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FerredoxinsFerredoxin-NADP ReductaseIron-Sulfur ProteinsClostridiumElectron Spin Resonance SpectroscopySulfite Reductase (Ferredoxin)FlavodoxinSulfurElectron TransportOxidation-ReductionKetone OxidoreductasesEthyldimethylaminopropyl CarbodiimideAdrenodoxinDesulfovibrioSpectrophotometryAmino Acid SequenceOxidoreductasesRubredoxinsIronFerredoxin-Nitrite ReductasePlantsCyanobacteriaMolecular Sequence DataAzotobacterNADPAnabaenaChloroplastsTungstenHydrogenasePhotosystem I Protein ComplexPeptococcusSpectrum AnalysisAzotobacter vinelandiiNADH, NADPH OxidoreductasesDithioniteSpinacia oleraceaChromatiumDioxygenasesMoorellaOxygenasesRhodobacter capsulatusHydrogenPyrococcus furiosusBiliverdineAcetobacteriumSpectrophotometry, UltravioletAldehyde OxidoreductasesFlavoproteinsMethanosarcina barkeriElectrochemistryAmino AcidsBacterial ProteinsSulfolobusPhycobilinsSequence Homology, Amino AcidPotentiometryNitrite ReductasesMetalloproteinsSphingomonasProtein ConformationCircular DichroismAcidianusClostridium kluyveriFlavin-Adenine DinucleotideGram-Negative Anaerobic Straight, Curved, and Helical RodsArchaeaModels, MolecularPhotosynthesisMethanosarcinaSulfidesKineticsElectronsViologensTritrichomonasSynechocystisParaquatTrichomonas vaginalisAnaerobiosisThaueraPseudomonas putidaBile PigmentsEscherichia coliPhycocyaninArchaeal ProteinsMolecular WeightChlamydomonas reinhardtiiPhotosynthetic Reaction Center Complex ProteinsCarbodiimidesHaloferax mediterraneiCloning, MolecularNitrogenaseFerricyanidesPlant ProteinsRecombinant ProteinsBinding SitesBase SequenceFlavinsNADH DehydrogenaseCatalysisFerrocyanides
ReductaseOxidoreductaseRedoxProteinProteinsHistidineElectronBacterialGeneNADHElectronsCytochromeReductionSequenceSubunitAbstractClusterSpeciesPlantComplexSingleNADPHEnzymeBiosynthesisPhotosynthesisElectron carrierMoleculeRubredoxinPyrococcusIron sulfur cReactionsCrystalPlantsRoleFull flat fileTransfer
Reductase8
  • In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, ferredoxin is the last electron acceptor thus reducing the enzyme NADP+ reductase. (wikipedia.org)
  • For detailed information about ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase, go to the full flat file . (brenda-enzymes.org)
  • In the presence of sodium dithionite or in the presence of P. aeruginosa ferredoxin NADP reductase (FPR) and NADPH the heme in BfrB remains oxidized and the core iron mineral is mobilized sluggishly. (ku.edu)
  • Circular dichroism (CD) spectra are presented of ferredoxin, ferredoxin-NADP reductase and their complex. (tau.ac.il)
  • No significant changes in the EPR * signal of reduced ferredoxin were detected in the presence of the reductase. (tau.ac.il)
  • In Azotobacter vinelandii, deletion of the fdxA gene that encodes a well characterized seven-iron ferredoxin (FdI) is known to lead to overexpression of the FdI redox partner, NADPH:ferredoxin reductase (FPR). (hal.science)
  • In the Class I apparatus, two electrons from NAD(P)H are transferred to the FAD-containing ferredoxin reductase (FdR) and then to P450 via the iron-sulfur cluster-containing ferredoxin (Fdx). (nature.com)
  • LOCUS CRU10545 1565 bp mRNA PLN 11-OCT-1995 DEFINITION Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (fnr) mRNA, complete cds. (bio.net)
Oxidoreductase5
  • It accepts electrons produced from sunlight-excited chlorophyll and transfers them to the enzyme ferredoxin: NADP+ oxidoreductase EC 1.18.1.2. (wikipedia.org)
  • This paper presents the properties of one of these mechanisms catalysed by the Rnf complex, an ion-translocating membrane complex with a ferredoxin NAD+ oxidoreductase activity. (preprints.org)
  • Photosystem I. The Light-Driven Plastocyanin: Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase. (koeltz.com)
  • A pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase was highly expressed, indicating the capability for anaerobic energy. (lu.se)
  • A pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase was highly expressed, indicating the capability for anaerobic energy generation during exposure to hypoxia and anoxia. (lu.se)
Redox3
  • Ferredoxins (from Latin ferrum: iron + redox, often abbreviated "fd") are iron-sulfur proteins that mediate electron transfer in a range of metabolic reactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this way, ferredoxin acts as an electron transfer agent in biological redox reactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, the ferredoxin used and the identity of the variable motif residue in these proteins affects the functionality of the monooxygenase system and has a significant influence on the redox properties of the ferredoxins. (rsc.org)
Protein12
