• Malignant blast cells (i.e. diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) are fast-growing and result in aggressive disease, whereas malignant mature lymphocytes (i.e. follicular lymphoma) behave indolently. (oncolink.org)
  • The t(14;18) translocation (characteristic for follicular lymphoma but also common in other types) results in activation of the BCL-2 gene and suppression of apoptosis. (oncolink.org)
  • Important types include follicular lymphoma and small lymphocytic lymphoma . (oncolink.org)
  • Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma. (rush.edu)
  • Survival outcomes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by association with concurrent or antecedent follicular lymphoma and double hit status. (rush.edu)
  • Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), encoded in humans by the BCL2 gene, is the founding member of the Bcl-2 family of regulator proteins that regulate cell death (apoptosis), by either inhibiting (anti-apoptotic) or inducing (pro-apoptotic) apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bcl-2 derives its name from B-cell lymphoma 2, as it is the second member of a range of proteins initially described in chromosomal translocations involving chromosomes 14 and 18 in follicular lymphomas. (wikipedia.org)
  • But simultaneous over-expression of Bcl-2 and the proto-oncogene myc may produce aggressive B-cell malignancies including lymphoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • In follicular lymphoma, a chromosomal translocation commonly occurs between the fourteenth and the eighteenth chromosomes - t(14;18) - which places the Bcl-2 gene from chromosome 18 next to the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus on chromosome 14. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, positive cells increase considerably in follicular lymphoma, as well as many other forms of cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Follicular lymphoma, low-power view. (medscape.com)
  • Follicular lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that most commonly presents as a painless, slowly progressive adenopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Because the chromosomal t(14;18) translocation is found in the majority of patients with follicular lymphoma, bone marrow aspiration and chromosome analysis can also help establish the diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Most patients with follicular lymphoma present at an advanced stage, and most patients have bone marrow involvement at diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Clinically, grade 3B follicular lymphoma is treated like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma . (medscape.com)
  • Multiagent chemotherapy in combination with rituximab is the most common first-line treatment strategy for follicular lymphoma. (medscape.com)
  • The prototypic mammalian regulator of cell death is bcl-2, the oncogene implicated in the development of human follicular lymphoma. (deathbase.org)
  • The B-cell lymphoma/leukemia oncogene bcl-2 takes part in crucial regulatory events in B-cell maturation and differentiation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The recently isolated bcl-w gene encodes a pro-survival member of the Bcl-2 family, which is widely expressed. (deathbase.org)
  • bcl-w, a novel member of the bcl-2 family, promotes cell survival. (deathbase.org)
  • Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. (rush.edu)
  • DZNep represses Bcl-2 expression and modulates apoptosis sensitivity in response to Nutlin-3a. (rush.edu)
  • The pro-apoptotic proteins in the BCL-2 family, including Bax and Bak, normally act on the mitochondrial membrane to promote permeabilization and release of cytochrome c and ROS, that are important signals in the apoptosis cascade. (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteínas de la membrana codificadas por los GENES BCL-2 y que sirven como potentes inhibidores de la muerte celular por APOPTOSIS. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bcl-2 protein blocks apoptosis (programmed cell death), and thereby may contribute to tomorigenesis by prolonging cell survival rather than by accelerating the rate of cell proliferation. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Abundant evidence implicates this protein in the suppression of apoptosis in many types of cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Apoptosis regulator bcl-w is essential for spermatogenesis but appears otherwise redundant. (deathbase.org)
  • Proteins of the Bcl-2 family are important regulators of apoptosis in many tissues of the embryo and adult. (deathbase.org)
  • These findings suggest that bcl-w participates in the control of apoptosis in multiple cell types. (deathbase.org)
  • Parborell, F. Effects of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on rat ovarian follicle apoptosis: Regulation by epidermal growth factor and the expression of Bcl-2-related genes. (uba.ar)
  • The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the in vivo effect of the GnRH analogue leuprolide acetate (LA) on follicular development and apoptosis-related mechanisms in preovulatory ovarian follicles (POF) obtained from prepubertal eCG-treated rats. (uba.ar)
  • The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1). (lookformedical.com)
  • This study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of miR-34a and 11 of its bioinformatically selected target genes and proteins to test their potential dysregulation in RCC. (hindawi.com)
