AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
AerosolsParticle SizeAir MicrobiologyNebulizers and VaporizersAerosol PropellantsAdministration, InhalationInhalation ExposureParticulate MatterPowdersVirionAir PollutantsMicroscopy, ElectronAtmosphereAir MovementsAcid RainHumidityLung
DropletsDisintegration of liquids or solidsLess than 2.5 micrometersNatural or anthropogenicAnthropogenicAirborneInhalationLiquid or solid particleLiquidsPollutionHazeSmall particlesSootConcentrationsParticulate matterMeasurementsDiameterEmissionsDepositionConcentrationSpherical particleBehaviorCharacteristicsGaseousMicronAtmosphereLower respiEmitMistConstituentsTiny particlesUltrafineMicrometersPrecursorsCoarseMistsFractionPowdersMeasurementCigarette smokeBacteriaProcessesPlumesCharacterizationLarge particlesDispersionExposureAtmospheric scientistsExamplesPenetrateIndividual particlesMixturesCloudsChemical compositionOrganicFire SuppressionAfricaSprayEarth'sCommonlyMicroscopicViscosityContaminateRefersIndiaAbstractIndoor airConsistsGases
Droplets12
  • Solid particles and liquid droplets in the air come in a range of sizes, but those smaller than 2.5 micrometers pose the greatest risk to human health. (nasa.gov)
  • aerosol A suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aerosols are created when fine solid particles or liquid droplets are suspended in air or another gas. (wm.edu)
  • airborne particles from resuspended soil, atmospheric cloud droplets, welding fumes, smoke from power generation, airborne particles from volcanic eruptions, cigarette smoke, and salt particles formed from ocean spray are all examples of aerosols. (cdc.gov)
  • Fine dust particles or small liquid droplets may be suspended in the air as aerosols (eg, smokes, fogs, mists, fumes). (merckmanuals.com)
  • Diseases can be spread by direct contact, indirect contact, aerosols or droplets, ingestion or oral transmission , or vectors. (agclassroom.org)
  • Instead, they emit an aerosol, which is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas. (happytrail.in)
  • Fixed aerosol fire-extinguishing systems are devices that release a fine mist of solid particles or liquid droplets to suppress or extinguish fires. (onyxyayas.com)
  • PM2.5 is a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets with sizes less than 2.5 micrometers. (observatory.ph)
  • For larger particles, the team used video analysis of laser light scattering and optical particle sizers (OPSs) and aerodynamic particle sizers (APSs) to quantify smaller respiratory droplets. (news-medical.net)
  • Particles shrunken by evaporation are by large droplets. (cdc.gov)
  • Conversely, transmission by large and complete desiccation would decrease the diameter to a droplets without accompanying aerosols can be achieved little less than half the initial diameter ( 10 ). (cdc.gov)
Disintegration of liquids or solids1
  • Aerosols are formed by the conversion of gases to particles or by the disintegration of liquids or solids into finer constituents. (cdc.gov)
Less than 2.5 micrometers2
  • Fine Particulate Matter (also known as PM 2.5 ) are particles in the air that measure less than 2.5 micrometers (μm) in diameter, and typically consists of a mix of things like smoke, soot, liquid or solid particles in aerosol, or biological matter like mould, bacteria, pollen and animal dander. (canada.ca)
  • In the United States each year, 50,000 premature deaths from heart and lung disease are attributable to excess concentrations of aerosols, especially particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter. (rdworldonline.com)
Natural or anthropogenic2
  • The chemical composition of the atmospheric aerosol can be used to resolve its sources, natural or anthropogenic, by a method based on chemical sig-natures. (chemistrysources.com)
  • Aerosols can be natural or anthropogenic. (dictionary.university)
Anthropogenic3
  • The lower map shows the likely source-natural or human-made (anthropogenic)-based on the size of the particles and other factors. (nasa.gov)
  • Contributions to the atmospheric aerosol come from both natural and anthropogenic sources. (chemistrysources.com)
  • Two populations were adopted, those samples which were classed as "anthropogenic" and those which were "Saharan" dominated aerosol populations. (metu.edu.tr)
Airborne18
  • aerobiology The branch of biology that studies airborne organic particles, such as bacteria, viruses, fungal spores, pollen grains, and very small insects, which are passively transported by the air. (wikipedia.org)
