• Recently, the placenta, a tissue with a unique hypomethylated methylome, has been shown to possess great inter-individual variability, which we highlight as a promising target tissue for studying MEs and mixed environmental exposures. (frontiersin.org)
  • Placenta-associated pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, are all associated with aberrant patterns of DNA methylation and expression which are only now being linked to disease risk later in life. (frontiersin.org)
  • The placenta is a heterogeneous organ whose development involves complex interactions of trophoblasts with decidual, vascular, and immune cells at the fetal-maternal interface. (nature.com)
  • Since the placenta co-exists with the fetus, it also encounters various intra-uterine exposures, and experiences certain detrimental effects, which in turn could negatively impact maintenance of a pregnancy or fetal health 2 . (nature.com)
  • In order to understand the effects of environmental exposures on mother and conceptus, it is important to study the placenta. (nature.com)
  • In particular, the experts investigated the epigenetic changes in key areas signifying healthy prenatal development, including the placenta and the fetal lung, brain, and heart. (earth.com)
  • The maternal placenta was long believed to protect the developing embryo from environmental hazards. (aprifel.com)
  • Lead can cross the placenta and enter the developing fetal brain. (cdc.gov)
  • They are understood by scientists to mimic hormone action in the body even at very low doses, thus having a broad range of effects, interfering with metabolism and gene expression, especially during fetal development, infancy, puberty and in other critical windows of vulnerability. (equiterre.org)
  • The imprinting status of genes is susceptible to environmental changes especially during fetal development, when DNA synthesis and cell division are extremely active. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Exposure to environmental pollutants contributes to the development of placental abnormalities, with poorly understood molecular underpinning. (nature.com)
  • These data indicate that environmental exposure to air pollutants triggers changes in the placental cellular composition, mediating adverse pregnancy outcomes. (nature.com)
  • In particular one needs to understand the complex cellular and signaling patterns underlying placental development. (nature.com)
  • This article will delve into key areas of focus for FNPS's research initiatives, delving into topics such as placental function, fetal programming, epigenetics , and the impact of environmental factors on prenatal health. (fnps-society.org)
  • By investigating factors that influence placental development and function, FNPS aims to improve our understanding of these conditions and develop strategies for early detection and intervention. (fnps-society.org)
  • Their research initiatives encompass areas such as placental function, fetal programming, epigenetics, and the impact of environmental factors. (fnps-society.org)
  • The study, conducted in a non-human primate model, found that prenatal THC exposure resulted in alterations to the placental and fetal epigenome - the intricate chemical modifications to DNA that oversee gene regulation and expression. (earth.com)
  • Cannabis consumption by pregnant women continues to increase worldwide, raising concerns about adverse effects on fetal growth and deleterious impacts on the newborn, in connection with evidence of placental transfer of cannabis compound. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The IGF2 (insulin-like growth factor 2) and H19 gene cluster plays an important role during pregnancy as it promotes both foetal and placental growth. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ambient airborne fine particulate matter with diameter smaller than 2.5 μm, PM 2.5 , is one of the air pollution components with the strongest adverse effects on health and mortality as it can penetrate the respiratory system, circulate via bloodstream to other organs [ 9 , 10 ] and cross the maternal-fetal placental barrier [ 11 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Exposures before and during conception can affect pregnancy outcomes and health throughout life. (frontiersin.org)
  • Prenatal development encompasses the intricate physiological processes that occur during pregnancy, shaping the growth and maturation of the developing fetus. (fnps-society.org)
  • By studying fetal programming mechanisms, FNPS aims to identify ways to mitigate these risks through targeted interventions during pregnancy. (fnps-society.org)
  • The consumption of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) during pregnancy could potentially alter the normal course of fetal development, with implications for the lifelong health of the offspring, according to new research from Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU). (earth.com)
  • With every gene making up DNA uniquely coded to contribute to various bodily and brain functions, any interference with the epigenetic processes due to drug exposure raises concerns - particularly during a critical developmental period like pregnancy. (earth.com)
  • In papers I and II we examined gene expression alterations and associated epigenetic changes due to early pregnancy anemia and gestational diabetes (GDM). (lu.se)
  • We identified several differentially expressed genes between early pregnancy anemia, GDM and controls. (lu.se)
  • Interestingly, we identified several differentially expressed genes associated with neonatal anthropometry indicating their possible role in fetal programming and risk of T2DM in later life due to maternal exposure to early pregnancy anemia and GDM. (lu.se)
  • In the USA, while fetal exposure to tobacco decreases, cannabis use during pregnancy rises along with the enhanced perception that there are no risks with cannabis consumption during pregnancy [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Maternal depression and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy have an effect on infants' brain development at one month old after birth. (centerhealthyminds.org)
  • Exposure to pollution during pregnancy can have many adverse effects in infants and children that can even extend into adulthood. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Exposure to pollution had no notable effects in unmodified animal models, which may indicate Nrf2 playing some protective role during pregnancy. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Indiana University School of Medicine researchers are learning more about the effects of herbicide exposure during pregnancy, finding glyphosate in 99 percent of the pregnant women they observed in the Midwest. (momsacrossamerica.com)
  • Pesticide exposure in pregnancy, especially in early pregnancy, can imprint DNA and alter gene expression," said Paul Winchester, MD , professor of clinical pediatrics and the study's lead author. (momsacrossamerica.com)
  • The risk of adult diseases such as breast cancer can be modified by exposure to certain environmental factors such as diet during early stages of life such as pregnancy and lactation. (usda.gov)
  • Exposure to radiofrequency radiation during pregnancy is associated with increased fetal and newborn heart rate and decreased fetal cardiac output. (ewg.org)