  • They are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in plants, metazoans, and mammals, and are predicted to control the activity of 30% of all protein-coding genes [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Translocation of bcl-2 sequences from chromosome 18 onto the transcriptionally active immunoglobulin locus at chromosome band 14q32 in B-cells deregulates bcl-2 gene expression, resulting in high levels of bcl-2 mRNA. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Expression of the bcl-2 oncogene protein is not specific for the 14;18 chromosomal translocation. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Expression of the bcl-2 oncogene product and chromosomal translocation t(14;18) in Hodgkin's disease. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The reciprocal chromosomal translocation t(14;18), leading to overexpression of this oncogene, can be found in the majority of follicular lymphomas and much less frequently in B-cell leukemias and diffuse lymphomas. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We have studied the expression of this protein in different subtypes of Hodgkin's disease using monoclonal antibodies directed against a formalin-resistant epitope of the bcl-2 protein and also have investigated these cases by polymerase chain reaction for evidence of the t(14;18) translocation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In a smaller number of cases this expression of bcl-2 could be explained by the presence of the translocation t(14;18). (ox.ac.uk)
  • [ 1 ] approximately 20% are likely to be follicular lymphomas. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] No sex preponderance is seen for follicular lymphomas, but the incidence increases with age and varies across racial groups. (medscape.com)
  • Despite the fact that most follicular lymphomas are advanced at the time of diagnosis, many patients may not require treatment for prolonged periods of time, and the median survival of patients with follicular lymphomas has historically been approximately 8-10 years. (medscape.com)
  • The bcl-2 gene was first discovered in t(14:18) follicular lymphomas. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The over-expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein in lymphocytes alone does not cause cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bcl-2 expression is frequent in small cell lung cancer, accounting for 76% cases in one study. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some evidence suggests that this may result from abnormal expression of Bcl-2 and increased expression of caspase-3. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enforced expression of bcl-w rendered lymphoid and myeloid cells refractory to several (but not all) cytotoxic conditions. (deathbase.org)
  • While expression of bcl-w was uncommon in B or T lymphoid cell lines, the mRNA was observed in almost all murine myeloid cell lines analysed and in a wide range of tissues. (deathbase.org)
  • 2) We have discovered a group of oncoproteins that are implicated in long-term maintenance of gene expression through their effects on the state of chromatin. (stanford.edu)
  • We were particularly interested to determine whether nodular paragranuloma (lymphocyte-predominant, nodular), which differs from other subtypes of Hodgkin's disease by virtue of the B-cell nature of its malignant cell population, is characterized by expression of the bcl-2 protein. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Our data indicate that only a small number of nodular paragranulomas express the bcl-2 protein and that the expression is not specific for this type of Hodgkin's disease. (ox.ac.uk)
  • and cell differentiation ( SOX2 and TGFB3 ) as well as immunohistochemical assay for VEGFA, TP53, Bcl2, TGFB1, and Ki67 protein expression have been performed in 85 FFPE RCC tumor specimens. (hindawi.com)
  • The advanced pathological grade was associated with strong TGFB1, VEGFA, and Ki67 protein expression and absent Tp53 staining. (hindawi.com)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • Protein expression and function of organic anion transporters in short-term and long-term cultures of Huh7 human hepatoma cells. (cancerindex.org)
  • Malignant transformation is usually the result of chromosomal translocations that activate proto-oncogenes or create a chimeric fusion protein. (oncolink.org)
  • Activation from the NLRP3 inflammasome needs set up of NLRP3 and caspase-1 (casp-1) bridged jointly through the adaptor proteins ASC, wherein casp-1 undergoes autoproteolytic digesting. (cancercurehere.com)
  • The two isoforms of Bcl-2, Isoform 1, and Isoform 2, exhibit a similar fold. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, a reduction in the Bcl-xL:Bcl-xS ratio was observed, with a greater decrease in Bcl-xL compared with Bcl-xS during the incubation, suggesting a lower stability of the Bcl-xL isoform in the LA group. (uba.ar)
  • Our studies have demonstrated that several of the proteins encoded by cellular oncogenes function in fundamental aspects of gene regulation. (stanford.edu)
  • The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES. (lookformedical.com)
  • Antibodies to Bcl-2 can be used with immunohistochemistry to identify cells containing the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lysate from Jurkat cells was probed with anti-bcl-2 (clone 4D7, Comp. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • CD4 T-cell-dependent differentiation of CD23 follicular B cells contributes to the pulmonary pathology in a primary Sjögren's syndrome mouse model. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • In addition, relative to salivary gland lesions, pulmonary lesions showed increased CD23 follicular B (FB) cells. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • The central dogma of molecular biology states that the transfer of genetic information within cells transpires sequentially from DNA to RNA to proteins, whose coding sequences comprise a paltry 1.5-2% of the human genome [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Crk-associated substrate p130(Cas) interacts with nephrocystin and both proteins localize to cell-cell contacts of polarized epithelial cells. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Similar to αβ T cells, γδ T cells also develop in embryos, and their intra-thymic development shows strict regulation and flexible plasticity [ 2 ]. (explorationpub.com)