  • A new investigation using X-rays from the Linac Coherent Light Source has helped researchers better understand the structure of airborne soot particles. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • Menlo Park, Calif. - Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory have captured the most detailed images to date of airborne soot particles, a key contributor to global warming and a health hazard. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • Our study shows that LCLS can drive a paradigm shift in imaging airborne particles, allowing us to look at them one at a time instead of using a composite of many different particles," said Duane Loh, the lead author of the study and a postdoctoral scholar at SLAC and Stanford University's PULSE Institute for Ultrafast Energy Science. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • Soot and similar particles - especially those 2.5 microns or less in diameter, which are the most dangerous to human health - are difficult to image while airborne. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • Other research methods have probed the fractal properties of soot, but the LCLS' ability to examine those of individual soot particles, airborne and in their natural state, revealed surprising diversity and complexity in their fractal dimensions. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • The team is analyzing data from experiments at the LCLS that examined soot from diesel emissions as well as other types of airborne particles. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • A primary long-term goal of the research is to take snapshots of airborne particles as they change their size, shape and chemical make-up in response to their environment, said Michael Bogan, a staff scientist at PULSE and leader of the international research team. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • A suspension of airborne solid or liquid particles, with a typical size between a few nanometres and 10 micrometres that reside in the atmosphere for at least several hours. (dictionary.university)
  • A collection of airborne particles. (dictionary.university)
  • They give off gases that react with airborne chemicals-many of which are produced by human activity-creating tiny, invisible particles that muddy the air. (rdworldonline.com)
  • In a recent study published in the journal PNAS , researchers at the U.S. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) monitored the airborne mass of speech-generated aerosols using an alternative experimental approach that addressed issues arising from nucleated condensation. (news-medical.net)
  • Hybrid measurements of the coarse fraction of speech-generated aerosols, with a diameter (D) larger than five micrometers (μm), revealed that they remained airborne for a few minutes, not hours. (news-medical.net)
  • This aerosol remained airborne for minutes but was too large to penetrate the LRT directly. (news-medical.net)
  • First, in agreement with the observation that most SARS-CoV-2 infections start in the URT, the authors noted that the airborne mass of coarse speech aerosol was around two times in magnitude of the fine aerosol, therefore, it could not penetrate the LRT. (news-medical.net)
  • Airborne particles have been associated with a range of adverse cardiopulmonary outcomes, which has driven its monitoring at stationary, central sites throughout the world. (cdc.gov)
  • Such metrics provide opportunities to develop more precise associations between airborne particles and health and may provide opportunities for more effective regulations. (cdc.gov)
  • The high- gas) of solid or liquid particles, small enough that they ly pathogenic strains of influenza A (H5N1) virus circulat- remain airborne for prolonged periods because of their low ing in Asia, Europe, and Africa have become the most settling velocity. (cdc.gov)
Inhalation4
  • 2 Following a puff, the aerosol is delivered into the user's mouth and lungs by inhalation, after which the remaining aerosol is exhaled into the environment. (bmj.com)
  • Adverse health effects have stimulated many controlled studies of aerosol inhalation by humans and animals. (chemistrysources.com)
  • A suspension or dispersion of fine particles of a solid or liquid in a gas which can be atomised into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. (dictionary.university)
  • Note the many hallmarks of smoke inhalation complexed with burn injury (ie, facial burns, carbonaceous particles in the nasal cavity, periorbital edema, hair singeing). (medscape.com)
