• Hemoglobin SS disease is the most common type of sickle cell disease. (healthline.com)
  • Hemoglobin SC disease is the second most common type of sickle cell disease. (healthline.com)
  • Sickle cell trait is not a form of sickle cell disease, although in rare circumstances, sickle cell trait can become symptomatic. (childrenshospital.org)
  • This is the most common and most severe form of sickle cell disease. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying component of red blood cells, and with sickle cell disease it's inefficient at this fundamental role. (news-medical.net)
  • The investigators have early evidence that the drug, which is taken in pill form, should directly target the hemoglobin problem in sickle cell disease. (news-medical.net)
  • Pace has shown panobinostat increases fetal hemoglobin expression both in red blood cells in culture and in mouse models of sickle cell disease by enabling reactivation of the fetal hemoglobin gene. (news-medical.net)
  • Sickle cell anemia is a congenital form of anemia, and the most common type of sickle cell disease. (whattoexpect.com)
  • There are four main forms of sickle cell disease, and some types are more severe than others. (whattoexpect.com)
  • Hemoglobin SS (HbSS) is the most common and severe form of sickle cell disease, accounting for around 65 percent of cases (and commonly called sickle cell anemia). (whattoexpect.com)
  • Sickle-cell disease (SCD) is an inherited disorder of haemoglobin. (who.int)
  • Sickle-cell disease (SCD) is a genetic condition in which the red blood cells contain haemoglobin S (HbS), an abnormal form of the oxygen-carrying protein. (who.int)
  • What role does BPG play in transfer of oxygen from the maternal hemoglobin (HbA) to the fetal hemoglobin (HbF)? (flashcardmachine.com)
  • The gamma chain of fetal hemoglobin binds BPG with a lower affinity relative to the adult hemoglobin. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • The drugs are called HDAC inhibitors, and the investigators have early evidence one called panobinostat can reactivate after birth the gene that produces fetal hemoglobin, which cannot sickle, says Abdullah Kutlar, MD, director of the Center for Blood Disorders at the Medical College of Georgia and Augusta University Health. (news-medical.net)
  • Histone deacetylases, or HDACs, are enzymes that are among the many ways gene expression gets turned down, a natural process for some genes, like the gamma-globin gene that makes fetal hemoglobin, as we move from childhood to adulthood. (news-medical.net)
  • Fetal hemoglobin enables a developing baby to capture oxygen from mother's blood while the beta-globin gene produces adult hemoglobin that carries oxygen. (news-medical.net)
  • Within the first few months after birth, most babies have little to no fetal hemoglobin. (news-medical.net)
  • That is important for sickle cell because we know in adults that the fetal hemoglobin gene is shut down and we know fetal hemoglobin works very well as a disease modifier. (news-medical.net)
  • Two HDACs are involved in silencing the fetal hemoglobin gene and panobinostat is a pan-HDAC inhibitor, which means it silences more than one HDAC. (news-medical.net)
  • Hydroxyurea, the first sickle cell drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration back in 1998, also increases fetal hemoglobin, although precisely how remains unclear, and it's also used for some cancers. (news-medical.net)
  • Kutlar notes that if panobinostat continues to show promise, his next steps will include pairing the two fetal hemoglobin promoters to see if there is beneficial synergy. (news-medical.net)
  • The investigators will be monitoring study participants' levels of the non-sickling fetal hemoglobin as well as levels of F-cells, a subpopulation of red blood cells that contain fetal hemoglobin. (news-medical.net)
  • The fetal hemoglobin may play a protective role against coronavirus in neonates. (thieme-connect.com)
  • When both of the HBA1 and HBA2 genes which code for alpha globins becomes dysfunctional, the affected fetuses will have difficulty in synthesizing a functional hemoglobin. (wikipedia.org)
  • When inherited from both parents, or with other abnormal hemoglobin genes, it can cause anemia and other problems. (chkd.org)
  • In a study on vertebrate globins, Jay Storz and his colleagues wrote, "The retention of the proto- Hb and Mb genes in the ancestor of jawed vertebrates permitted a physiological division of labor between the oxygen-carrier function of Hb [hemoglobin] and the oxygen-storage function of Mb [myoglobin]. (icr.org)