  • The term "ferredoxin" was coined by D.C. Wharton of the DuPont Co. and applied to the "iron protein" first purified in 1962 by Mortenson, Valentine, and Carnahan from the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium pasteurianum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Depending on the sequence of the supporting protein ferredoxins have reduction potential from around -500mv to -340 mV. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Rnf complex is a widespread membrane protein in bacteria that reversibly transfers electrons between NADH and ferredoxin while pumping Na+ or H+ ions across the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • This change is interpreted as due to a decrease in interaction in ferredoxin between the iron-sulphur chromophore group and the protein. (tau.ac.il)
  • Horizontally Transferred Salivary Protein Promotes Insect Feeding by Suppressing Ferredoxin-Mediated Plant Defenses. (bvsalud.org)
  • The electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of the reduced form of the protein displayed a rhombic signal, with gx=1.91, gy=1.98, gz=2.07, that shows considerable similarity to plant and algal [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Significantly, the Haloferax mediterranei ferredoxin was shown to be a highly thermostable protein. (uea.ac.uk)
  • These include, not only the dedicated scaffold protein (Isu1) on which FeS clusters are synthesized, but also accessory FeS cluster biogenesis proteins frataxin (Yfh1) and ferredoxin (Yah1). (curefa.org)
  • An open reading frame (ORF) in the same operon as, but downstream of, vnfH in Azotobacter vinelandii can code for a ferredoxin-like protein. (syr.edu)
  • Raina, R , Bageshwar, UK & Das, HK 1993, ' The ORF encoding a putative ferredoxin-like protein downstream of the vnfH gene in Azotobacter vinelandii is involved in the vanadium-dependent alternative pathway of nitrogen fixation ', MGG Molecular & General Genetics , vol. 236, no. 2-3, pp. 459-462. (syr.edu)
  • Das, H. K. / The ORF encoding a putative ferredoxin-like protein downstream of the vnfH gene in Azotobacter vinelandii is involved in the vanadium-dependent alternative pathway of nitrogen fixation . (syr.edu)
  • A genome-wide association study identified variants in the ferredoxin fd ), apicoplast ribosomal protein S10 ( arps10 ), multidrug resistance protein 2 ( mdr2 ), and chloroquine resistance transporter ( crt ) genes as additional factors contributing to ART resistance, in which a missense fd mutation fd -D193Y) was the most frequent variant among resistant parasites [ 8 ]. (biorxiv.org)
Proteins1
Histidine1
  • Rather than a cysteine residue, which is highly conserved in [4Fe-4S] clusters, or alanine or glycine residues, which are common in [3Fe-4S] ferredoxins, these genes encode at this position histidine, asparagine, tyrosine, serine, threonine or phenylalanine. (rsc.org)
Electron6
  • Ferredoxins typically carry out a single electron transfer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fd− red However a few bacterial ferredoxins (of the 2[4Fe4S] type) have two iron sulfur clusters and can carry out two electron transfer reactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fd2− red Ferredoxins are one of the most reducing biological electron carriers. (wikipedia.org)
  • These ferredoxin systems are important in controlling electron transfer across bacterial secondary metabolite production processes which include antibiotic and pigment formation among others. (rsc.org)
  • Ferredoxin is a common electron carrier for anaerobic bacteria and, with NAD+, is involved in several pathways of interest for the production of biofuels. (preprints.org)
  • A ferredoxin that serves as the physiological electron donor to the nitrate and nitrite reductases in this assimilatory process has been characterized. (uea.ac.uk)
Bacterial1
  • Thus, the binding mode of Yah1 and Yfh1 interacting with Nfs1 in mitochondria of S. cerevisiae resembles the mutually exclusive binding of ferredoxin and frataxin with cysteine desulfurase reported for the bacterial FeS cluster assembly system. (curefa.org)
Gene1
NADH1
  • Ferredoxin can also be reduced by using NADH (-320 mV) or H 2 (-414 mV), but these processes are coupled to the consumption of the membrane potential to power the "boosting" of electrons to the higher energy state. (wikipedia.org)
Electrons2
  • The highly reducing ferredoxins are reduced either by using another strong reducing agent, or by using some source of energy to "boost" electrons from less reducing sources to the ferredoxin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Rnf complex performs the transfer of electrons from reduced ferredoxin to NAD+ coupled with an ion-motive transport. (preprints.org)
Cytochrome1
  • Here we demonstrate that many bacteria contain a set of unfamiliar ferredoxin encoding genes which are associated with those of cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases and as such are involved in anabolic and catabolic metabolism. (rsc.org)
Reduction2
  • For example, if the ferredoxin pool is around 95% reduced, the reduction potential will be around -500 mV. (wikipedia.org)
  • In stark contrast, addition of NADPH to a solution containing BfrB, FPR and the apo-form of P. aeruginosa bacterioferritin associated ferredoxin (apo-Bfd) results in rapid reduction of the heme in BfrB and in the efficient mobilization of the core iron mineral. (ku.edu)
