• Instead, the nucleoid forms by condensation and functional arrangement with the help of chromosomal architectural proteins and RNA molecules as well as DNA supercoiling. (wikipedia.org)
  • The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS . (lookformedical.com)
  • RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) exert a broad range of biological functions. (nature.com)
  • Only 60% of yeast and 73% of the human RBPs have functions assigned to RNA biology or structural motifs known to convey RNA binding, and many intensively studied proteins surprisingly emerge as RBPs (termed 'enigmRBPs'), including almost all glycolytic enzymes, pointing to emerging connections between gene regulation and metabolism. (nature.com)
  • RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) mediate pivotal cellular functions such as RNA transport, degradation or translation and represent key effectors of post-transcriptional gene regulation. (nature.com)
  • We show that this conserved RNA interactome harbours many proteins without previously assigned roles in RNA biology (enigmRBPs), including surprisingly many metabolic enzymes. (nature.com)
  • After cell lysis, polyadenylated RNAs were captured on oligo d(T) beads followed by stringent washes to remove non-crosslinked proteins. (nature.com)
  • The processes of DNA transcription and RNA translation allow these units to be assembled into the correct sequences to form the necessary proteins when cells divide. (allthescience.org)
  • In plants, RNase III Dicer-like proteins (DCLs) act as sensors of dsRNAs and process them into short 21- to 24-nucleotide (nt) (s)RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plant Dicer-like proteins (DCLs) are RNase III, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-specific endonucleases with specialized functions in producing short (s)RNAs of 21- to 24-nucleotides (nt), including micro (mi)RNAs and short interfering (si)RNAs of endogenous or viral origin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Similarly to the studies carried out two decades ago for proteins, which gave the fundamental grounds for developing comparative protein structure prediction methods, we are now able to quantify the relationship between sequence and structure conservation in RNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Similar to proteins, functional RNA molecules fold into specific three-dimensional conformations essential for performing their biological activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nonetheless, it is common knowledge that RNA 3D structure is more conserved than RNA sequence and that such principle could be used for comparative RNA structure prediction in a similar way it is done for proteins [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Translational regulation played an important role in the correct folding of heterologous proteins to form bioactive conformations during biogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, due to the remarkable codon preference and tRNA content against the other species, heterologous proteins expressed in Pichia pastoris often encounter folding problem, which severely limited their production efficiency [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent studies have revealed that the amino acid sequence does not guarantee correct folding of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These proteins are beta-sheet rich or multi-domain and aggregation prone, which may require higher co-translational folding efficiency. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recently developed unbiased high content techniques to identify RBPs in vivo yielded information on differences in cell type-specific expression and/or RNA-binding activity of RBPs in mammalian cells 2 , 3 . (nature.com)
  • 64.2 versus 7.7) in rat than in dog, whereas the in vivo biliary excretion of temocaprilat was 40-fold higher in rat than in dog. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Conversely, DCL4 did not efficiently process a replicase-assisted viral replicon in vivo, providing evidence that viral RNAs are not accessible to DCL4 in membranes associated in active replication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules contain various post-transcriptional modifications that are crucial for tRNA stability, translation efficiency, and fidelity. (mdpi.com)
  • The computational analysis here presented quantitatively describes the relationship between sequence and structure for RNA molecules and defines a twilight zone region for detecting RNA homology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNA molecules are now known to carry a large repertory of biological functions such as transfer of information, enzymatic catalysis and regulation of cellular processes [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, to date no general large-scale study has systematically addressed the quantitative analysis of the relationship between sequence and structure conservation in RNA molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transcription in eukaryotes is carried out by three main RNA polymerases: Pol I, II, and III. (mdpi.com)
  • Plant DCL4 is involved in the biogenesis of either functional endogenous or exogenous (i.e. viral) short interfering (si)RNAs, thus playing crucial antiviral roles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Analyses of the mitochondrial hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD17B10) uncover the RNA-binding specificity of an enigmRBP. (nature.com)
  • We also determined the RNA targets of an RNA-binding mitochondrial enzyme and show its specificity in RNA binding. (nature.com)
  • Here, we identify nonrandom distribution of a pathogenic mtDNA variant across a complex tissue using single-cell RNA-Seq, mitochondrial single-cell ATAC sequencing, and multimodal single-cell sequencing. (jci.org)
  • Besides their canonical roles in translation, tRNAs also originate tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs with regulatory functions ranging from translation regulation to gene expression control and cellular stress response. (mdpi.com)