  • Certain forms of anemia are passed down through your genes, and infants may have it from birth. (webmd.com)
  • SCD is the most prevalent genetic disease in the African Region.1 There are different subtypes of SCD in which the abnormal S gene (S) coexists with other abnormal haemoglobin genes. (who.int)
  • In phylogenetic analyses, the hemoglobin genes from M. amblycephala and other cypriniformes clustered into one branch, and those from other fishes and mammals clustered into other branches, revealing fish hemoglobin conservation. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is produced in the disease alpha-thalassemia and in the most severe of cases, it is the only form of hemoglobin in circulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since hemoglobin Barts is elevated in alpha thalassemia, it can be measured, providing a useful screening test for this disease in some populations. (wikipedia.org)
  • If hemoglobin Barts is detected on a newborn screen, the patient is usually referred for further evaluation since detection of hemoglobin Barts can indicate either one alpha globin gene deletion, making the baby a silent alpha thalassemia carrier, two alpha globin gene deletions (alpha thalassemia), or hemoglobin H disease (three alpha globin gene deletions). (wikipedia.org)
  • The chance of a fetus developing Hemoglobin Bart's hydrops fetalis is dependent upon if one or both parent carries the alpha-thalassemia trait. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hemoglobin SB+ (beta) thalassemia affects beta globin gene production. (healthline.com)
  • If inherited with the Hb S gene, you will have hemoglobin S beta thalassemia. (healthline.com)
  • Hemoglobin E/thalassemia. (chkd.org)
  • This means you have one hemoglobin gene from one parent, and a beta-thalassemia gene from the other parent. (chkd.org)
  • Those with hemoglobin E trait plus a second abnormal hemoglobin gene (as described above), may have thalassemia, or anemia-like symptoms. (chkd.org)
  • This comes in two forms: HbSβ0 and Hbβ+ thalassemia. (childrenshospital.org)
  • For example, in a recent study of 62 children and adolescents with hemoglobin SS or Sβ° thalassemia, 11 reticulocyte count had a significant association with jet velocity but hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase and bilirubin concentrations did not. (haematologica.org)
  • There are two types: Hb S beta 0-thalassemia (severe form) and Hb S beta +-thalassemia (milder form). (dignityhealth.org)
  • Anemia is a factor in fetuses with Hemoglobin Bart's disease as there is an "increased cardiac output" and hypovolemia as the tissues of the fetus require oxygen because of the gamma globulin's high affinity for oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What type of protein-protein interaction is disrupted in hemoglobin when oxygen binds? (flashcardmachine.com)
  • What type of co-operativity is involved in the binding of oxygen by hemoglobin? (flashcardmachine.com)
  • How does D-2-3 Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? (flashcardmachine.com)
  • D-2-3 Bisphosphoglycerate decreases the affinity hemoglobin for oxygen by binding to and stabilizing the deoxy-hemoglobin state. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • As a result the affinity for oxygen by hemoglobin is decreased. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • This means that the fetal hemoglobn has a higher affinity for oxygen than the adult hemoglobin and transfer of oxygen from the low affinity HbA to the higher affinity HbF is thus enabled. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Advanced signal processing algorithms and unique adaptive filters work together to offer hemoglobin (SpHb) and oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ), in addition to methemoglobin (SpMet ® ), pulse rate (PR), perfusion index (Pi), pleth variability index (PVi ® ), and other parameters - all in real time. (masimo.com)
  • Hemoglobin is an iron-containing respiratory protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen and then transports and releases it to cells that need oxygen. (icr.org)
  • The high molecular mass hemoglobin of the worm is the transporter for both oxygen and sulfide. (icr.org)
  • Hemoglobin is an iron-containing oxygen-transport protein found in red blood cells. (icr.org)
  • The hemoglobin molecule is designed with much variation to supply the oxygen needs of a wide variety of organisms. (icr.org)
  • Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein in red blood cells that enables the blood to carry oxygen to tissues throughout the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Each hemoglobin protein contains four iron atoms and can therefore carry four molecules of oxygen. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Hemoglobin attaches to red blood cells and delivers oxygen throughout the body - everywhere that blood flows. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A low level of hemoglobin in the blood means there is also a low level of oxygen. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Once it is formed, the molecule loses its ability to carry molecular oxygen and reduces its ability to release oxygen to tissues. (cdc.gov)
  • After adjustment for hemoglobin concentration, systolic blood pressure and left ventricular diastolic function, a 2 SD increase in the hemolytic index was associated with a 4.5-fold increase in the odds of elevated jet velocity ( p =0.009) and oxygen saturation ≤98% with a 3.2-fold increase ( p =0.028). (haematologica.org)
  • The most important function of Iron in the human body is helping the production of both hemoglobin (the substance that carries oxygen withing red blood cells) and myoglobin. (womenfitness.net)
  • SCD is often detected during pregnancy or at birth and affects the hemoglobin - the protein inside the red blood cells (RBC) that carry oxygen through your body - in the blood. (dignityhealth.org)
  • Oxygen is carried in the blood attached to haemoglobin (the large, iron-containing protein that makes blood red). (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Almost two-thirds of the iron in the body (approximately 2.5 grams of iron) is found in hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues. (cdc.gov)
  • Hemoglobin (Hb) usually comprises two α and two ß subunits, forming a tetramer responsible for oxygen transportation and storage. (bvsalud.org)
  • Scientists have no fossil molecules, and thus they cannot go back into deep evolutionary time and analyze the hypothetical pre-hemoglobin that supposedly existed. (icr.org)
  • Hemoglobin molecules contain iron within a porphyrin heme structure. (cdc.gov)
  • A person with SCD has unusual hemoglobin molecules that deform the ordinarily round red blood cells into a sickle, or crescent, shape. (dignityhealth.org)
  • The test measures the percentage of hemoglobin in the blood that is glycosylated (attached to a sugar molecule). (theepochtimes.com)
  • Who would consider seriously a phylogeny of vertebrates drawn from a comparison of myoglobin [a single polypeptide chain molecule found in the muscles of vertebrates] of some species and hemoglobin from others? (icr.org)
  • Representation of a human hemoglobin protein molecule. (icr.org)
  • Methemoglobin can be formed by directly oxidizing the iron within the hemoglobin molecule or indirectly causing oxidation through the release of free radicals [Lopez-Shirley et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Also that year, Vernon Ingram discovered that the disease sickle cell anaemia is caused by a single amino acid change in the hemoglobin molecule and Sydney Brenner joined the Unit. (wikipedia.org)
  • How many sub-units does myoglobin and hemoglobin have, respectively? (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Perutz discovered that the detailed three-dimensional structures of proteins, such as myoglobin and hemoglobin could, in principle, be solved by X-ray analysis using a heavy metal atom labeling technique. (wikipedia.org)
  • HbS is an abnormal form of hemoglobin associated with sickle cell anemia . (medlineplus.gov)
  • HbC is an abnormal form of hemoglobin associated with excessive red blood cell destruction and hemolytic anemia . (medlineplus.gov)
  • It leads to an abnormal form of hemoglobin that may cause mild anemia. (chkd.org)
  • In this disease, the hemoglobin E causes anemia symptoms. (chkd.org)
  • This is a milder form of sickle cell anemia. (chkd.org)
  • Low hemoglobin levels often indicate anemia, but high levels can also be a sign of a serious health condition. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In the United States, doctors diagnose anemia when the test finds hemoglobin levels to be less than 13.5 g/dL in males and less than 12.0 g/dL in females. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Low hemoglobin levels usually indicate that a person has anemia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Children with hemoglobin SS have chronic anemia. (whattoexpect.com)