Liquid or solid particle1
Liquids1
  • The large opening makes filling or removing liquids and solids easy. (usplastic.com)
Pollution12
  • In recent years, scientists have detected very high levels of aerosol pollution in the air over India. (nasa.gov)
  • Researchers Sagnik Dey and Larry Di Girolamo of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign assembled and analyzed nine years worth of measurements and found that the level of aerosol pollution was, depending on the season and location, two to five times higher than World Health Organization guidelines. (nasa.gov)
  • The need to measure aerosols has increased dramatically over the last few decades in various fields including air pollution, public health, atmospheric science, nanotech nology, chemical manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and medicine. (cdc.gov)
  • Increasingly complex and demanding regulations to mitigate particulate matter pollution mean that aerosol measurements are becoming more and more time- and resource-intensive. (cdc.gov)
  • These fine particles suspended in the air are responsible for severe haze and hence millions of air pollution related deaths worldwide. (helsinki.fi)
  • A new study says that emissions from farms outweigh all other human sources of fine-particulate air pollution in much of the United States, Europe, Russia and China. (sonnenseite.com)
  • The good news: if industrial emissions decline in coming decades, as most projections say, fine-particle pollution will go down even if fertilizer use doubles as expected. (sonnenseite.com)
  • Lelieveld cited the recent scandal over Volkswagen's fraudulent auto-emissions controls, and pointed out that even with the recent reductions in industrial pollution, most nations including the United States still have large areas that exceed the World Meteorological Organization's recommended maximum of 10 micrograms of fine particulates per cubic meter. (sonnenseite.com)
  • In addition, these tiny particles can also contribute large pollution plumes, called "brown clouds", which have been observed to originate over South Asia in recent years and undergo long distance transport by the wind to reach other continents. (uky.edu)
  • 2015). Even though these pollution episodes are transient, short-term exposures to fine particles can cause asthma attacks, acute bronchitis, and may increase susceptibility to respiratory infections. (observatory.ph)
  • When PM2.5 concentrations reach 35.5 µg/m3 (Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups), persons with heart and lung disease, as well as older adults and children are at greater risk from particle pollution while concentrations above 55.5 µg/m3 (Unhealthy) may cause adverse health effects for everyone. (observatory.ph)
  • This chapter addresses the combustion and air-pollution control operations commonly used in municipal solid-waste, hazardous-waste, and medical-waste incineration facilities. (nationalacademies.org)
Haze4
  • Dust, haze and smoke are all examples of aerosols. (wm.edu)
  • This fast growth of aerosol particles could explain the occurrence of winter haze in metropolitan areas such as Beijing or Moscow. (helsinki.fi)
  • Several studies have estimated the pH values for fine particles in northern China winter haze using thermodynamic models (i.e. (edu.hk)
  • Forward-mode calculations in this and previous studies collectively indicate a moderately acidic condition (pH from about 4 to about 5) for fine particles in northern China winter haze, indicating further that ammonia plays an important role in determining this property. (edu.hk)
Small particles3
Soot6
  • These simulated particles, based on previous research models, illustrate the expected fractal structure of soot particles in the air. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • The latest research shows that soot particles produced as aerosols can be noticeably denser than the ones shown here. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • In this experiment, researchers wafted individual soot particles up to 3.25 microns in diameter into the path of the LCLS laser beam. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • Like magnified snowflakes, soot particles exhibit similar patterns of complexity at different scales, which is characteristic of fractals. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • Such observations can help validate the various models used to describe these soot particles. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • We find for example organic aerosols like soot, solid aerosols, liquid aerosols and even mineral aerosols (eroded rocks). (isblue.fr)
