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GiganticaCattleTrematodesParasiteHepatica eggsSmall-ruminantHumansInfectionLiver parenchymaSpeciesParasitic diseaseSheep liverClonorchisGastrointestinalParasitesFasciolosis or fascioliasisBile ductsFascioliasisMetacercariaeJuvenileNematodesSnailsHostsResistanceTrematodeIntestinalAdult wormsIntermediateIndirectPasturesMolecularLife cycleDiagnosisOccurMigrationWorldwideMatureMakeProduceFoundControl

Gigantica10

• F. hepatica's closest relative is Fasciola gigantica. (wikipedia.org)
• Fasciola hepatica is one of the largest flukes of the world, reaching a length of 30 mm and a width of 13 mm (Fasciola gigantica, though, is even bigger and can reach up to 75 mm). (wikipedia.org)
• Human fascioliasis (HF) is a plantborne and waterborne infection caused by the trematodes Fasciola hepatica in temperate areas and F. gigantica in tropical areas ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
• Can Cathepsin L Epitope Be an Effective Vaccine Candidate Against Fasciola gigantica via Bioinformatics? (brieflands.com)
• Cathepsin L (Cat L) found in the life stages of F. gigantica is associated with the pathology of the fluke. (brieflands.com)
• Fasciola gigantica is one of the most important parasitic helminths in Asia and Africa, affecting individual and small farming communities. (brieflands.com)
• It belongs to the family Fasciolidae, which includes another species of liver fluke, Fasciola gigantica. (paraedu.ir)
• The molecular structure of Fasciola gigantica 14-3-3 protein has been characterized. (biomedcentral.com)
• Fasciola gigantica is a worldwide distributed liver fluke that can infect a wide range of livestock of economic importance such as cattle, sheep and goats [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• [ 8 ] and should be differentiated from Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, which are liver flukes that cause fascioliasis. (medscape.com)

Cattle13

• Definitive hosts of the fluke are cattle, sheep, and buffaloes. (wikipedia.org)
• These results indicate that F. hepatica wa s the most common liver fluke species that leads to high liver condemnation rates in cattle slaughtered, resulting into financial loss in the study area. (ispub.com)
• Fasciolosis is among important parasitic diseases in tropical and subtropical countries which limit productivity of ruminants in particular cattle. (ispub.com)
• Fasciolosis is a global parasitic disease caused by liver trematodes such as Fasciola hepatica , affecting various mammals, including sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, and humans worldwide. (brieflands.com)
• Fasciola hepatica is distributed worldwide, especially in regions where sheep or cattle are raised. (paraedu.ir)
• The drug is narrow-spectrum veteran flukicide and applied on livestock mainly ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goats). (shreejipharma.net)
• Adult flukes of the species Paramphistomum are occasionally found in ruminal fluid or on necropsy in cattle, and eggs may be found on fecal sedimentation. (msdvetmanual.com)
• don't you also want to treat your dairy cattle against liver fluke during lactation and the entire non-lactating period? (dopharmaforturkeys.com)
• Death caused by liver fluke is almost unheard of in cattle. (dopharmaforturkeys.com)
• The adult liver fluke lays eggs in the liver, which are excreted together with the bile in cattle dung. (dopharmaforturkeys.com)
• In cattle, the life span of a liver fluke varies from 6 months to two years. (dopharmaforturkeys.com)
• Co-infection of F. magna and Fasciola hepatica in the liver of two highland cattle bulls was proved. (biomedcentral.com)
• Oral drench for the control of benzimidazole-sensitive mature and immature roundworms, lungworms, tapeworms and early immature (including 2-week old fluke), immature and mature liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) in cattle and sheep. (agwarehouse.com.au)

Trematodes2

• Liver fluke infection or distomatosis is a parasitic disease in ruminants that is caused by trematodes or flatworms. (dopharmaforturkeys.com)
• Like some other digenean trematodes, the F. magna life cycle includes two hosts, aquatic snails as intermediate hosts and ruminants as definitive hosts. (biomedcentral.com)

Parasite3

• The parasite develops in the snail, and cercariae are released that encyst on herbage and are consumed by the ruminant host. (msdvetmanual.com)
• Trematoda) is a large visceral parasite of ruminants originating from North America. (biomedcentral.com)
• Research Interests: There is a threat to long-term control of the liver fluke parasite, Fasciola hepatica, due to widespread resistance to the most effective flukicide, triclabendazole. (nld-dtp.org.uk)

Hepatica eggs1

• Fasciola hepatica eggs are broadly ellipsoidal, operculated (having a lid-like structure), and measure 130-۱۵۰ μm by 60-۹۰ µm. (paraedu.ir)