  • Pulmonary hypertension may develop in most forms of hereditary and chronic hemolytic anemia 7 - 10 suggesting that there is a clinical syndrome of hemolysis-associated pulmonary hypertension. (haematologica.org)
  • In a routine blood test, anemia is reported as a low hemoglobin or hematocrit. (webmd.com)
  • If you have anemia, your hemoglobin level will be low, too. (webmd.com)
  • Some forms - like the mild anemia that happens during pregnancy - aren't a major concern. (webmd.com)
  • Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rice fortified with iron (Ultrarice®), given once weekly, and on hemoglobin levels and anemia prevalence compared with standard rice. (omicsonline.org)
  • Conclusions: This study shows that consumption of the iron-fortified rice compared to the control rice does not change hemoglobin or anemia prevalence in preschoolers. (omicsonline.org)
  • To analyze the hemoglobin value and the prevalence of anemia in women in reproductive age, mothers of children enrolled in municipal day care centers in a municipality with a high Human Development Index, in the Southeast region of Brazil, and related factors, including being attended by the Family Health Strategy. (bvsalud.org)
  • The prevalence of anemia in women was 9.6%, with an average hemoglobin concentration of 14.6 g / dL. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hemoglobin electrophoresis measures the levels of the different types of this protein in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A blood test called a hemoglobin electrophoresis can also determine which type you might carry. (healthline.com)
  • The testing might also include hemoglobin electrophoresis or iron studies. (chkd.org)
  • By using the mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (MCHC), RBC folate can be calculated. (cdc.gov)
  • Certain diseases are associated with high HbF levels (when HbF is more than 2% of the total hemoglobin). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The iron moiety of hemoglobin can be oxidized to the Fe +++ state to form methemoglobin (MetHb). (cdc.gov)
  • The red cell also has metabolic pathways (hexose monophosphate shunt and methemoglobin reductase) which protect hemoglobin from oxidation. (ivis.org)
  • Hemoglobin Barts, abbreviated Hb Barts, is an abnormal type of hemoglobin that consists of four gamma globins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hemoglobins move on the paper and form bands that show the amount of each type of hemoglobin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This is the main type of hemoglobin in an unborn baby's body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hemoglobin A1c (glycated hemoglobin) reflects the average blood glucose concentration over the course of the red blood cell (RBC) lifespan, roughly 120 days in normal individuals. (medscape.com)
  • More glycosylated hemoglobin is formed at higher blood glucose concentration, and it accumulates over the lifetime of the cell. (theepochtimes.com)
  • The extent of hemoglobin glycation is related not only to the glucose concentration in blood but also to the average RBC lifespan. (medscape.com)
  • It was verified: weight, height and hemoglobin concentration dosage. (bvsalud.org)
  • The ability to measure hemoglobin Barts makes it useful in newborn screening tests. (wikipedia.org)
  • Doctors may measure hemoglobin levels as part of a complete blood count (CBC) test. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • As a result, the hemoglobin A1c level reflects the average blood glucose level over the course of the red blood cell's lifespan, roughly 120 days. (medscape.com)
  • As the most severe form of SCD, individuals with this form also experience the worst symptoms at a higher rate. (healthline.com)
  • What are the symptoms of hemoglobin E trait? (chkd.org)
  • People with hemoglobin E trait usually have no symptoms. (chkd.org)
  • Read on to learn more about how hemoglobin levels can affect people, including symptoms, treatment, and outlook for someone with low hemoglobin in their body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • There are different types of MS . Mavenclad is prescribed to treat relapsing forms of MS. People with these forms of MS have periods with little or no symptoms, called remission. (healthline.com)
  • People who only inherit a mutated gene (hemoglobin S) from one parent are said to have sickle cell trait. (healthline.com)
  • Hemoglobin E trait is an inherited blood disorder. (chkd.org)