Concentrations5
  • In general, aerosol particles are not healthy to breathe in high concentrations," O'Brien said. (wm.edu)
  • In the 10 years between 2008 and 2017, the annual average concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) in London both decreased, while ground-level ozone (O 3 ) concentrations fluctuated and generally increased. (healthunit.com)
  • The concentrations of three pollutants are used as indicators for outdoor air quality and are considered as part of the AQHI calculation: fine particulate matter, ground-level ozone, and nitrogen dioxide. (healthunit.com)
  • They discovered that OH ages the particles, altering their properties and concentrations and producing three times more particulate matter than what was originally released into the atmosphere. (rdworldonline.com)
  • Portable aerosol monitors were used to measure PM(2.5) concentrations in 404 restaurants and bars. (who.int)
Particulate matter12
Measurements5
  • For instance, environmental engineers and industrial hygienists perform aerosol measurements in order to ensure that the public and the industrial work force are not exposed to hazardous aerosols at undesirable concentration levels, while atmospheric scientists measure aerosols to understand their influence on the earth's climate. (cdc.gov)
  • NPF-PANDA will thus investigate the influence of nitrogen oxides on nano-particle growth with direct measurements in Beijing. (helsinki.fi)
  • Calculations using total (gas plus aerosol phase) measurements as inputs (i.e., forward mode) are affected much less by these measurement errors. (edu.hk)
  • However, the hybrid measurements of the present study revealed that a large fraction of speech-generated coarse aerosol had an intermediate size between 5 to 20μm diameter. (news-medical.net)
  • OBJECTIVES: To assess indoor second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in restaurants and bars via PM(2.5) (fine particles 2.5 mum in diameter and smaller) level measurements in five cities in China. (who.int)
Diameter5
  • Op-tical fibers are fabricated by an aerosol process in which a combustion-generated silica fume is deposited on the inside walls of a quartz tube a few centimeters in diameter, along with suitable dopant aerosols to control refractive index. (chemistrysources.com)
  • The diameter of the particles may vary from 100 down to 0.01 micrometers. (dictionary.university)
  • The diameter of a spherical particle of unit density that has the same settling velocity in air as the particle in question. (niohenvis.nic.in)
  • Cascade impaction was used to determine the aerosol performance of the spray dried powders and showed promising lung deposition profiles (mass median aerodynamic diameter 5 µm) with significant variation depending on the organic solvent used and the ratio of organic to aqueous phase in the feedstock. (bvsalud.org)
  • The addition of HPMCAS was seen to increase the alveolar deposition and therefore formed a formulation with a lower fine particle fraction and mass median aerodynamic diameter. (bvsalud.org)
Emissions12
  • Aerosols are tiny solid and liquid particles suspended in the air, and they come from many natural sources, including volcano emissions, sand and dust storms, and salt from sea spray. (nasa.gov)
  • Objective To review the available evidence evaluating the chemicals in refill solutions, cartridges, aerosols and environmental emissions of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). (bmj.com)
  • Results The levels of nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), aldehydes, metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), flavours, solvent carriers and tobacco alkaloids in e-cigarette refill solutions, cartridges, aerosols and environmental emissions vary considerably. (bmj.com)
  • Varying results in particle size distributions of particular matter emissions from e-cigarettes across studies have been observed. (bmj.com)
  • Altogether, the CLOUD team, with a large contribution from the University of Helsinki , has demonstrated that tailpipe emissions can alter atmospheric chemistry and impact the aerosol formation mechanisms in cities. (helsinki.fi)
  • The culprit: fumes from nitrogen-rich fertilizers and animal waste that combine in the air with industrial emissions to form solid particles - a huge source of disease and death. (sonnenseite.com)
