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Cerebral InfarctionIntracranial PressureBrain InfarctionBrain EdemaBrain IschemiaBrain InjuriesIntracranial HypertensionCerebrovascular DisordersTomography, X-Ray ComputedInfarctionCerebrovascular CirculationBrainMyocardial InfarctionHypertensionCerebral ArteriesBlood PressureBrain ChemistryMagnetic Resonance ImagingInfarction, Middle Cerebral ArteryEdemaDiuretics, OsmoticTime FactorsPressureBrain NeoplasmsCerebral HemorrhagePseudotumor CerebriGlasgow Coma ScaleAquaporin 4Disease Models, AnimalHypertension, PulmonaryBlood-Brain BarrierIschemic Attack, TransientStrokeRats, Sprague-DawleyDiabetic KetoacidosisRisk FactorsMiddle Cerebral ArteryCerebral AngiographyBrain MappingTreatment OutcomeIntracranial Embolism and ThrombosisCerebral PalsyMonitoring, PhysiologicProspective StudiesHydrocephalusDecompressive CraniectomyCraniocerebral TraumaSubarachnoid HemorrhagePapilledemaMannitolNeuroprotective AgentsPulmonary EdemaCraniotomyAcute DiseaseSaline Solution, HypertonicGlasgow Outcome ScaleCerebral VeinsRetrospective StudiesCerebral VentriclesHead Injuries, ClosedBrain Injury, ChronicMalaria, CerebralCerebral CortexDiffuse Axonal InjuryBrain DiseasesBrain StemHemodynamicsHypoxia, BrainCerebrospinal Fluid ShuntsBrain Damage, ChronicStroke, LacunarRats, WistarLeukoaraiosisElectrocardiographyHypertension, RenalAntihypertensive AgentsPredictive Value of TestsVentriculostomyBrain ConcussionNeuronsAge FactorsCase-Control StudiesIntracranial EmbolismAltitude SicknessComaHypothermia, InducedBlood Flow VelocityBlast InjuriesSpecific GravityHypertension, PortalAnalysis of VarianceCarbon DioxideCohort StudiesTriethyltin CompoundsOxygenPrognosisHeart RateInjury Severity ScoreHyperammonemiaRecovery of Function
StrokeMyocardialHypertensive encephalopathyInjuryCerebrospinalMiddle cerebral arteryPerfusionMechanismSubarachnoidIntracerebralClinicallyArterialClinicalVasodilationHemorrhagicIschemiaNeurologicVenous SystemCardiacPatientsHematomaOedemaAbsorptionCortexPulmonaryTumorCranialHypoxiaSystolic blood prLesionsSyndromesSubduralElevation of blood pressureBloodHerniationOccurSkullDisruptionMass effectSymptomsSpinalTissue damageBasal
Stroke15
  • METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed consecutive ischemic stroke patients who underwent EVT in our institution from November 2015 to April 2022. (bvsalud.org)
  • Based on the etiology, stroke can be classified into ischemic or hemorrhagic subtypes, which ranks second among the leading causes of death. (frontiersin.org)
  • Stroke is caused not only by arterial thrombosis but also by cerebral venous thrombosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • The ischemic stroke accounts for the 87% of all cases, which results from the cerebral arteries occlusion due to thrombosis, atherosclerosis and platelets plug ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Hypoxia and ischemia of the brain are key pathophysiological mechanisms of ischemic stroke ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The molecular pathological hallmarks of arterial stroke and cerebral venous thrombosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • This article summarizes the epidemiology and outcomes of AKI in neurocritically ill adults admitted to the ICU, focusing on prevalent ABI conditions like traumatic brain injury (TBI), aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and acute stroke. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Her main interests are in brain hemorrhage, unusual and rare causes of stroke, cerebral venous thrombosis, anticoagulation management after strokes and use of technology for improving outcomes in the neurological ICU. (stanford.edu)
  • The purpose of this study is to determine if pioglitazone is effective in preventing future strokes or heart attacks among non-diabetic persons who have had a recent ischemic stroke. (stanford.edu)
  • Acute ischemic stroke: Treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) as soon as possible but within 3 hours of symptom onset. (medicine.com)
  • Limitations of use: The risk of stroke may outweigh the benefit produced by thrombolytic therapy in patients whose acute myocardial infarction (MI) puts them at low risk for death or heart failure. (medicine.com)
  • Data from a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) presenting during the time period of 3 to 4.5 hours after symptom onset who were treated with IV alteplase supports the use of alteplase for the treatment of patients presenting during this time period Hacke 2008. (medicine.com)
