

Evaluation1

Assessment2

Frequency3

Presbyopia1

Older adults5

Thresholds1

Modulation1

Light6

Investigate2

IOLs2

Speckle2

Perception3

Ability2

Findings1

0.051

Improvement1

Measurement2

Test5

Functional4

Retinal1

Visual field3

Optic nerve2

Chart1

CONTRIBUTE1

Estimates1

High2

Onset2

Loss3

Color1

Stimuli1

Participants2

Cone1