  • We assessed the sex-specific association between residential PM 2.5 exposure during pregnancy and the methylation level of CpG loci mapping to the IGF2 / H19 cluster, and identified prenatal vulnerability by investigating susceptible time windows of exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we assessed the association between maternal PM 2.5 exposure during pregnancy and the DNA methylation level specific to IGF2/H19 gene cluster in cord blood collected at birth. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It's possible the chemicals could impact mothers' thyroid function or reduce the production of androgen hormones during pregnancy-both of which are crucial for babies' brain development, the researchers wrote. (ehn.org)
  • This was the first study to suggest that smoking tension and vascular defects (8,9), altered fetal pancreatic during pregnancy is linked to adverse changes in the lipo- development and structure (10), altered glucose tolerance protein levels of children (19). (cdc.gov)
  • 11), altered liver structure and function (12), altered naire data from 8,765 children aged 5 to 7 years, smoking gene expression (13), and possibly type 2 diabetes mel- after pregnancy was not associated with childhood obesity litus (10). (cdc.gov)
  • Genomic imprinting plays a critical role in fetal growth and behavioral development, and it is regulated by DNA methylation and chromatin structure. (edu.au)
  • For example, exposure to certain stressors or nutritional deficiencies in utero may increase the risk of developing chronic diseases like cardiovascular disorders or diabetes in adulthood. (fnps-society.org)
  • Although more work lies ahead, this study demonstrates that the absence of a functioning Nrf2 gene affects prenatal growth of animal models, especially when exposed to ultrafine particulate air pollution in utero. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The researchers' experimental data, published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives , also found that AZ entered the brain of mice in utero at concentrations that modeled environmentally relevant exposures. (unchealthcare.org)
  • Diet is a highly modifiable determinant of breast cancer risk, and the effects of the in utero nutritional environment persist beyond fetal life. (usda.gov)
  • We investigated whether in utero/lactational exposure to blueberry (BB) via maternal diet alters the trajectory of Wnt1-induced mammary tumorigenesis in offspring. (usda.gov)
  • Alterations in methylation of the imprinted IGF2/H19 cluster might be a potential mechanism underlying the association between in utero PM 2.5 exposure and fetal growth, as maternal residential PM 2.5 has been reported to alter their expression [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hyperandrogenaemia characterises PCOS, and is considered an 'in utero environmental programmer' of PCOS in female offspring. (napier.ac.uk)
  • Obesity is linked to in utero exposure to strategies for obesity prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • The analytical framework for environmental sampling has been applied in the assessment of wild fish and seafood contribution to dietary exposure to persistent pollutants. (europa.eu)
  • however, the exact ways pollutants have these effects and the roles of genes related to immune function and stress response are not fully understood. (sciencedaily.com)
  • But what is most disturbing, and which may make its comparison to Agent Orange all the more appropriate, is its teratrogenicity, i.e. ability to cause fetal malformations. (activistpost.com)
  • Prenatal exposure to ethanol can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), a prevalent, preventable pediatric disorder. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We identified imprinted genes that were specifically expressed in fetal pancreas both on a tissue and single cell level. (lu.se)
  • Additionally, we identified imprinted genes enriched in both fetal and adult pancreas and associated with glucose and insulin traits in a parent-of-origin manner. (lu.se)
  • Transcriptomic analysis on 72 h-exposed fetal testis explants revealed 187 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including genes involved in steroid synthesis and toxic substance response. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Comparing HESC controls with HESCs deficient in SRC-3, gene enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed gene set revealed an overrepresentation of genes involved in chromatin remodeling, cell proliferation/motility, and programmed cell death. (frontiersin.org)
  • The distribution of oestrogen receptors in mammalian tissues suggests that oestrogens could have a significant role in orchestrating a number of pathways in living organisms during development and adulthood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this thesis we aim to better understand the effect of genetic and environmental factors by investigating parental effects manifesting from early life until adulthood. (lu.se)
  • These events may contribute to the development of pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions that manifest during adulthood. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Both pre- and postnatal environmental insults have an influence on developmental programming, leading to the development of hypertension in adulthood through a process known as "developmental origins of health and disease" (DOHaD) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • NEUROSOME aims to explore the environmental causes of neurodevelopmental disorders and their complex interplay with genetic predisposition and susceptibility. (europa.eu)
  • Mechanism of early susceptibility is not fully understood, but may be explained, in part, by environmental impact on neural stem cells (NSCs). (rochester.edu)
  • Genomic imprinting and environmental disease susceptibility. (edu.au)
  • 13 This study demonstrated that autism susceptibility genes are sensitive to specific environmental exposures. (mindspec.org)
  • The rapid rise in prevalence over the past three decades cannot be explained solely by genetic factors," the authors wrote, adding the research "provides new insights regarding the potential neurotoxicity of phthalates and … supports earlier research showing increased susceptibility of the developing brain, especially the male fetal brain, to the impact of toxic chemicals. (ehn.org)
  • Although defects from prenatal alcohol exposure can be replicated in mouse models [ 10 ], identifying genetic factors that contribute to susceptibility to FASD is virtually impossible in human populations since time, dose, and frequency of exposure are generally unknown, and manifestations of FASD are diverse and become evident long after exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sequence variations that affect CYP2A13 expression may contribute to interindividual differences in susceptibility to tobacco-related tumorigenesis. (aspetjournals.org)
  • CYP2A13 genetic polymorphisms may be associated with interindividual differences in susceptibility to tobacco-related tumorigenesis, because the resultant variations in CYP2A13 expression and metabolic activity can significantly alter the extent of NNK metabolic activation in human lung. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Prenatal and postnatal environment exposures may disturb lung growth and delay immune system maturation, resulting in an increased susceptibility to asthma and wheezing disorders in childhood. (bvsalud.org)
  • Supported by epidemiological data and experimental studies, specific mechanisms have been defined linking environmental perturbations, disrupted fetal and neonatal development and adult ill-health. (mdpi.com)
  • First, we scrutinized gene expression data from adult pancreas, adult pancreatic islets, fetal pancreas, and single cell expression data. (lu.se)