  • Data from two retrospective evaluations in which patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) received intra-arterial alteplase at various doses and regimens suggests that intra-arterial alteplase may be beneficial for patients with this condition Christoforidis 2012, Tountopoulou 2008. (medicine.com)
  • Through the years, intracerebral hemorrhage has also been termed "cerebral hemorrhage," "intracranial hemorrhage," "hemorrhagic stroke," and "cerebral bleed. (medlink.com)
  • this can be helpful in confirming the diagnosis and excluding mimics of hypertensive encephalopathy such as ischemic stroke. (medlink.com)
Myocardial8
Hypertensive encephalopathy3
  • citation needed] Generalized brain swelling can occur in ischemic-anoxia states, acute liver failure, hypertensive encephalopathy, hypercarbia (hypercapnia), and Reye hepatocerebral syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hypertensive encephalopathy is a syndrome in which altered mental status, headache, vision changes, or seizures accompany elevated blood pressure. (medlink.com)
  • These radiographic findings in hypertensive encephalopathy, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, and reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome supported the concept that the syndrome results from fluid and protein extravasation across the blood-brain barrier, owing to failure of cerebral autoregulation. (medlink.com)
Injury26
  • In a large series of patients who developed intracranial hematomas requiring emergent decompression, more than half had lucid intervals and were able to make conversation between the time of their injury and subsequent deterioration. (medscape.com)
  • Acute subdural hematoma is commonly associated with extensive primary brain injury. (medscape.com)
  • In recognition of this fact, a subdural hematoma that is not associated with an underlying brain injury is sometimes termed a simple or pure subdural hematoma. (medscape.com)
  • The term complicated has been applied to subdural hematomas in which a significant injury of the underlying brain has also been identified. (medscape.com)
  • This type of head injury also is strongly associated with delayed brain damage, later demonstrated on CT scan. (medscape.com)
  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is physical injury to brain tissue that temporarily or permanently impairs brain function. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Surgery is often needed in patients with more severe injury to place monitors to track and treat intracranial pressure elevation, decompress the brain if intracranial pressure is increased, or remove intracranial hematomas. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In the first few days after the injury, maintaining adequate brain perfusion and oxygenation and preventing complications of altered sensorium are important. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sports-Related Concussion Sports activities are a common cause of concussion, a form of mild traumatic brain injury. (msdmanuals.com)
  • citation needed] Irregular respirations occur when injury to parts of the brain interfere with the respiratory drive. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biot's respiration, in which breathing is rapid for a period and then absent for a period, occurs because of injury to the cerebral hemispheres or diencephalon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Medical strategies should be considered for the management of patients with high ICP due to HSE, and such approaches are now well established, based on many years of experience with patients with traumatic brain injury [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important health and social problem. (bvsalud.org)
  • 9 Katayama Y, Becker DP, Tamura T and Hovda D: Massive increase in extracellular potassium and indiscriminate glutamate release after concussive brain injury. (medicalnote.jp)
  • Approximately 20% of patients with acute brain injury (ABI) also experience acute kidney injury (AKI), which worsens their outcomes. (beds.ac.uk)
  • The metabolic and inflammatory changes associated with AKI likely contribute to prolonged brain injury and edema. (beds.ac.uk)
  • In the context of neurocritical care, AKI diagnosis holds significance for acute brain injury (ABI) management. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Patients with traumatic brain injury, Down syndrome, and certain types of vascular disease are major patient groups that may or may not be included in these studies. (medilib.ir)
  • Head injuries can be classified as open (penetrating) or closed (blunt), and primary (from the initial trauma) or secondary (indirect brain injury), and range from mild to severe and life-threatening. (lecturio.com)