Sequence2
  • Ferredoxins can be classified according to the nature of their iron-sulfur clusters and by sequence similarity. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, the sequence was not similar to the sequences of ferredoxins with a long stretch from Archaehacteria. (elsevierpure.com)
Subunit2
  • In Azotobacter vinelandii, the E1 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex binds fpr promoter region DNA and ferredoxin I. (hal.science)
  • In Azotobacter vinelandii, the E1 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex binds fpr promoter region DNA and ferredoxin I.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 1999, pp.12389-93. (hal.science)
Abstract1
  • abstract = "Ferredoxin was purified from cells of Hydrogenohacter thermophilus strain TK-6. (elsevierpure.com)
Cluster2
  • The purified ferredoxin had a molecular mass of 13,000 and contained a [4Fe-4S] cluster. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The ferredoxin was found to contain approximately two atoms of iron and two atoms of sulphur, indicative of the binding of a [2Fe-2S] cluster. (uea.ac.uk)
Species1
  • Similar ferredoxin encoding genes were identified across Mycobacterium species, including in the pathogenic M. tuberculosis and M. ulcerans , as well as in a wide range of other bacteria such as Rhodococcus and Streptomyces . (rsc.org)
Plant1
  • It targets a defensive ferredoxin 1 in Nicotiana tabacum (NtFD1) and disrupts the NtFD1-NtFD1 interaction in plant cytosol , leading to the degradation of NtFD1 in a ubiquitin -dependent manner. (bvsalud.org)
Complex1
  • A change in CD occurs on complex formation which is consistent with a decrease in the Cotton effects due to the ferredoxin. (tau.ac.il)
Single1
  • A single cell can have multiple types of ferredoxins where each type is tuned to optimally carry out different reactions. (wikipedia.org)
NADPH1
  • By mimicking cyclic electron flow with isolated components in vitro, we demonstrate that ferredoxin directly mediates electron transfer between photosystem I and complex I, instead of using intermediates such as NADPH (the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). (mpg.de)
Enzyme1
Biosynthesis1
  • The chlorophyll deficient phenotype of viridis-k mutants suggests that VirK plays an essential role in chlorophyll biosynthesis that cannot be replaced by other ferredoxins, thus assigning a specific function to this isoform of C-type ferredoxins. (ku.dk)
Photosynthesis1
Electron carrier1
  • The model reveals structural adaptations that facilitate binding and electron transfer from the photosynthetic electron carrier ferredoxin. (mpg.de)
Molecule1
  • The molecules resemble molecule A of D14C [4Fe-4S] P. furiosus ferredoxin and electron density clearly shows the presence of a [3Fe-4S] cluster. (proteopedia.org)
Rubredoxin4
  • Both ferredoxin and rubredoxin are important components of the electron transport chain, and they both play an essential role in the production of energy. (relationshipbetween.com)
  • Additionally, ferredoxin is more stable in the presence of oxygen, while rubredoxin is more susceptible to oxidative damage. (relationshipbetween.com)
  • Ferredoxin and rubredoxin are both essential components of cellular metabolic processes, but their roles are slightly different. (relationshipbetween.com)
  • While they are similar in many ways, there are significant differences between ferredoxin and rubredoxin. (relationshipbetween.com)
Pyrococcus1
  • The structure of the all-cysteinyl-coordinated D14C variant of [4Fe-4S] ferredoxin from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus has been determined to 1.7 A resolution from a crystal belonging to space group C222(1) with two types of molecules, A and B, in the asymmetric unit. (proteopedia.org)
Iron sulfur c2
  • Ferredoxins can be classified according to the nature of their iron-sulfur clusters and by sequence similarity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fd− red However a few bacterial ferredoxins (of the 2[4Fe4S] type) have two iron sulfur clusters and can carry out two electron transfer reactions. (wikipedia.org)
Reactions2
  • In this way, ferredoxin acts as an electron transfer agent in biological redox reactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • A single cell can have multiple types of ferredoxins where each type is tuned to optimally carry out different reactions. (wikipedia.org)
Crystal2
  • Here, we report the X-ray crystal structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterioferritin (Pa-BfrB) in complex with bacterioferritin-associated ferredoxin (Pa-Bfd) at 2.0 Å resolution. (rcsb.org)
  • The crystal structure of D14C [3Fe-4S] P. furiosus ferredoxin monomer was determined to 2.8 A resolution from a crystal belonging to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. (proteopedia.org)
Plants1
Role1
  • The results underline the essential role of the ferredoxin redoxsystem of T. gondii. (hu-berlin.de)
Full flat file1
Transfer1
  • Ferredoxins typically carry out a single electron transfer. (wikipedia.org)