  • Fetal exposure to BPA induces preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in the adult rat mammary gland. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These results show that fetal BPA exposure triggers changes in the postnatal and adult mammary gland epigenome and alters gene expression patterns. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Adult offspring rats of prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) displayed significant impairments in novelty recognition and spatial learning memory, with some phenotypes maintained transgenerationally. (bvsalud.org)
  • For example, even though glucocorticoids are recommended to women at risk of preterm birth to accelerate fetal lung maturation [ 2 ], a growing body of evidence indicates that prenatal glucocorticoid exposure induces a variety of adult diseases, including hypertension [ 3 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • A previous study of ours showed that prenatal dexamethasone (DEX) exposure induces hypertension in adult offspring, which is driven by renal programming [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The effect of chronic oral exposure to arsenic at the dose of 4 microg/ml for 28 days was evaluated on adult female albino rats. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is also possible that there can be an effect in children at an epigenetic level (heritable changes that affect gene expression and activity, but do not involve changes in the DNA sequence) in their adult years, as well as the potential carcinogenic effects to long term exposure,' said Prof de Jager. (up.ac.za)
  • Despite the well-accepted notion of peri-natal origins of adult diseases, the factors and regulatory mechanisms underlying breast cancer development at later adult life remains unclear. (usda.gov)
  • New data suggest that epigenetic influences might be involved in the regulation of fetal development and the pathophysiology of adult diseases such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, and neurodevelopmental disorders. (nyu.edu)
  • We reared DGRP lines which showed extreme upregulation or downregulation of snoRNA expression during developmental alcohol exposure on standard or ethanol supplemented medium and demonstrated that developmental exposure to ethanol has genotype-specific effects on adult locomotor activity and sleep. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since lead has been eliminated from gasoline, adult lead exposures tend to be limited to occupational (e.g., battery and radiator manufacturing) and recreational sources. (cdc.gov)
  • The specific genes found to be affected by changes in methylation levels are ones involved in roles that are important for brain development such as cell fate and specialization, neuronal growth and patterning of white matter microstructure. (centerhealthyminds.org)
  • Concomitantly, downregulation of estrogen receptor (ER alpha), the estrogen-responsive gene - vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and G1 cell cycle proteins, cyclin D1 and CDK4, was also observed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We showed that maternal blueberry diet protects mice against breast cancer development by up-regulation of growth suppressor proteins and hormones that are associated with obesity and inflammation. (usda.gov)
  • Functionality of the DNA methylation was annotated by the association to fetal growth and cellular pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Imprinted genes are involved in cellular pathways crucial for growth and development [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among over a hundred imprinted genes in humans, a pair of widely investigated is the insulin-like growth factor 2 ( IGF2 ) gene, clustered with the reciprocally imprinted neighboring H19 gene. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the article, Srám analyzes the effects of exposure to air pollution, which can include harmful chemicals, on fetal growth and development. (asu.edu)
  • Untreated congenital hypothyroidism in early infancy results in profound growth failure and disrupted development of the CNS, leading to developmental cognitive delay (cretinism). (medscape.com)
  • For example, expression of the gene for insulin -like growth factor 2 is normally expressed only from the paternal allele. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Implementation would make the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) more effective in preventing pollution and protecting all Canadians from the risks posed by toxins in the environment. (equiterre.org)
  • Despite the considerable efforts to decrease environmental pollution we still witness uncontrolled introduction of new compounds in living and working environment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Based on this approach, epidemiological studies set off many activities to reduce pollution and prevent exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Prenatal or postnatal exposure to environmental perturbation such as malnutrition, pollution, and heavy metals has been associated with low IQ and impaired neurobehavioral and cognitive functions. (rochester.edu)
  • For example, air pollution exposure is associated with increased risk of low birth weight, preterm birth and risk for developing asthma later in life. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Natalie Johnson, PhD, associate professor at the Texas A&M School of Public Health, along with Carmen Lau, DVM, Jonathan Behlen and others exposed animal models modified to lack the Nrf2 gene and unmodified animal models to particulate pollution like that found in diesel exhaust. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The study was conducted by the University of Pretoria's (UP) Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health Research Unit , and was led by UP Dean of Health Sciences, Prof Tiaan de Jager and Director of the Unit, Dr Natalie Aneck-Hahn. (up.ac.za)
  • This groundwater contamination study adds to another highly concerning finding from March, published in the journal of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , where researchers found the chemical in 60-100% of all air and rain samples tested, indicating that glyphosate pollution and exposure is now omnipresent in the US. (activistpost.com)
  • Environmental Science and Pollution Research. (hutton.ac.uk)
  • Prenatal exposure to another hazardous component of air pollution, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, is strongly associated with impaired cognitive development in case studies of 3- and 5-year-old children. (mindspec.org)
  • In 1999, researcher Radim Srám, sometimes spelled Radim Šrám, published his article "Impact of Air Pollution on Reproductive Health" in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. (asu.edu)
  • The pleiotropic harmful effects of EDCs act through hormone-dependent downstream signaling pathways responsible for gonad development either through direct interaction with steroid hormone receptor or via epigenetic regulation. (intechopen.com)
  • To identify genes, signaling pathways and networks that are controlled by SRC-3 and potentially important for hormone-dependent decidualization, we performed RNA-sequencing on HESCs in which SRC-3 levels were significantly reduced at the time of administering the deciduogenic stimulus. (frontiersin.org)
  • Improving the knowledge of mech- the identification of molecular alterations focus is on cancers of the breast, anisms of carcinogenesis related to and molecular pathways deregulated urinary tract, and liver and childhood environmental exposures provides a by specific cancer risk factors. (who.int)