  • I am interested in the study of the radiological characteristics and temporal profile of edema/ tissue injury in the perihematomal area around spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. (stanford.edu)
  • Blast brain injury (BBI) has risen to prominence in recent military conflicts and terrorist incidents, and may represent a specific form of primary brain injury [1]. (naccs.org.uk)
  • Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF) is a transcriptional activator of genes, implicated in cerebral oedema formation in cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury and controlled cortical impact models, but its role in BBI is not well defined. (naccs.org.uk)
  • Endothelial activation and chemoattractant expression are early processes in isolated blast brain injury. (naccs.org.uk)
  • Failure of cerebral autoregulation from a sudden elevation of blood pressure results in endothelial injury and vasogenic edema. (medlink.com)
  • Progress in Pathophysiological Mechanism of Global Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury -- 5. (nshealth.ca)
  • High doses of systemic corticosteroids, including methylprednisolone acetate injectable suspension, should not be used for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. (recallguide.org)
Cerebrospinal3
Middle cerebral artery2
  • A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial in patients with AIS due to middle cerebral artery occlusion administered intra-arterial alteplase within 6 hours of symptom onset suggested benefit as compared to IV anticoagulation alone Poncyljusz 2007. (medicine.com)
  • The Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats that underwent right-sided middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were used for assessment of NKCC1, TNF-α and IL-1β expression using Western blotting, double immunofluorescence and real time RT-PCR, and the model also was used for evaluation of brain water content (BWC) and infarct size. (biomedcentral.com)
Perfusion5
  • Only when ICP exceeds 40-50 mmHg does CPP and cerebral perfusion decrease to a level that results in loss of consciousness. (wikipedia.org)
  • These conditions tend to decrease the cerebral perfusion pressure but with minimal tissue shifts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our purpose was to apply blood-brain barrier permeability imaging in patients with global cerebral edema by using extended CT perfusion. (ajnr.org)
  • When mean arterial pressure falls below 60 mm Hg and systolic blood pressure falls below 80 mm Hg, vital organ perfusion is seriously compromised. (rnpedia.com)
  • Current knowledge and technology enable more aggressive treatment that concentrates on normalising perfusion in the brain. (csnn.eu)
Mechanism2
Subarachnoid4
  • citation needed] Obstruction to CSF flow and/or absorption can occur in hydrocephalus (blockage in ventricles or subarachnoid space at base of brain, e.g., by Arnold-Chiari malformation), extensive meningeal disease (e.g., infection, carcinoma, granuloma, or hemorrhage), or obstruction in cerebral convexities and superior sagittal sinus (decreased absorption). (wikipedia.org)
  • Some subarachnoid hemorrhages are associated with head trauma involving cranial fractures and cerebral lacerations. (gov.gy)
  • Intracranial hemorrhage refers to any bleeding within the cranial vault, including subdural and epidural hematomas and subarachnoid hemorrhage. (medlink.com)
  • Cerebral vasospasms are among the most severe complications, identified in 40-70% of patients after subarachnoid bleeding. (csnn.eu)
Intracerebral4
  • Her research focuses on the study of intracerebral hemorrhage using brain imaging with CT and MRI. (stanford.edu)
  • She is the Stanford prinicipal investigator for several clinical trials in intracerebral hemorrhage and large hemispheric infarction. (stanford.edu)
  • This update highlights important clinical trial results on the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage, including blood pressure management and surgery. (medlink.com)
  • Intracerebral hemorrhage refers specifically to bleeding within the brain parenchyma. (medlink.com)
Clinically1
  • Hypertonic saline (HS) has been successfully used clinically for treatment of various forms of cerebral edema. (biomedcentral.com)
Arterial4
  • CSF pressure has been shown to be influenced by abrupt changes in intrathoracic pressure during coughing (which is induced by contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles, the latter of which also increases intra-abdominal pressure), the valsalva maneuver, and communication with the vasculature (venous and arterial systems). (wikipedia.org)