  • Hemoglobin E trait is caused by a gene defect. (chkd.org)
  • Who is at risk for hemoglobin E trait? (chkd.org)
  • Hemoglobin E trait may occur in any part of the world. (chkd.org)
  • How is hemoglobin E trait diagnosed? (chkd.org)
  • Hemoglobin E trait is most often found during routine newborn screening tests. (chkd.org)
  • If you are a known carrier of hemoglobin E trait, get tested before you have children. (chkd.org)
  • If your partner is also a carrier, you risk having a child with hemoglobin E trait or related diseases. (chkd.org)
  • No treatment is usually needed for hemoglobin E. trait. (chkd.org)
  • What are possible complications of hemoglobin E trait? (chkd.org)
  • What can I do to prevent hemoglobin E trait? (chkd.org)
  • Hemoglobin E trait and related diseases are inherited. (chkd.org)
  • Most people with hemoglobin E trait and hemoglobin E disease will live a healthy, normal life. (chkd.org)
  • People with sickle cell trait have one copy of the HbS gene and one copy of the normal hemoglobin A gene ( HbA ). (childrenshospital.org)
  • There are over 300 alleles (one of two or more forms of a gene that produce variations in a given trait) for the hemoglobin gene, part of the globin gene superfamily. (icr.org)
  • Hemoglobin SC disease (HbSC) is a relatively mild form, accounting for around 25 percent of cases. (whattoexpect.com)
  • Hemoglobins occur sporadically among the invertebrate phyla in no obvious [evolutionary branching] pattern. (icr.org)
  • This is the most common type that can occur when a person does not have enough iron in their body, and it cannot make the hemoglobin the body needs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • High hemoglobin levels could signal a rare blood disorder called polycythemia . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Hemighost cells are formed after oxidative hemolysis seen in G6DP deficiency. (cdc.gov)
  • This is a disorder where the immune system attacks blood-forming stem cells in the bone marrow , resulting in fewer red blood cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The liver or bone marrow stores iron released from hemoglobin, which makes the next generation of blood cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • As a result, gamma chains will accumulate and form four gamma globins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike adults who have alpha and beta chains in the hemoglobin, a foetus expresses a zeta chain instead of alpha and epsilon, then later gamma instead of the HbA beta chain. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • The red color is from several complex hemoglobins that have 144 globin chains. (icr.org)
  • Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) is an indicator of long-term (about three months) blood glucose levels. (theepochtimes.com)
  • Plasmepsins are involved in the early steps of hemoglobin degradation. (eurogentec.com)
  • Moreover, the levels of haemoglobin degradation products, haem and haemozoin, are decreased when K13 is inactivated. (elifesciences.org)
  • Five folate forms, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, folic acid, tetrahydrofolate, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate, and one oxidation product of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate called MeFox (pyrazino-s-triazine derivative of 4-α-hydroxy-5-methyltetrahydrofolate) are measured by isotope-dilution high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (Fazili, et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Oxidation of hemoglobin leads to methemoglobinemia and/or Heinz body formation. (ivis.org)
  • Cat hemoglobin is more susceptible to oxidation than dog hemoglobin because it contains a high percentage of sulfur-containing amino acids which are easily oxidized. (ivis.org)
  • As of January, 2010, the American Diabetes Association began promoting the use of hemoglobin A1c as the preferred diagnostic test for diabetes mellitus. (medscape.com)
  • A study by Vehik et al indicated that a rise in hemoglobin A1c of 10% or more from baseline signals an increased risk in pediatric patients of stage 3 type 1 diabetes mellitus, when other factors, including genetic risk and diabetes-associated autoantibodies, are also present. (medscape.com)
  • Hemoglobin A1c is a specific fraction of hemoglobin A found in healthy individuals as well as individuals with diabetes mellitus. (medscape.com)
  • Managing adolescence, including the adult forms So-and-so eats sugar! (faqs.org)