  • Major emphasis is placed is involved in identifying molecular molecular events and pathways that on discerning events that precede or biomarkers of exposure and cancer underpin carcinogenesis, thereby elu- drive tumour initiation and progression risk. (who.int)
  • The 2nd Next Generation Rotavirus Vaccine Developers Meeting, sponsored by PATH and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, was held in London, UK (7-8 June 2022), and attended by vaccine developers and researchers to discuss advancements in the development of next-generation rotavirus vaccines and to consider issues surrounding vaccine acceptability, introduction, and uptake. (edu.au)
  • Several studies using cultured cells and laboratory rodents suggest the possibility of leukemogenic, genetic, reproductive, and neurological effects from chronic exposure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both genetic and environmental factors and their interaction play a pivotal role in the risk and development of the disease. (lu.se)
  • At early stages, a baby's brain development is heavily influenced by genetic and environmental factors that shape their brain structure and function. (centerhealthyminds.org)
  • Furthermore, the effect of genetic variants in the regulation of NSC responses to metal exposure will be determined. (rochester.edu)
  • I hypothesize that genes or microRNAs, which are identified as functionally important in neural stem cell function, will have genetic polymorphisms that associate with metal-impaired neurodevelopment in susceptible children. (rochester.edu)
  • Its cause remains unknown, despite evidence that genetic, environmental, and immunological factors may play a role in its pathogenesis. (blogspot.com)
  • Prenatal PM 2.5 exposure was found to have genetic region-specific significant association with IGF2 and H19 during specific gestational weeks. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent understanding from animal and epidemiological studies shows that nutritional stimuli can influence genetic expression through DNA methylation 8 . (aprifel.com)
  • Identifying genetic risk alleles for FASD is challenging since time, dose, and frequency of exposure are often unknown, and manifestations of FASD are diverse and evident long after exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model to study the genetic basis of the effects of developmental alcohol exposure since many individuals of the same genotype can be reared under controlled environmental conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found substantial genetic variation in gene expression in response to ethanol with extensive sexual dimorphism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We constructed sex-specific genetic networks associated with alcohol-dependent modulation of gene expression that include protein-coding genes, Novel Transcribed Regions (NTRs, postulated to encode long non-coding RNAs) and female-specific coordinated regulation of snoRNAs that regulate pseudouridylation of ribosomal RNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There is significant and sex-specific natural genetic variation in the transcriptional response to developmental exposure to ethanol in Drosophila that comprises networks of genes affecting nervous system development and ethanol metabolism as well as networks of regulatory non-coding RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Drosophila melanogaster presents an advantageous model for studies on the genetic underpinnings associated with symptoms of developmental alcohol exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • developmental language disorders are genetic and is therefore caused (at least in part) by the genes passed on from parents to children. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Although there is strong evidence for the role of a genetic component in language disorder, we do not know which genes contribute to this disorder or how the inheritance of language problems work. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • MCA also participates in foundation for studies of cancer etiology, achieved through mechanistic studies an interdisciplinary approach aimed at cancer prevention, and carcinogen of functionally important (epi)genetic characterizing exposures throughout evaluation, the core activities of IARC. (who.int)
  • Genomic imprinting is the differential expression of genetic material depending on whether it has been inherited from the father or mother. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Asthma prevalence has been increasing worldwide, not only due to the genetic background, but also mainly because of the effect of environmental risk factors. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor in the regulation of several genes involved in the oxidative stress response. (hindawi.com)
  • The researchers also analyzed lung and liver tissue from the offpsring to measure differences in certain immune markers and expression of genes related to oxidative stress response. (sciencedaily.com)
  • According to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis, environmental exposures in early life affects later life risk. (frontiersin.org)
  • Understanding these early stages of development is crucial not only for unraveling the mysteries of life's origins but also for providing insights into potential causes of developmental disorders. (fnps-society.org)
  • To date, the dangers of prenatal or postnatal exposure to this complex mixture of carcinogens, developmental toxins, and neurotoxins have not been studied. (ndnr.com)
  • We determined the expression of components of the ECS in the human fetal testis from 6 to 17 developmental weeks and assessed the direct effects of phytocannabinoids Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) on the testis morphology and cell functions ex vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
  • High levels of DEHA and di-2-propyl heptyl phthalate (DEHP) were found in the commercial brands tested, posing significant health risks (such as reproductive and developmental effects and liver toxicity), while exposure to the EDC DEHP results in carcinogenic risks that are regarded slightly higher than the acceptable level (1 in 100 000). (up.ac.za)
  • Prenatal exposure to PM 2.5 may have even life-long consequences as, according to the Developmental Origins of Health and Diseases (DOHaD) theory, perturbations in the intrauterine environment are involved in the development of disease in later life [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • He has a particular interest in elucidating chemical toxicity to reproduction and development, developmental basis of disease, and the adverse effects from chemical mixtures. (nih.gov)
  • Unfortunately, PCBs are well-established developmental neurotoxicants that adversely affect both cognitive and motor development in exposed children 4, 5, 6, 7 . (mindspec.org)
  • In this study, male (but not female) mice provided with THM- and PCE-contaminated drinking water developed autistic-like behaviors after gestational and postnatal exposure 3 .These results suggest that males may be uniquely sensitive (at specific developmental time points) to the synergistic effects of PCE and trihalomethanes. (mindspec.org)
  • The Fetal and Neonatal Physiological Society (FNPS) stands at the forefront of research in this field, dedicated to unraveling the complexities of prenatal development through rigorous scientific inquiry. (fnps-society.org)