  • Ischemic hypoxia is caused by an impaired arterial blood supply, whereas congestive hypoxia results from an impaired venous return. (frontiersin.org)
  • Head Injuries and Intracranial Hemorrhage Extradural (epidural) hemorrhage is arterial in origin. (gov.gy)
  • Blood pressure can be measured directly by intra-arterial insertion of a catheter connected to a pressure-monitoring device. (rnpedia.com)
Clinical7
  • To avoid this chain effect, several treatments are applied in the clinical practice, including elevation of the head of the bed, maintenance of normothermia, pain and sedation drugs, mechanical ventilation, neuromuscular blockade, controlled hyperventilation, and fluid therapy (FT). The goal of FT is to improve the circulatory system to avoid the lack of oxygen to organs. (bvsalud.org)
  • Therefore, rapid and early infusion of large volumes of crystalloids is performed in clinical practice to restore blood volume and blood pressure. (bvsalud.org)
  • Blood-brain barrier permeability is not routinely evaluated in the clinical setting. (ajnr.org)
  • To identify clinical and radiological factors associated to early evolution to brain death (BD), defined as occurring within the first 24 h. (medintensiva.org)
  • Rapid blood pressure control is safe but does not improve the clinical outcome. (medlink.com)
  • Clinical symptoms and radiographic findings are most often reversible with prompt blood pressure management. (medlink.com)
  • Clinical and demographic data, with special attention to sex, age, primary tumor, brain tumor-related epilepsy (BTRE), number and brain location of BMs, Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), the updated DS-GPA prognostic index and the survival estimated according to the Kaplan-Meier model from the date of radiosurgery were analyzed. (preprints.org)
Vasodilation1
  • The brain is relatively poorly supplied by oxygen as a result of mild hypoventilation during the sleeping hours leading to hypercapnia and vasodilation. (wikipedia.org)
Hemorrhagic1
  • Its cardiac effects may be of use in restoring cardiac rhythm in cardiac arrest due to various causes, but it is not used in cardiac failure or in hemorrhagic, traumatic, or cardiogenic shock. (drugs-library.com)
Ischemia2
  • STEMI (ACCF/AHA [O'Gara 2013]): Ischemic symptoms within 12 hours of treatment or evidence of ongoing ischemia 12 to 24 hours after symptom onset with a large area of myocardium at risk or hemodynamic instability. (medicine.com)
  • Invasive monitoring of cerebral metabolism and intracranial pressure is to be applied in patients with impaired consciousness in order to detect a threatening cerebral ischemia as early as possible. (csnn.eu)
Neurologic1
  • Gross structural brain lesions and serious neurologic residua are not part of concussion, although temporary disability can result from symptoms (such as nausea, headache, dizziness, memory disturbance, and difficulty concentrating [postconcussion syndrome]), which usually resolve within weeks. (msdmanuals.com)
Venous System1
Cardiac4
  • Other autopsy findings included pulmonary edema and ascites, as well as hypertensive changes in the lungs and early cardiac cirrhosis. (medscape.com)
  • When given by rapid intravenous injection, it produces a rapid rise in blood pressure, mainly systolic, by (1) direct stimulation of cardiac muscle which increases the strength of ventricular contraction, (2) increasing the heart rate and (3) constriction of the arterioles in the skin, mucosa and splanchnic areas of the circulation. (drugs-library.com)
  • Accordingly, the compensatory reflex mechanisms that come into play with a pronounced increase in blood pressure do not antagonize the direct cardiac actions of epinephrine as much as with catecholamines that have a predominant action on alpha receptors. (drugs-library.com)
  • Usually this vasodilator effect of the drug on the circulation predominates so that the modest rise in systolic pressure which follows slow injection or absorption is mainly the result of direct cardiac stimulation and increase in cardiac output. (drugs-library.com)
Patients13
  • Many of these patients harbor intracranial mass lesions. (medscape.com)
  • Acute subdural hematoma is the most common type of traumatic intracranial hematoma, occurring in 24% of patients who present comatose. (medscape.com)
  • As a rule, patients with normal blood pressure retain normal alertness with ICP of 25-40 mmHg (unless tissue shifts at the same time). (wikipedia.org)