Small-ruminant2

• The pelleted nature of small-ruminant and camelid feces make false negatives common. (msdvetmanual.com)
• Goat is a domesticated small ruminant, reared by small farmers across the country primarily for meat production. (journaltocs.ac.uk)

Humans6

• Wild ruminants and other mammals, including humans, can act as definitive hosts as well. (wikipedia.org)
• In humans, the time taken for F. hepatica to mature from metacercariae into an adult fluke is roughly 3 to 4 months. (wikipedia.org)
• Fasciola hepatica is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of various mammals, including humans. (paraedu.ir)
• In addition, disease caused by Fasciola infection (known as fasciolosis) in humans is included in the WHO top listed neglected tropical diseases [ 5 , 6 ], and it is estimated that at least 2.4 million people are infected worldwide and 180 million are at risk of infections [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• Intestinal flukes have likely infected humans for hundreds of years, if not longer. (medscape.com)
• Fasciola hepatica causes liver fluke disease, a worldwide neglected and re-emerging zoonotic disease, leading to hepatitis in humans and livestock. (biomedcentral.com)

Infection6

• 63.6% of total livers found to be positive for bovine fasciolosis were infected with F.hepatica where as F.giantica , mixed infection and immature or unidentified form of fasciola species recovered was 24.3%, 7.14% and 5%, respectively. (ispub.com)
• The morphology of the adult worms, the eggs, and the larval stages can be used to diagnose the infection and differentiate it from other liver flukes. (paraedu.ir)
• In addition, a liver fluke infection can amplify or reduce the effect of other pathogens or interfere with their diagnosis (see further in this text). (dopharmaforturkeys.com)
• In addition, the changing weather conditions also mean that the period in which infection with liver fluke can occur starts earlier on in the pasture season. (dopharmaforturkeys.com)
• A study performed in Denmark revealed that heifers and non-lactating cows that graze in wet pastures form significant risk factors for persistence of a liver fluke infection at a dairy farm. (dopharmaforturkeys.com)
• Heterophyes heterophyes , Metagonimus yokogawai , and Gymnophalloides species are less-common causes of human intestinal fluke infection. (medscape.com)

Liver parenchyma3

• From there, they migrate through the liver parenchyma into the bile ducts, where they mature into adult flukes and produce eggs. (paraedu.ir)
• In the pathogenesis, flukes actively migrate through liver parenchyma provoking tissue damage. (biomedcentral.com)
• As such, juvenile flukes must actively migrate through the liver parenchyma in order to reach bile ducts where they mature into adult stage parasites [ 1 ] becoming blood feeders [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Species1

• Conversely, the genus Echinostoma is the largest, with about 500 species of echinostomatid flukes. (medscape.com)

Parasitic disease1

• Fasciolosis is a worldwide parasitic disease of ruminants and an emerging human disease caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. (bvsalud.org)

Sheep liver2

• Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic trematode (fluke or flatworm, a type of helminth) of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. (wikipedia.org)
• It is also known as the common liver fluke or the sheep liver fluke, and it causes a disease called fasciolosis or fascioliasis. (paraedu.ir)

Clonorchis1

• Fasciola hepatica is similar to another liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, which is also known as the Chinese liver fluke or the oriental liver fluke. (paraedu.ir)

Gastrointestinal1

• Regassa F, Sori T, Dhuguma R, Kiros Y. Epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites of ruminants in western oromia, Ethiopia. (journalsajp.com)

Parasites2

• Cathepsin L (Cat L) enzyme, found in all stages of the liver flukes, plays a significant role in the biological functions of the parasites, such as migration, nutrition, and immune evasion ( 2 ). (brieflands.com)
• Although host immune evasion is a common strategy used by successful parasites, Fasciola spp. (biomedcentral.com)

Fasciolosis or fascioliasis1

• The disease caused by the fluke is called fasciolosis or fascioliasis, which is a type of helminthiasis and has been classified as a neglected tropical disease. (wikipedia.org)

Bile ducts4

• Inside the bile ducts, they develop into an adult fluke. (wikipedia.org)
• Initially, these spines are single-pointed, then, just prior to the fluke entering the bile ducts, they become multipointed. (wikipedia.org)
• These flukes drill their way through the intestinal wall and migrate through the abdominal cavity towards the liver and bile ducts. (dopharmaforturkeys.com)
• Adult fasciolid flukes producing eggs were found in the liver pseudocysts ( F. magna ) and the bile ducts ( F. hepatica ). (biomedcentral.com)