  • The aerosols form mainly downwind of farming areas, in densely populated places where farm emissions combine through a series of chemical reactions with those of cars, trucks and other sources. (sonnenseite.com)
  • The fact that agricultural emissions must combine with other pollutants to make aerosols "is good news," said Bauer. (sonnenseite.com)
  • Most projections say that tighter regulation, cleaner sources of electricity and higher-mileage vehicles will cut industrial emissions enough by the end of this century that farm emissions will be starved of the other ingredients necessary to create aerosols. (sonnenseite.com)
  • The dust particles can be released directly as primary or formed through gas-to-particle conversion as secondary emissions in air. (aaqr.org)
  • Donahue shows that the biogenic particles formed from pine tree emissions are much more chemically interesting and dynamic than previously thought. (rdworldonline.com)
  • The composition of emissions from sawing Corian®, a solid surface composite material. (cdc.gov)
Deposition3
  • The percent exchangeable was discussed in terms of its use to represent the upper limit of the bioavailable fraction of metal associated with the aerosol, post deposition. (metu.edu.tr)
  • This effect introduces discrepancies between studies employing optical particle counters and those utilizing microscope slide deposition. (news-medical.net)
  • This convenient convention is, however, some- Indeed, the relevant chapters of many reference books, what arbitrary, because the long settling time and the effi- written by recognized authorities, refer to aerosols as an cient deposition in the lower respiratory tract are properties important mode of transmission for influenza ( 6 - 9 ). (cdc.gov)
Concentration3
  • You need to ensure that the system can provide adequate coverage and concentration of aerosol agent throughout the space. (onyxyayas.com)
  • Blowdown valve - A valve generally used to continuously regulate concentration of solids in the boiler, not the drain valve. (toprest.com)
  • Bryophytes (mosses) have long been used to determine the concentration of heavy metals as an alternative to the collection of atmospheric aerosols. (bvsalud.org)
Spherical particle1
  • The SD particles possessed relatively spherical particle morphology, smooth surface morphology, low residual water content, and the absence of long-range molecular order. (arizona.edu)
Behavior2
  • they probably affect the biochemical behavior and nucleating properties of aerosols. (chemistrysources.com)
  • The aerosol dispersion performance for SD TOB appeared to be influenced by its high water vapor sorption behavior (hygroscopicity) and pump rates or T o . (arizona.edu)
Characteristics3
  • Devising a costeffective mitigation strategy depends on reliable measurement of physical and chemical characteristics of aerosols. (cdc.gov)
  • Particle sizing characteristics of the SFU was tested against dichotomous sampler and the sampler was found to be a good alternative for more expensive particle sizing devices. (metu.edu.tr)
  • For example , Aerosols that contain potassium which possesses highly extinguishing characteristics, forms Potassium Hydroxide, Potassium Hydride, Water Vapor, and Potassium Oxide upon reacting with hot flames. (vnt.in)
Gaseous2
  • The term aerosol refers to suspension of liquid or solid particles in a gaseous medium. (cdc.gov)
  • Once disseminated into the environment, MCWs may exist as a combination of solid, liquid, gas, or vapor (the gaseous form of a substance that is liquid at room temperature). (merckmanuals.com)
Micron2
  • We are interested in systems of ultrafine particles (0.1 - 1.0 micron) such as volcanic ash, solid aerosols, or fine powders for pharmaceutical ihalation applications. (aps.org)
  • a suspension of small size (generally under one micron) liquid or solid particles in air gas. (dictionary.university)
Atmosphere9
  • The top image shows aerosol optical depth, a measure of the amount of light that the aerosols scatter and absorb in the atmosphere, and a proxy for how many particles are in the air. (nasa.gov)
  • Of this amount, 77% was from,land disposal of solid waste, 17% was discharged to surface waters, and 6% emitted to the atmosphere. (cdc.gov)
  • The atmospheric aerosol consists of material emitted directly from sources (primary component) and material formed by gas-to-particle conversion in the atmosphere (sec-ondary component). (chemistrysources.com)
  • A suspension of microscopic liquid and solid particles in the atmosphere for at least a few hours. (dictionary.university)