  • By investigating various aspects such as fetal circulation, respiratory adaptations, and neurodevelopmental processes, FNPS aims to decipher the intricacies of prenatal physiology and provide evidence-based guidelines for optimizing neonatal care. (fnps-society.org)
  • In summary, the Fetal and Neonatal Physiological Society (FNPS) plays a crucial role in advancing our understanding of prenatal development through rigorous scientific inquiry. (fnps-society.org)
  • In the study, published recently in Environmental Health , higher glyphosate levels were associated with lower birth weight and may also lead to higher neonatal intensive care unit admission risk. (momsacrossamerica.com)
  • The impact of prolonged exposure to apparently non-toxic doses of neurotoxicants during early development may have on children's health, represents a major risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs). (europa.eu)
  • NEUROSOME aims at protecting public health against neurodevelopmental disorders using the latest advances in environmental health science, namely the exposome paradigm. (europa.eu)
  • Investigation of cancers caused by xenoestrogens may elucidate yet unknown mechanisms also valuable for oncology and the development of new therapies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the molecular mechanisms by which environmental factors impact NSC function and early brain development remain poorly understood. (rochester.edu)
  • To investigate whether immune-mediated mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of autism, we used immunocytochemistry, cytokine protein arrays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to study brain tissues and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from autistic patients and determined the magnitude of neuroglial and inflammatory reactions and their cytokine expression profiles. (blogspot.com)
  • These findings provide a basis for further studies that associate CYP2A13 haplotypes with incidences of smoking-related lung tumors and for studies on the mechanisms of the low-expression phenotype of the 7520G-containing allele. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Additional mechanisms include generating reactive oxygen species and altering gene expression (ATSDR, 2007). (cdc.gov)
  • First, MCA studies are of specific cancers and surrogate the Epigenetics Group (EGE) and the aimed at providing critical insights into tissues and to identify signatures of Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers mechanisms of carcinogenesis through cancer risk and exposures. (who.int)
  • Studying epigenetic mechanisms and environmental origins of cancer. (who.int)
  • Small Indels in the Androgen Receptor Gene: Phenotype Implications and Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. (medscape.com)
  • Retrospective studies of the survivors of famines, such as those exposed to the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-45, have linked exposures around conception to later disease outcomes, some of which correlate with DNA methylation changes at certain genes. (frontiersin.org)
  • This report evaluates the effect and mode of action of chronic oral arsenic exposure on the uterine physiology of mature female albino rats. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This report* was developed to assist physicians, public health officials, and other health-care professionals respond to public concerns about recently recognized, serious complications of human parvovirus B19 (B19) infection, including transient aplastic crisis (TAC), chronic anemia, and fetal death. (cdc.gov)
  • B19 has also been associated with fetal death (both spontaneous abortions and stillbirths), acute arthralgias and arthritis, and chronic anemia in immunodeficient patients (5-14). (cdc.gov)
  • These data are discussed in terms of three exposure periods: acute (14 days or less), intermediate (15-364 days), and chronic (365 days or more). (cdc.gov)
  • MRLs can be derived for acute, intermediate, and chronic duration exposures for inhalation and oral routes. (cdc.gov)
  • As an example, acute inhalation MRLs may not be protective for health effects that are delayed in development or are acquired following repeated acute insults, such as hypersensitivity reactions, asthma, or chronic bronchitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Chronic exposure of rats resulted in increased thyroid follicular cell tumors from sustained perturbation of thyroid hormone homeostasis. (cdc.gov)
  • Here we used a mouse (C57BL/6) model of environmental pollutant exposure by administration of a particulate matter (SRM1649b at 300 μg/day/mouse) suspension intra-nasally beginning 2 months before conception and during gestation, in comparison to saline-exposed controls. (nature.com)
  • We investigated the association between cord blood DNA methylation status of the IGF2/H19 gene cluster and maternal fine particulate matter exposure during fetal life. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By getting at a very early time point, just [one month] after birth, there's not as much time to let the postnatal environment impact [brain development]. (centerhealthyminds.org)
  • In the second trimester of human foetal development the highest concentrations of ER beta mRNA are found in the testis and the ovary and of ER alpha mRNA in the uterus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BPA exposure resulted in higher levels of pro-activation histone H3K4 trimethylation at the transcriptional initiation site of the alpha-lactalbumin gene at PND4, concomitantly enhancing mRNA expression of this gene. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Expression of the estrogen receptor and estrogen-induced genes was studied at the mRNA level by RT-PCR and at the protein level by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings point to the lack of a functioning Nrf2 gene being a main contributor to the differences between the groups. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Interestingly, one animal research study found that pregnant mice exposed to diesel exhaust particles bore offspring with severe abnormalities in fetal brain development and pathological findings similar to those reported in autism. (mindspec.org)
  • Here we explored how gestational exposure to dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid commonly used in clinical practice, has lasting effects on offspring's learning and memory. (bvsalud.org)
  • Winchester said previous studies have shown a variety of negative effects of pesticide exposure in animal models, but not much is known about the impact on fetal development in humans. (weedkiller.news)
  • If a chemical like glyphosate is mobile enough to get into the groundwater and is intrinsically resistant to being biodegraded (after all, it is being used to kill/degrade living things - not the other way around), significant environmental exposures to humans using the water are inevitable. (activistpost.com)
  • In humans, low protein intake by women in late but intrauterine exposure was (20). (cdc.gov)
  • Public health officials and others concerned with appropriate actions to take at hazardous waste sites may want information on levels of exposure associated with more subtle effects in humans or animals (LOAELs) or exposure levels below which no adverse effects (NOAELs) have been observed. (cdc.gov)
  • Estimates of exposure levels posing minimal risk to humans (Minimal Risk Levels or MRLs) have been made for methyl parathion. (cdc.gov)