  • Sensitivity and specificity were reported to be 74% and 88%, respectively, with the investigators stating that the predictive value of hemoglobin A1c is comparable to that of an oral glucose tolerance test measurement of 2-hour plasma glucose. (medscape.com)
  • A study by Holsen et al indicated that in women, recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD) influences hemoglobin A1c levels. (medscape.com)
  • Having continuous access to Hgb [hemoglobin] levels in real time offers a clear advantage over the traditional measurement methods as it enables clinicians to detect changes in Hgb levels quickly and adjust clinical management strategies accordingly. (masimo.com)
  • How are hemoglobin levels tested? (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A blood test can assess hemoglobin levels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • 10 years had significantly higher levels of glycated hemoglobin. (scirp.org)
  • Arcanjo FPN, Santos PR, Segall SD (2013) Ferric Pyrophosphate-fortified Rice Given Once Weekly Does not Increase Hemoglobin Levels in Preschoolers. (omicsonline.org)
  • Capillary blood samples to test for hemoglobin levels were taken at baseline and after intervention. (omicsonline.org)
  • For example, in patients whose records of fingerstick glucose are incomplete, reflecting good control in the week prior to a physician's visit, a hemoglobin A1c value of 6.8% is reassuring, whereas a value of 9.6% indicates that glucose levels were probably much higher in the preceding weeks. (medscape.com)
  • Early detection of Hemoglobin (Hb) Bart's disease before the development of hydrops fetalis is crucial because fetuses that develop hydrops fetalis will either be stillborn or may die shortly after birth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hemoglobin E disease. (chkd.org)
  • Most people with hemoglobin E disease will live a healthy, normal life. (chkd.org)
  • Data collection was performed through a form, addressing socioeconomic variables and maternal health. (bvsalud.org)
  • Secular scientists attempt to explain their origin using terms such as duplication (a form of mutation that overwhelmingly destroys genetic information) and translocation . (icr.org)
  • This is a genetic condition where the hemoglobin protein is abnormal. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The average American diet provides 10-15 milligrams (mg) of iron daily in two forms: heme and nonheme iron. (cdc.gov)
  • MaHbα and MaHbß were highly homologous to hemoglobins from other fish, displaying typical globin-like domains, most heme-binding sites, and tetramer interface regions highly conserved in teleosts. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of topical haemoglobin spray as adjunct therapy in the treatment of chronic wounds within a UK National Health Service (NHS) community setting. (molnlycke.com)
  • Invasive blood samples provide intermittent and delayed hemoglobin results. (masimo.com)
  • With greater visibility of blood constituents, rainbow ® SpHb enables clinicians to monitor changes in hemoglobin between invasive blood samples. (masimo.com)
  • In those with both recurrent MDD and obesity, the hemoglobin A1c level was higher than in women with obesity but no recurrent MDD (5.75% vs 5.44%, respectively). (medscape.com)
  • This important principle was established for hemoglobin modified by ethylene oxide or alkylating agents. (cdc.gov)
  • Nestled between the lungs, the heart sits within a protective, bony cage formed by the sternum, ribs, and spine. (encyclopedia.com)
  • To facilitate this exchange, red cells consist essentially of gas-carrying soluble protein (hemoglobin) surrounded by a protective cell membrane. (ivis.org)
  • Our results suggest that artemisinin resistance is due to a decrease in artemisinin activation brought about by a decrease in efficiency of haemoglobin uptake and consequently reduced production of haem. (elifesciences.org)
  • Considering only anemic participants, there was a significant increase in hemoglobin means before and after intervention, p=0.003 in the fortified rice school. (omicsonline.org)
  • The liver stores iron from hemoglobin in the form of ferritin, ready to make new red blood cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The iron in hemoglobin is normally found in the Fe ++ state. (cdc.gov)
  • Student's t-test was used to assess the difference in hemoglobin within / between the groups. (omicsonline.org)
  • Tests usually express hemoglobin, or Hb, in grams per deciliter (g/dL) of blood. (medicalnewstoday.com)