  • It emits light pulses that are scattered by the particles in the atmosphere. (cimel.fr)
  • In the lower atmosphere aerosols play a major role in controlling air quality, as well as in scattering and absorbing sunlight. (uky.edu)
  • This interaction of aerosols with light varies widely and depends on their complex chemical composition that rapidly changes under the governing highly reactive conditions found in the atmosphere. (uky.edu)
  • What complicates matters is that the atmosphere is a highly oxidizing, highly reactive place, which means that aerosols are transformed very rapidly into particles that can have completely different chemical compositions. (rdworldonline.com)
  • The trees emit the stuff, but since human activity changes the chemistry taking place in the atmosphere, those changes can affect the amount and properties of the natural aerosols. (rdworldonline.com)
Lower respi1
  • Importantly, coarse aerosols with D ≳ 5 μm deposit in the upper respiratory tract (URT), and finer aerosols reach the lower respiratory tract (LRT), causing life-threatening pneumonia. (news-medical.net)
Emit2
  • Ore smelting and fossil fuel combustion emit fine particles of silver that may be transported long distances and deposited with precipitation. (cdc.gov)
  • emit a cloud of fine particles. (wordinn.com)
Mist2
Constituents1
  • Particle physics is the study of the fundamental constituents of matter and the forces of nature. (conservapedia.com)
Tiny particles1
  • Aerosols, or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. (conservapedia.com)
Ultrafine1
  • The majority of those cooking-associated particles are in the ultrafine mode. (wm.edu)
Micrometers3
  • It then combines with pollutants from combustion - mainly nitrogen oxides and sulfates from vehicles, power plants and industrial processes - to create tiny solid particles, or aerosols, no more than 2.5 micrometers across, about 1/30 the width of a human hair. (sonnenseite.com)
  • Filter which removes 99.97% of all particles greater than 0.3 micrometers and satisfies standards of efficiency set by the Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology. (wellcertified.com)
  • Aerosol particles range in size from molecular clusters on the order of 1 nanometer to 100 micrometers. (chemistrysources.com)
Precursors3
  • many regional studies, especially in the United States, have shown it as a prime source of fine-particulate precursors. (sonnenseite.com)
  • In parts of Africa, Asia and the Middle East, aerosols or their precursors come mainly from desert dust, sea spray or wildfires. (sonnenseite.com)
  • Aerosol reaction engineering refers to the design of such processes, with the goal of relat-ing product properties to the properties of the aerosol precursors and the process conditions. (chemistrysources.com)
Coarse1
  • Fine and coarse aerosol samples were collected between February and June 1993, in Ankara, Turkey using a stack filter unit (SFU). (metu.edu.tr)
Mists1
  • It offers a 15 minutes protection against solid or liquid fine particles, aerosols, mists, viruses, bacteria and carbon monoxide (CO) present in the smokes generated during a fire. (safetygas.com)
Fraction4
  • The paper stated that during cooking events, particle mass in the air increases and a substantial fraction of the increases are due to chemical species related to cooking oil. (wm.edu)
  • The stable clusters formed by homogeneous nucleation and the smallest solid particles that compose agglomerates have a significant fraction of their molecules in the surface layer. (chemistrysources.com)
  • For the majority, greater exchangeable fractions were present the lower the crustal source contribution to the aerosol population, whereas the "refractory" fraction exhibited contrasting behaviour. (metu.edu.tr)
  • The emitted dose (ED%), fine particle fraction (FPF%) and respirable fraction (RF%) were all excellent. (arizona.edu)
Powders2
  • Positive linear correlations were observed between the aerosol dispersion performance parameter of FPF with increasing spray-drying pump rates and also with the difference between thermal parameters expressed as T g - T o (i.e. the difference between the glass transition temperature and outlet temperature) for SD AZI powders. (arizona.edu)
  • Aerosol dispersion performance of SD powders were distinct for both antibiotic drug aerosol systems and also between different pump rates for each system. (arizona.edu)
Measurement3