  • Cancer types that have been well documented in literature to be related with environmental exposure include the reproductive system, breast, lung, kidney, pancreas, and brain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The aim of this study was to identify any impact of CYP2A13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on CYP2A13 expression in human lung. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In the present study, we determined the potential impact of selected CYP2A13 SNPs on levels of CYP2A13 expression in human lung. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In 2005, the Environmental Working Group 2 tested umbilical cord blood from 10 children and found 287 chemicals: 180 of them were carcinogenic, 217 were neurotoxic, and 208 caused birth defects or abnormal development in animal tests. (ndnr.com)
  • Research on laboratory animals suggests it can increase the risk of abnormal fetal development, affect hormone levels and decrease ovulation, 2 which may increase the risk for female infertility. (ewg.org)
  • As recently as 2004 , glyphosate was revealed to exhibit endocrine-disruptive and embryotoxic effects, indicating that it may contribute to birth defects and abnormal fetal development. (activistpost.com)
  • The project's training goal is to produce a new generation of exposome researchers, trained in academia, applied research and industry, with transdisciplinary skills (environmental end exposure modelling, HBM, -omics technologies, high dimensional bioinformatics and environmental epidemiology,) and understanding of fundamental science and its direct application to environmental health challenges. (europa.eu)
  • Through its collaborative efforts among researchers, clinicians, and other stakeholders within the healthcare community, FNPS fosters interdisciplinary dialogue aimed at improving our understanding of prenatal development. (fnps-society.org)
  • The researchers also found that exposure to prenatal maternal depression and anxiety symptoms affected white matter microstructure and epigenetic changes differently in males versus females. (centerhealthyminds.org)
  • In a study published in the journal Antioxidants , researchers from Texas A&M University and the University of Florida worked to clarify how a gene related to oxidant response known as Nrf2 affects fetal development in an experimental model. (sciencedaily.com)
  • To better understand the role of Nrf2 during development and clarify how ultrafine particles affect health, researchers exposed both unmodified animal models and those that have had the Nrf2 genes knocked out to fresh, filtered air and air containing ultrafine particles like those found in diesel exhaust, a common pollutant in urban areas. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Researchers hope to study glyphosate exposure in a larger group of pregnant women over time. (momsacrossamerica.com)
  • Changes to ovary cells have been associated with radiofrequency radiation exposure in laboratory rats. (ewg.org)
  • Prenatal exposure to radiofrequency radiation in laboratory rats was associated with follicle degeneration and structural changes of ovary cells that produce estrogen. (ewg.org)
  • Exposure to radiofrequency radiation from cell phones was associated with the death of the uterine lining in laboratory rats. (ewg.org)
  • The critical effects of acute duration iodomethane exposure are: (1) fetal losses in rabbits, (2) lesions in rat nasal epithelium, and (3) transient neurotoxicity in rats. (cdc.gov)
  • Previous results suggest that BPA acts through the estrogen receptors which are detected exclusively in the mesenchyme during the exposure period by directly altering gene expression, leading to alterations of the reciprocal interactions between mesenchyme and epithelium. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Most of these genes were accompanied by epigenetic changes that correlated with their expression patterns. (lu.se)
  • Some environmental changes that have been linked to epigenetic changes include starvation, folic acid, and various chemical exposures. (nyu.edu)
  • Endocrine disruptors are defined as toxic compounds that can modulate the endocrine and immune systems, resulting in alteration of homeostasis, reproduction, development, and behavior. (ndnr.com)
  • These results reveal a potential way through which maternal behavior influences a baby's brain development. (centerhealthyminds.org)
  • To find the link between maternal behavior and changes in the infant's brain they used cord blood to look at DNA modifications called epigenetics (outside of the gene) which alter the expression of genes. (centerhealthyminds.org)
  • It refers to the concept that events occurring during prenatal development can have long-lasting effects on an individual's health later in life. (fnps-society.org)
  • In summary, in this thesis we investigate paternal and maternal effects as a function of fetal programming and parentof- origin effects to better understand their influence on type 2 diabetes and insulin secretion. (lu.se)
  • Depending on the molecules and testis age, highly deleterious effects of phytocannabinoid exposure were observed on testis tissue after 14 days, including Sertoli and germ cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
  • different effects depending on the roles of each gene. (centerhealthyminds.org)
  • The beneficial effects of DMF treatment include an increase in renal Nrf2 gene expression, reduction of oxidative stress, decrease in plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and renal soluble epoxide hydrolase protein levels, increase in the L -arginine-to-ADMA ratio, and activation of genes related to nutrient sensing and autophagy (e.g. (hindawi.com)
  • The gene Nrf2 is known to affect immune function and stress response in adults, but research on the effects of this gene in infants and children has been explored less. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Zylka, who is the W.R. Kenan Distinguished Professor of Cell Biology and Physiology at the UNC School of Medicine, began studying the effects of this fungicide on brain cells several years ago when he and colleagues found that members of this fungicide class caused gene expression changes that are indicative of brain inflammation, a process seen in individuals with autism and age-related cognitive conditions. (unchealthcare.org)
  • Evidence of the effects of radiofrequency radiation exposure on sperm quality has also been observed in animal studies. (ewg.org)
  • Epidemiological investigations have shown increasing evidence of altered development and detrimental effects on reproductive health during the past 50 years associated with endocrine disruptors affecting the HPG axis. (intechopen.com)
  • Doguc 2015: Are There Any Remarkable Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Food Colourings on Neurobehaviour and Learning Process in Rat Offspring? (talkingaboutthescience.com)
  • 2014. Transcriptome analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in human subjects following a 36 h fast provides evidence of effects on genes regulating inflammation, apoptosis and energy metabolism . (hutton.ac.uk)
  • He completed postdoctoral work at the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory within the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and at the NTP at the NIEHS. (nih.gov)
  • Less is known about the effects of PCB exposure on the social and emotional development of children. (mindspec.org)