  • Next, we showed that the resulting hybrids can differentiate and acquire a proto-neural electrophysiology profile when the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is activated in the adult stem cells prior fusion. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. (rush.edu)
  • BCL-2 is localized to the outer membrane of mitochondria, where it plays an important role in promoting cellular survival and inhibiting the actions of pro-apoptotic proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. (lookformedical.com)
  • Bcl-2 is an intracellular membrane protein and resides primarily in the nuclear envelope, outer mitochondrial membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (rush.edu)
  • Crk-Associated Substrate Protein" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ucdenver.edu)
  • [ 2 ] Literature since the rituximab era has shown a further increase in overall survival. (medscape.com)
  • Thus, like Bcl-2 and Bcl-x, the Bcl-w protein promotes cell survival, in contrast to other close homologues, Bax and Bak, which facilitate cell death. (deathbase.org)
  • Comparison of the expected amino acid sequence of Bcl-w with that of these relatives helps to delineate residues likely to convey survival or anti-survival function. (deathbase.org)
  • We are investigating how Pbx and Meis proteins contribute to the specificity of Hox function in development and how disruption of their activities leads to neoplasia. (stanford.edu)
  • Damage to the Bcl-2 gene has been identified as a cause of a number of cancers, including melanoma, breast, prostate, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and lung cancer, and a possible cause of schizophrenia and autoimmunity. (wikipedia.org)
  • We demonstrate here that GSK-3 maintains the MLL leukemia stem cell transcriptional program by promoting the conditional association of CREB and its coactivators TORC and CBP with homedomain protein MEIS1, a critical component of the MLL-subordinate program, which in turn facilitates HOX-mediated transcription and transformation. (stanford.edu)
  • Nonionic detergents induce dimerization among members of the Bcl-2 family. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The characteristic formation of glomeruloid follicular foci was present in two cases which also showed psammoma bodies, and tumoral capsular or angiolymphatic invasion. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ovarian histology revealed an inhibitory effect of LA treatment on the follicular development induced by eCG. (uba.ar)
  • BCL-2 is known to regulate mitochondrial dynamics, and is involved in the regulation of mitochondrial fusion and fission. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1) Characterize novel families of oncoproteins (Pbx and Meis) that dimerize with and regulate the DNA binding properties of Hox proteins. (stanford.edu)
  • It is a signal transducing adaptor protein that undergoes tyrosine PHOSPHORYLATION in signaling pathways that regulate CELL MIGRATION and CELL PROLIFERATION. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Investigation of the subcellular distribution of the bcl-2 oncoprotein: residence in the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, and outer mitochondrial membranes. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Mice that lack Bcl-w were viable, healthy, and normal in appearance. (deathbase.org)
  • The encoded protein can activate transcription through pyrimidine-rich initiator (Inr) elements and E-box motifs. (cancerindex.org)
  • for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. (lookformedical.com)
  • A synthetic peptide containing amino acids 61-76 of the human Bcl-2 protein was used as immunogen. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Although genetic and epigenetic aberrations that occur in components of the central dogma clearly elicit disease development in humans, recent findings also point to a prominent role for non-protein-coding regions of the genome in regulating cell and tissue homeostasis, as well as in contributing to the formation of human tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Besides estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, novel biomarkers have shown their prognostic and predictive values, complicating our understanding towards to the heterogeneity of such cancers. (jcancer.org)
  • Its functional similarity to bcl-2 also makes it an attractive candidate proto-oncogene. (deathbase.org)
  • Functional proteomics identifies protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B as a target of RhoA signaling. (ucdenver.edu)
  • These bands may represent oligomers of Bcl-2, which have been reported to occur with members of the Bcl-2 family during the preparation of nonionic detergent extracts. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • There are additional non-canonical roles of BCL-2 that are being explored. (wikipedia.org)
  • This fusion gene is deregulated, leading to the transcription of excessively high levels of Bcl-2. (wikipedia.org)
  • POF obtained from LA-treated rats showed no changes in Bcl-2 or Bax protein levels. (uba.ar)
  • The bcl-w-/- mouse provides a unique model of failed spermatogenesis in the adult that may be relevant to some cases of human male sterility. (deathbase.org)
  • These pro-apoptotic proteins are in turn activated by BH3-only proteins, and are inhibited by the function of BCL-2 and its relative BCL-Xl. (wikipedia.org)
  • Highly sensitive detection of nucleocapsid protein from SARS-CoV-2 using a near-infrared surface plasmon resonance sensing system, Optics Continuum, Vol.11, No.1, 2336-2346, 2022. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • Using a PCR-based strategy we cloned a novel member of this gene family, denoted bcl-w. (deathbase.org)