Fascioliasis1

• Flukes that cause schistosomiasis, paragonimiasis, fascioliasis, clonorchiasis, and opisthorchiasis are included in the World Health Organization (WHO) list of neglected tropical diseases (NTD) to which interventions for poor and marginalized populations are prioritized given the significant health burden. (medscape.com)

Metacercariae1

• We hypothesize the vegetables were contaminated by metacercariae, either by Fasciola -infested amphibious snails washed into the garden or directly by runoff. (cdc.gov)

Juvenile4

• Juvenile stages of Fasciola migrate through the circulatory system to the liver and mature into adults in the biliary ducts. (brieflands.com)
• Juvenile liver flukes develop in the small intestine within hours of ingestion. (dopharmaforturkeys.com)
• In the pathogenesis of fasciolosis migrating juvenile flukes as well as adults play a pivotal role. (biomedcentral.com)
• Acute fasciolosis is especially problematic in sheep when large numbers of migrating juvenile flukes invade the liver inducing parenchyma destruction, pro-inflammatory reactions, and bleeding. (biomedcentral.com)

Nematodes1

• Most farmers (80%) treated prophylactically against nematodes, and 24% also used prophylactic treatment against Fasciola hepatica . (parasite-journal.org)

Snails1

• Several other lymnaeid snails may be naturally or experimentally infected with F. hepatica, but their role in transmission of the fluke is low. (wikipedia.org)

Hosts1

• Identification of intermediate hosts, intramolluscan stages, adult flukes and eggs was performed by sequencing the ITS2 region. (biomedcentral.com)

Resistance3

• For example, resistance to triclabendazole can result in a steady spread of liver fluke infections. (dopharmaforturkeys.com)
• Resistance of the liver fluke , Fasciola hepatica , to albendazole and triclabendazole has been already reported in several countries as well (e.g. (parasitipedia.net)
• Special Issue - Combatting Anthelmintic resistance in ruminants. (parasite-journal.org)

Trematode1

• In the trematode group, Fasciola sp. (journaltocs.ac.uk)

Intestinal1

• Intestinal flukes cause inflammation, ulceration, and mucous secretion at the site of attachment. (medscape.com)

Adult worms1

• The adult worms of Fasciola hepatica measure up to 10 mm in length and 2.5 mm in width. (paraedu.ir)

Intermediate1

• The liver fluke has an indirect cycle, in which the pond snail Galba truncatula plays an important role as intermediate host. (dopharmaforturkeys.com)

Indirect3

• Fasciola hepatica occurs in the liver of a definitive host and its lifecycle is indirect. (wikipedia.org)
• An indirect hemagglutination test for Fasciola spp. (cdc.gov)
• In March, an indirect hemagglutination test for Fasciola was performed and was highly positive. (cdc.gov)

Pastures1

• A high protein multi-nutrient supplement for ruminants grazing poor pastures and stubbles. (agwarehouse.com.au)

Molecular1

• Fasciola hepatica can be identified by examining its morphology under a microscope or by using molecular techniques such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or DNA sequencing. (paraedu.ir)

Life cycle1

• The presence of this pond snail is vital to completing the life cycle of the liver fluke. (dopharmaforturkeys.com)

Diagnosis1

• The liver fluke diagnosis can be made in various ways. (dopharmaforturkeys.com)

Occur1

• Liver fluke infections used to occur only in countries further to the south, but in recent years we have seen increasing numbers of liver fluke infestations in our countries too. (dopharmaforturkeys.com)

Migration1

• During their migration and development, liver flukes encounter various host tissue types, distinct physiological microenvironments, and a combination of both humoral and cellular immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)

Worldwide1

• Fasciola hepatica is the causative agent of fasciolosis, a worldwide neglected and re-emerging zoonotic disease [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Mature1

• After ingestion of a metacercaria, it takes on average 10 to 12 weeks for the liver fluke to mature and start excreting eggs. (dopharmaforturkeys.com)

Make1

• Its also used for renewal of the surface plasma membrane and the active uptake of nutrients, and the uptake of some compounds (e.g. taurine) make flukes even more resistant to be killed by the digestive system of host. (wikipedia.org)

Produce2

• The adult flukes can then produce up to 25,000 eggs per fluke per day. (wikipedia.org)
• An adult liver fluke can produce 4,000 to 7,000 eggs per day. (dopharmaforturkeys.com)

Found1

• The large liver fluke that is found in our neck of the woods is called Fasciola hepatica . (dopharmaforturkeys.com)

Control1

• Clorsulon is a substance belonging to the benzene sulphonamide family which is used for the treatment and control of adult flukes. (shreejipharma.net)