  • We do not know if these subtle effects associated with prenatal phthalate exposure will last after the preschool period," said child development specialist and study co-author Gina Muckle, professor at Université Laval and Quebec-CHU Research Center in Quebec City, Canada, in a statement. (ehn.org)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that, despite warning labels on alcoholic beverages that indicate possible adverse effects on prenatal development, 1 in 10 pregnant women report alcohol use and more than 3 million women in the USA are at risk of exposing their developing fetus to alcohol [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thyroid hormone exerts profound effects on the regulation of gene transcription. (medscape.com)
  • The distinction between 'less serious' effects and 'serious' effects is considered to be important because it helps the users of the profiles to identify levels of exposure at which major health effects start to appear. (cdc.gov)
  • An MRL is defined as an estimate of daily human exposure to a substance that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of adverse effects (noncarcinogenic) over a specified duration of exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • As these kinds of health effects data become available and methods to assess levels of significant human exposure improve, these MRLs will be revised. (cdc.gov)
  • A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for iodomethane was developed to characterize poten- tial human health effects from iodomethane exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Moreover, environmental exposures could contribute to a dysregulated immune system that interacts at the molecular level with glial cells and astrocytes, creating a neuroinflammatory condition. (europa.eu)
  • This highlights a need for further research into the roles of genes on immune and stress response and how those genes interact with environmental factors. (sciencedaily.com)
  • He explained that exposure to EDCs during highly sensitive life stages such as foetal development and early childhood can result in the development of non-communicable diseases, problems with metabolism, as well as immune system dysfunction, problems with neurodevelopment, and reproductive function. (up.ac.za)
  • The first 1,000 days of life of a child, the period from conception to the end of the second year, is a critical stage for the development of respiratory and immune systems. (bvsalud.org)
  • Exposures, whether chemical, physical, or microbiological, may act directly upon neural cells or may affect the expression of genes that regulate relevant fetal/infant processes. (europa.eu)
  • One remarkable case study exemplifying FNPS's commitment to advancing knowledge in prenatal development involves a premature infant born at 28 weeks gestation. (fnps-society.org)
  • This is a period when the developing fetus is highly susceptible to environmental influences, with many women resorting to cannabis to alleviate morning sickness. (earth.com)
  • The cells also play an important role in mediating the communication between the mother and the fetus including fetal brain development. (rochester.edu)
  • Studies have shown IGF2 as a contributor to maternal nutrient supply to the fetus [ 2 ] and that loss of imprinting in IGF2 resulted in fetal overgrowth [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • NIEHS research uses state-of-the-art science and technology to investigate the interplay between environmental exposures, human biology, genetics, and common diseases to help prevent disease and improve human health. (nih.gov)
  • These include chemical modifications of DNA bases, post-translational histone modifications and chromatin structure, and their configuration can be affected by a variety of environmental exposures. (frontiersin.org)
  • Expression can be controlled by reversible post-translational modifications on histone amino acid tails, with complex cross-talk between modifications ( Kouzarides, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Unveiling the central regulation of pubertal development. (medscape.com)
  • Epigenetics is an emerging field within prenatal development research that explores how gene expression can be influenced by environmental factors without altering the underlying DNA sequence. (fnps-society.org)
  • Epigenetics refers to structural modifications to genes that do not change the nucleotide sequence itself but instead control and regulate gene expression. (nyu.edu)
  • Industry says that we should worry about unfairly "stigmatizing" chemicals this way, but we think that most Canadians would prefer to err on the side of protecting human health and environmental integrity. (equiterre.org)
  • In 2000, an independent panel of experts convened by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Toxicology Program found there was credible evidence that some hormone-like chemicals at very low levels can affect animals' bodily functions. (ndnr.com)
  • The new study does not prove that phthalates- widely used in certain plastics, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, food packaging, and medical devices- cause autism, however, it adds to a growing body of evidence that prenatal exposure to certain chemicals may impair social development and suggests folic acid may protect against some of these potential impacts. (ehn.org)
  • Phthalates have previously been linked to changes in gene expression and DNA function, which is another pathway for the chemicals to impact children's brains. (ehn.org)
  • The goal is the development of functional links among the different components of environmental, exposure, Human Biomonitoring (HBM), toxicological and epidemiological studies to understand the causal associations between exposure to organic compounds and metals to NDs. (europa.eu)
  • Clearly, more clinical and epidemiological research is needed to fully characterize the impact of PCB exposure on autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders. (mindspec.org)
  • Can exposure to excess androgen during fetal life increase risk of hepatic disease in male offspring? (napier.ac.uk)
  • RNA-seq can also help to identify novel transcripts, alternately spliced genes, and allele-specific expression. (nature.com)
  • The presence of imprinted genes can cause cells with a full parental complement of functional autosomal genes to specifically express one allele but not the other, resulting in monoallelic expression of the imprinted loci. (edu.au)
  • With one of the two alleles silenced, the paternal allele of IGF2 gene is expressed and the maternally active H19 gene downstream to IGF2 is transcribed into a non-coding RNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An allele with incomplete (low) penetrance may not be expressed even when the trait is dominant or when it is recessive and the gene responsible for that trait is present on both chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 1 % of alleles, expression is possible only from the paternal or maternal allele. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Iodomethane HECs for workers and bystanders were derived using the PBPK model and NOAELs for acute exposure endpoints of concern. (cdc.gov)
  • Nasal olfactory degeneration is the primary endpoint for risk assessment of acute exposure to iodomethane. (cdc.gov)