  • Three patients had a high intracranial pressure (ICP) with brain herniation and eventually underwent decompressive hemicraniectomy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • High ICP and brain herniation are rare, but must be monitored carefully, as initial brain imaging is not useful for identifying high-risk patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 8] Asphyxia leads to relaxation of the airway, which permits the lungs to take in water in many individuals, although most patients aspirate less than 4 mL/kg of fluid. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with SAH underwent CTP in the early phase after aneurysmal rupture (days 0-3) and were classified as having global cerebral edema or nonglobal cerebral edema using established noncontrast CT criteria. (ajnr.org)
  • Extended CTP was used to evaluate blood-brain barrier permeability in patients with SAH with and without global cerebral edema. (ajnr.org)
  • K ep is an important indicator of altered blood-brain barrier permeability in patients with decreased blood flow, as K ep is flow-independent. (ajnr.org)
  • Most patients with basal ganglia hemorrhage have high blood pressure. (medlink.com)
  • the degree of elevation may be moderate, especially in patients without a prior history of hypertension. (medlink.com)
  • This is a cross-sectional observational design study with retrospective review of medical records of patients with brain metastases treated with VMAT- RS between 2012 and 2018. (preprints.org)
  • therefore it may be considered as the first resuscitation objective Maintenance of a MAP within the renal autoregulatory range allows the organ to be perfused in times of stress Autoregulation thresholds differ in accordance with patients' age and associated comorbidities (e.g., chronic hypertension) It is unclear whether vascular reactivity impairment in septic patients is associated with changes in the autoregulatory range In a study by Prowle et al. (123docz.net)
Hematoma2
  • A subdural hematoma (SDH) is a collection of blood below the inner layer of the dura but external to the brain and arachnoid membrane (see the images below). (medscape.com)
  • Subdural hematoma is the most common type of traumatic intracranial mass lesion. (medscape.com)
Oedema5
  • OBJECTIVE: To explore the high-efficiency and low-risk prevention and treatment strategies for stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) for high-altitude cerebral oedema. (bvsalud.org)
  • METHODS: A low-pressure and low-oxygen tank mimicking high-altitude conditions was used to establish the high-altitude cerebral oedema animal model. (bvsalud.org)
  • The preventive effects of SHED for cerebral oedema were then evaluated by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and histological staining. (bvsalud.org)
  • RESULTS: SHED can prevent and treat cerebral oedema in a high altitude rat animal model. (bvsalud.org)
  • CONCLUSION: SHED treatment can relieve high-altitude cerebral oedema via inhibiting HIF- 1α-mediated ERK signalling, which indicates that SHED is a promising alternative strategy to prevent and treat high-altitude cerebral oedema. (bvsalud.org)
Absorption1
  • The body has various mechanisms by which it keeps the ICP stable, with CSF pressures varying by about 1 mmHg in normal adults through shifts in production and absorption of CSF. (wikipedia.org)
Cortex2
  • Identification of the motor cortex during intracranial surgery under general anesthesia. (medicalnote.jp)
  • This study aimed to explore if alleviation of cerebral edema by 10% HS might be effected through down-regulation of inflammatory mediator expression in the microglia, and thus result in decreased NKCC1 expression in astrocytes in the cerebral cortex bordering the ischemic core. (biomedcentral.com)
Pulmonary1
  • For a patient who has heart failure or cardiogenic pulmonary edema, nursing interventions focus on decreasing venous return to the heart and increasing left ventricular output. (rnpedia.com)
Tumor1
  • Up-regulated expression of Na-K-Cl Cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) has been demonstrated to be closely associated with the pathogenesis of cerebral edema resulting from a variety of brain injuries. (biomedcentral.com)
Cranial1
Hypoxia2
  • Long-term effects of cerebral hypoxia, including vegetative survival, are the most devastating (see Treatment). (medscape.com)
  • Hypoxia caused by impaired blood circulation can be referred to as circulatory hypoxia, which are classified as ischemic hypoxia and congestive hypoxia. (frontiersin.org)
Systolic blood pr1
Lesions1
  • Hence, space-occupying lesions, such as tumors in the supratentorial compartment, produce increased intracranial pressure, and may cause part of the adjacent temporal lobe of the brain to herniate through the tentorial notch. (gov.gy)
Syndromes2