  • The results all together confirm the role of sense/antisense RNA-based regulation of gene expression, expanding the sense/antisense atlas of S. cerevisiae . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) has multiple roles in cellular functions, from coding genes to non-coding regulatory activities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is due to the delay of 60S subunit assembly by deleting non-essential ribosomal protein genes or 60S subunit processing factors, thus globally decreased the translation elongation speed and improved the co-translational folding, without perturbing the relative transcription level and translation initiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Circular dichroism study of nine species of transfer ribonucleic acid. (colorado.edu)
  • At the genomic level, this integration involved the loss of many genes and the transfer of many more to the host nuclear genome, the protein products of which are targeted back to the organelle [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This process is not complete, however, as all known plastids have retained a residual genome that encodes a handful of RNA and protein-coding genes, which typically include many of the key components of photosystems I and II [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The isolated nucleoid contains 80% DNA, 10% protein, and 10% RNA by weight. (wikipedia.org)
  • The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein. (lookformedical.com)
  • Among these are energy-consuming enzymes such as GTPases, protein kinases, ATP-dependent RNA helicases, and AAA-type (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) ATPases, which suggests that the energy derived from nucleotide hydrolysis confers directionality to ribosome assembly. (silverchair.com)
  • Recent studies indicate that nutrient fluctuations and insulin resistance increase proinsulin synthesis in β cells beyond the capacity for folding of nascent polypeptides within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, thereby disrupting ER homeostasis and triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR). (jci.org)
  • Translational pausing coordinates protein translation and co-translational folding. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Global decrease in the translation elongation speed by RP deletion enhanced co-translational folding efficiency of nascent chains and decreased protein aggregates to improve heterologous protein yield. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The translational pausing sites, which are mediated by clustered but non-consecutive slow-translating codons, coordinate protein biosynthesis and co-translational folding [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For example, green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a eukaryotic protein containing 11 beta-sheet structures and its folding yield was significantly increased by co-translational folding in E. coli [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In turn, miRNAs and siRNAs guide the effector Argonautes (AGOs)-containing complexes to silence RNA target transcripts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In recent years, the number of available RNA structures has rapidly grown reflecting the increased interest on RNA biology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Likewise, E. longa has lost most of the photosynthetic genes found in the plastid of its close relative Euglena gracilis , but they share many features that are unique to euglenids, such as three tandem repeats of the RNA operon and a multitude of distinctive introns [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MYC2 is one of the key regulators of JA signal transfer and the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites. (frontiersin.org)
  • The latter function is associated with the ability of RNA to form double-stranded (ds) or ds-like secondary structures. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A new method that relies on secondary structure information to align homolog RNA sequences was also recently developed [ 49 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, with the aim of characterizing RNA structure diversity, Abraham and co-workers recently studied the RNA conservation at three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The secondary outcome was transfer to a hospital for any reason. (cdc.gov)
  • Bonds can also form, however, between the side chains on a polypeptide chain, causing it to fold over in various ways, and between the side chains of adjacent polypeptide chains. (allthescience.org)
  • Infections caused by several positive-stranded RNA viruses allow the characterization of DCLs involved in the RNA-silencing-based antiviral immune responses of plants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These led to the conclusion that DCL4 and DCL2 act redundantly and one of the two alone is sufficient to perceive dsRNA of viral origin, process it into siRNA of viral origin (vsiRNAs) and initiate the plant RNA silencing-based antiviral defense [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have investigated its impact on brain development in mice using magnetic resonance imaging, histology, and single-cell RNA sequencing. (bvsalud.org)
  • Single-cell RNA sequencing of brains from newborn mutant mice revealed that a complete brain including all cell types of a physiologic mouse brain is formed despite the SMARCB1 mutation. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study we expressed plant DCL4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , an RNAi-depleted organism, in which we could highlight the role of dicing as neither Argonautes nor RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is present. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Complementary oligonucleotide binding to the anticodon loop of fMet-transfer RNA. (colorado.edu)
  • The affinity of hOAT1 toward cidofovir and adefovir ( K m = 46 and 30 μM, respectively) was 5- to 9-fold higher compared with rROAT1 ( K m = 238 and 270 μM, respectively). (aspetjournals.org)
  • This work underscores the importance of the acquisition of horizontally transferred genes in the evolution of Y. pestis and points to virulence determinants that have been gained and lost on multiple occasions in the history of the genus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our work could represent the theoretical basis and limitations for future developments in comparative RNA 3D structure prediction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In E. coli, the chromosomal DNA is on average negatively supercoiled and folded into plectonemic loops, which are confined to different physical regions, and rarely diffuse into each other. (wikipedia.org)
  • The primary outcome was transfer to a hospital due to infection. (cdc.gov)