  • 2. SKY measurement (Principal Plane, Almucantar or hybrid): The instrument points in a set of specific direction to explore a range of scattering angle to help recovering the scattering phase function of the aerosol. (cimel.fr)
  • The AERONET calibration allows the photometer to be integrated into the NASA AERONET network, the worldwide federation of networks dedicated to the measurement of atmospheric aerosols and federated by the NASA. (cimel.fr)
  • Calculations using only aerosol-phase composition as inputs (i.e., reverse mode) are sensitive to the measurement errors of ionic species, and inferred pH values exhibit a bimodal distribution, with peaks between −2 and 2 and between 7 and 10, depending on whether anions or cations are in excess. (edu.hk)
Cigarette smoke2
  • The e-cigarette aerosol simulates cigarette smoke. (bmj.com)
  • The e-cigarette user inhales the aerosol rather than cigarette smoke (which contains thousands of chemicals). (happytrail.in)
Bacteria1
  • It is the ABEK version with a complementary protection against fine particles, aerosol, viruses and bacteria. (safetygas.com)
Processes7
  • A key finding, detailed in a paper published last summer in Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, is that cooking activities were the primary source of indoor submicron particles. (wm.edu)
  • When they injected nitrogen oxides into the chamber they found two competing processes in aerosol formation, which they have recently published in Nature and Science Advances . (helsinki.fi)
  • The discovery reveals the particles' surprisingly complex nanostructures and could ultimately aid the understanding of atmospheric processes important to climate change, as well as the design of cleaner combustion sources, from car engines to power plants. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • Aerosol formation from a gas results in much finer particles than disintegration processes ( except when condensation takes place directly on existing large particles). (chemistrysources.com)
  • Aerosol processes are used routinely in the manufacture of fine particles. (chemistrysources.com)
  • In the latter discussion, the authors mentioned the particles were likely externally mixed, so that the ALWC involved in the NH3 phase partitioning processes should be, more or less, overestimated. (copernicus.org)
  • Particle Studies were the first to describe the chemical processes involving free radicals that transform aerosols emitted by man-made sources like diesel exhaust. (rdworldonline.com)
Plumes1
  • There's patchy information on the functions of aerosols - floating plumes of fine solid particles - in the region. (uct.ac.za)
Characterization1
  • Introduction to aerosol characterization. (cdc.gov)
Large particles1
  • Nearly 90 percent of all aerosols (by mass) arise naturally, and most tend to be relatively large particles. (nasa.gov)
Dispersion2
  • A colloidal system in which the dispersed phase is composed of either solid or liquid particles, and in which the dispersion medium is some gas, usually air. (dictionary.university)
  • The purpose of this study was to systematically design pure antibiotic drug dry powder inhalers (DPIs) for targeted antibiotic pulmonary delivery in the treatment of pulmonary infections and comprehensively correlate the physicochemical properties in the solid-state and spray-drying conditions effects on aerosol dispersion performance as dry powder inhalers (DPIs). (arizona.edu)
Exposure4
  • Ingestion is an important route of exposure to solid sodium azide. (cdc.gov)
  • Heart attacks and arrhythmias have also been associated to short-term particle exposure of people with existing heart disease (US EPA, 2003). (observatory.ph)
  • Furthermore, it appears that particles in the range of approximately 2-6 µm evoke more consistent respiratory response upon challenge exposure than particles in the 1-2 µm range. (cdc.gov)
  • Sampling techniques on collecting fine carbon nanotube fibers for exposure assessment. (cdc.gov)
Atmospheric scientists1
  • Importantly, the mysterious formation of carbon-containing atmospheric particles has intrigued atmospheric scientists during the last decade. (uky.edu)
Examples1
Penetrate1
  • 2007). The majority of firework-related aerosols are in the fine mode so they are small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and even the bloodstream (Kim et al. (observatory.ph)
Individual particles2