  • Preventive measures include avoiding nephrotoxic drugs, improving hemodynamic and fluid balance, and addressing coexisting AKI syndromes. (beds.ac.uk)
  • This high mortality rate is attributed to the systemic impact of AKI on the brain, heart, lungs, liver, and gastrointestinal tract, linking AKI to various syndromes (Additional file 1 ) [ 2 ]. (beds.ac.uk)
Subdural5
  • Generally, acute subdural hematomas are less than 72 hours old and are hyperdense compared with the brain on computed tomography scans. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic subdural hematomas develop over the course of weeks and are hypodense compared with the brain. (medscape.com)
  • Subdural hemorrhage Subdural Hemorrhage Subdural hemorrhage (SDH) is bleeding into the space between the dural and arachnoid meningeal layers surrounding the brain. (lecturio.com)
  • Subdural Hemorrhage ) is bleeding into the space between the dural and arachnoid meningeal layers surrounding the brain Brain The part of central nervous system that is contained within the skull (cranium). (lecturio.com)
  • Chronic SDH SDH Subdural hemorrhage (SDH) is bleeding into the space between the dural and arachnoid meningeal layers surrounding the brain. (lecturio.com)
Elevation of blood pressure1
  • Average and large doses of corticosteroids can cause elevation of blood pressure, salt and water retention, and increased excretion of potassium. (recallguide.org)
Blood10
  • Initial treatment consists of ensuring a reliable airway and maintaining adequate ventilation, oxygenation, and blood pressure. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Uncontrolled high ICP may lead to a decrease in cerebral blood flow, potentially resulting in fatal brain herniation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overzealous correction of their blood glucose may result in cerebral edema as well as a cascade of electrolyte abnormalities. (bvsalud.org)
  • Further study of blood-brain barrier permeability is needed to improve diagnosis and monitoring of global cerebral edema. (ajnr.org)
  • Tailored approaches include optimizing blood pressure, managing intracranial pressure, adjusting medication dosages, and assessing the type of administered fluids. (beds.ac.uk)
  • RRT can negatively impact cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, and brain tissue oxygenation, with effects tied to specific RRT methods. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Although they are valveless and blood may flow in both directions acne practice purchase 20 gr benzac fast delivery, flow in the emissary veins is usually away from the brain skin care wiki buy benzac 20gr lowest price. (gov.gy)
  • MRI imaging in all cases demonstrated posterior leukoencephalopathy without infarction that resolved after cessation of the purportedly triggering medication, delivery, or control of blood pressure. (medlink.com)
  • Although some increase in pulse pressure occurs, there is usually no great elevation in mean blood pressure. (drugs-library.com)
  • Venous hypertension leads to increased pressure in the capillary bed, transudation of fluid and proteins into the interstitial space, altering blood flow and supply of nutrients to the skin and subcutaneous tissues, and eventual ulceration. (lookformedical.com)
Herniation1
Occur4
  • Closed head injuries typically occur when the head is struck, strikes an object, or is shaken violently, causing rapid brain acceleration and deceleration. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive degenerative brain disorder that may occur after repetitive head trauma or blast injuries. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hyperventilation can occur when the brain stem or tegmentum is damaged. (wikipedia.org)
  • Posthypoxic cerebral hypoperfusion may occur. (medscape.com)
Skull1
  • Open head injuries involve penetration of the scalp and skull (and usually the meninges and underlying brain tissue). (msdmanuals.com)
Disruption1
  • Global cerebral edema occurs after SAH and is associated with BBB disruption. (ajnr.org)
Mass effect1
  • clarification needed] In addition to the above, if mass effect is present with resulting displacement of brain tissue, additional signs may include pupillary dilatation, abducens palsies, and Cushing's triad. (wikipedia.org)
Symptoms1
  • Symptoms include loss of consciousness, confusion, memory difficulties, and other signs of brain dysfunction. (msdmanuals.com)
Spinal1
  • 10 Yamamoto T, Xing J, Katayama Y, Tsubokawa T, Hirayama T and Maejima S: Spinal cord responses to feline transcranial brain stimulation. (medicalnote.jp)
Tissue damage1
  • 18 brains (9 blast, 9 controls) were examined histologically for tissue damage and HIF expression. (naccs.org.uk)
Basal1