  • However, the exact molecular events leading to reproductive dysfunctions as a result of arsenic exposure are yet to be ascertained. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since development and functional maintenance of the uterus is under the influence of estradiol, arsenic-induced structural degeneration may be attributed to the reduction in circulating estradiol levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Downregulation of the estrogen receptor and estrogen-responsive genes in response to arsenic indicates a mechanism of suppression of female reproductive functions by an environmental toxicant that is contra-mechanistic to that of estrogen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Arsenic (As) with various chemical forms, including inorganic arsenic and organic arsenic, is the most prevalent water and environmental toxin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The gene encoding ArsR/methyltransferase fusion protein, arsR M , was amplified and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and this strain showed resistance to arsenic in the present of 0.25-6 mM As(III), aresenate, or pentavalent roxarsone. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Arsenic, classified as a Group 1 human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, is the most prevalent water and environmental toxin [ 1 ], and ranks top of the US Priority List of Hazardous Substances. (biomedcentral.com)
  • From the ongoing population-based prospective ENVIRONmental influence ON AGEing in early life (ENVIR ON AGE) birth cohort [ 23 ], 199 mother-newborn (all singleton) pairs that were recruited between July 2014 and June 2015 were included. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In most cases, it is likely that several genes combine to bring about a heightened risk of disorder. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • This mechanism requires methyl groups derived from the human diet (e.g. folate, choline, and methionine of the homocysteine pathway) to establish appropriate gene activating and silencing patterns during embryonic and fetal development 9 . (aprifel.com)
  • Some cause the expression of traits to deviate from the patterns predicted by Mendelian inheritance. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Iodomethane is a new agricultural of approximately 24 hours due to the emission patterns of active ingredient, and there are no human exposure incident the compound and air dispersion patterns ( EPA OPP Health reports related to agricultural uses. (cdc.gov)
  • They operate during sensitive periods of gestation by disrupting endocrine systems and altering the hormonal milieu necessary for fetal brain development. (europa.eu)
  • The results of our data mining show (a) a significant correlation between exposure to xenoestrogens and increased, gender-related, cancer risk and (b) a need to re-evaluate agents so far defined as endocrine disruptors, as they are also key molecules in carcinogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The fetal testis, whose endocrine function orchestrates the masculinization of many distant organs, is particularly sensitive to disruption by xenobiotics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It dealt specifically with the issues of Neuro- Endocrine- Immunology and their importance in environmental medicine. (csn-deutschland.de)
  • Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and numerous other systems can be affected by exposure to uranium, a toxic metal. (wikipedia.org)
  • With regard to human biomonitoring, analysis of organochlorine compounds and metals in biological samples (blood, brain, milk) in venous serum of pregnant mothers from Arctic areas, farmworkers exposure to pesticides in Spain, phthalates and DINCH metabolites, bisphenols, parabens, and triclosan in Slovenian populations, and metals in from population samples from the PHIME study has been carried out. (europa.eu)
  • The development of the human blood-CSF-brain barrier. (cdc.gov)
  • Cannabis action is mediated by the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which expression is well established in the brain but unknown in the developing testis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A recent study done at the Center for Healthy Minds and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison and published in Scientific Reports found that the impact of prenatal maternal depression and anxiety on early postnatal brain development is associated with DNA modifications in blood obtained from the umbilical cord. (centerhealthyminds.org)
  • Environmental factors can greatly influence brain and child development in significant ways," says Doug Dean, assistant professor of pediatrics and medical physics and lead author of the study. (centerhealthyminds.org)
  • Your genes are transcribing how your brain develops," says Elizabeth Planalp, scientist at the Waisman Center and co-author of the study. (centerhealthyminds.org)
  • In other words, maternal depression and anxiety symptoms alter the expression of genes that result in changes in fetal brain development. (centerhealthyminds.org)
  • This information obtained from cord blood, says Reid Alisch, professor of neurological surgery and co-author of the study, can give insight into what's happening during brain development. (centerhealthyminds.org)
  • As the progenitor cells of the central nervous system, NSCs play an essential role in shaping the developing brain and disruption of this process by environmental exposure may lead to deficits later in life. (rochester.edu)
  • Growing evidence indicates that EVs reach fetal neural cells after crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). (rochester.edu)
  • It's not clear how phthalates may impact brain and social development. (ehn.org)
  • Significant changes were observed in genes related to common neurobehavioral disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. (earth.com)
  • A recent animal research study found that perinatal PCB exposure impaired social approach and investigation, behaviors also impaired in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders 8 . (mindspec.org)
  • 11,1 2 In a rare gene-environment autism study, genetically susceptible mice exposed to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo(a)pyrene while pregnant developed offspring with behavioral deficits and with decreased expression of the MET gene, a suspected autism risk gene. (mindspec.org)
  • I think it's important to understand how a mother's small behavioral changes can really impact child development. (centerhealthyminds.org)
  • Prenatal exposure to radiofrequency radiation in laboratory mice was associated with lower levels of testosterone and behavioral anomalies. (ewg.org)
  • This will be done by developing a functional link between human biological monitoring and data on exposure to specific environmental compounds and NDs using the latest advances in environmental health science, namely the exposome paradigm. (europa.eu)
  • As adults, our health can be influenced by a range of lifestyle and environmental factors, increasing the risk for developing a series of non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and obesity. (mdpi.com)
  • Cancer risks resulting from exposure to DEHA equated to about five in 1000 people, which is 50 times higher than the acceptable cancer risk, said Prof de Jager. (up.ac.za)
  • In addition we detected a seroprevalence of 1.3% in southern Cameroon, which indicated a low risk for exposure in this region. (cdc.gov)
  • However, epidemiologic links are not always well established ( 6 ), and the risk for exposure to hemorrhagic fever viruses for the general population in Central and West Africa remains unclear. (cdc.gov)
  • Data are limited in that previous serologic surveys for filoviruses date back several decades ( 7 - 9 ) or have focused on specific populations and locations with high exposure to potential risk factors ( 6 , 10 ). (cdc.gov)
  • A quantitative human health risk assessment was conducted for inhalation exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Mycotoxin Exposure and Renal Cell Carcinoma Risk: An Association Study in the EPIC European Cohort. (who.int)