  • The study, published in the June 28th issue of Nature , also pioneers a method for studying a broad range of individual particles, such as cells or proteins, and opens up exciting possibilities in the study of aerosol dynamics using highly focused X-ray lasers, such as SLAC's Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • The effects of the atmospheric aerosol are largely determined by the size and chemical composition of the individual particles and their morphology (shape or fractal character). (chemistrysources.com)
Mixtures3
  • Both the particulate and gas phases are mixtures of chemical substances in e-cigarette aerosols. (bmj.com)
  • Atmospheric aerosols and aerosols emitted from industrial sources are normally composed of mixtures of chemical compounds. (chemistrysources.com)
  • Samples were selected according to their air mass back trajectory history to reflect the contrasting mixtures of aerosol material present in the Eastern Mediterranean marine aerosol. (metu.edu.tr)
Clouds2
  • That's why Snowy Hydro seed clouds with extra aerosols. (dictionary.university)
  • The particles in brown clouds are composed by an unhealthy and variable mix including ozone and organic molecules found in smoke. (uky.edu)
Chemical composition1
  • What is less well understood is how the size and chemical composition of those particles influences that effect," Donahue said. (rdworldonline.com)
Organic1
  • There is a lot of evidence that, even when organic gases come from natural sources, the aerosol levels that come from them are controlled by human activity. (rdworldonline.com)
Fire Suppression1
  • Different aerosol agents have different fire suppression capabilities and effectiveness ratings for different classes of fires. (onyxyayas.com)
Africa2
  • Additionally, Middle East & Africa are projected to showcase steady growth in the global water-dispersible granules market due to steady growth in the aerosol market along with the chemical industry in the region. (factmr.com)
  • Working off some 5 000 images of various resolutions obtained off Meteosat and MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellites, she looked at what aerosols are blowing off Southern Africa, their make-up, where they're heading and how long it takes them to get there. (uct.ac.za)
Spray1
  • Some tests use a very fine liquid spray instead of solid particles. (www.csiro.au)
Earth's1
  • Alexis Eugene's NASA Graduate Fellowship on the Contribution of Model Aqueous Aerosol Formation from 2-Oxocarboxylic Acids to Earth's Radiation Balance was renewed! (uky.edu)
Commonly2
  • Aerosol generated from an e-cigarette is commonly but inaccurately referred to as 'vapour. (bmj.com)
  • Internal contamination most commonly refers only to radioactive particles in the body rather than other MCW agents. (merckmanuals.com)
Microscopic1
Viscosity1
  • Appearance: - White fine powder, Active content = 95, pH(1%)= 6.0-8.0, Viscosity= 15-20 poise (1% Sol. (chemicalslearning.com)
Contaminate1
  • Agricultural: If sodium azide is released into the air as fine particles (aerosol), it has the potential to contaminate agricultural products. (cdc.gov)
Refers1
  • The term originated as the gas-phase analogue to hydrosols (meaning "water particle" in Greek) and refers to suspension of particles in a liquid. (cdc.gov)
India2
  • New research released this fall shows that the amount, size, and source of the aerosol particles hovering in the air over India changes by season. (nasa.gov)
  • Ehibition Details: Booth stand: No.7 Hall 5 Hall Name: Bombay Exhibition Center, NESCO Compound,Mubai Add: Mubai, India That's the first time Sihai group attend the India Aerosol Expo. (sihai-aerosolcan.com)
Abstract1
  • abstract = "pH is an important property of aerosol particles but is difficult to measure directly. (edu.hk)
Indoor air2
  • She studies environmental chemistry, specifically aerosol particles, air quality and indoor air chemistry. (wm.edu)
  • Indoor Air: Sodium azide can be released into indoor air as fine particles (aerosol). (cdc.gov)
Consists1
  • Condensed aerosol is another new class of extinguishing medium which consists of ultra-fine solid particles - generally less than 10 microns in size. (vnt.in)
Gases3
  • Together with ammonia, these two gases combined and could grow the aerosol particles at an unprecedented speed. (helsinki.fi)
  • aerosol reactors are operated using high-energy electron beams to irradiate flue gases from fossil fuel combustion. (chemistrysources.com)
  • Conforms to the EN 403:2004 standard for fire escape hoods (with CO-P or ABEK CO-P filters) and certified DIN 58647-7 (filtered escape devices), the H900 escape hood provides 15 minutes of protection against gases, vapors and particles generated during industrial accidents. (safetygas.com)