• Several studies have found higher nasopharyngeal pneumococcal densities in patients with pneumonia than in healthy controls. (cdc.gov)
  • However, no specific level of pneumococcal density has been identified that can establish the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia ( 9 - 11 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The specific factors that drive increases in nasopharyngeal pneumococcal density that might lead to pneumonia or other invasive disease are not well characterized. (cdc.gov)
  • Co-detection of respiratory viruses has also been associated with increases in pneumococcal density during periods of acute respiratory illness (ARI), pneumonia, or both ( 6 , 7 , 14 , 15 ), suggesting that respiratory viruses and pneumococci might work synergistically in pneumonia and invasive disease pathogenesis ( 16 - 20 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Each year in the United States, pneumococcal disease accounts for an estimated 3,000 cases of meningitis, 50,000 cases of bacteremia, 500,000 cases of pneumonia, and 7 million cases of otitis media (1-4). (cdc.gov)
  • Pneumococcal pneumonia represents 15%-50% of all episodes of community-acquired pneumonia, 30-50% of all cases of acute otitis media, and a significant proportion of bloodstream infections and bacterial meningitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pneumonia occurs if the organisms are inhaled into the lungs and not cleared (again, viral infection, or smoking-induced ciliary paralysis might be contributing factors). (wikipedia.org)
  • There is an association between pneumococcal pneumonia and influenza. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sputum Gram stain from a patient with a pneumococcal pneumonia. (medscape.com)
  • In adults, pneumococcal pneumonia is the most common type of pneumococcal disease, and pneumococcus is the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia that results in hospitalization ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Overview of Pneumonia Pneumonia is an infection of the small air sacs of the lungs (alveoli) and the tissues around them. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Background: Welders are at increased risk of pneumococcal pneumonia. (cdc.gov)
  • Conclusions: Hypersusceptibility of welders to pneumococcal pneumonia is in part mediated by the capacity of welding fumes to increase PAFR-dependent pneumococcal adhesion and infection of lower airway cells. (cdc.gov)
  • A pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduced in the U.S. 10 years ago appears to reduce pneumonia and serious associated complications, such as blood infections, in the vaccine's target range, children less than a year old, according to new research. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • However, pneumonia and associated complications, including a lung infection called empyema, increased in older children, the study found. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • This is the primary target population for pneumococcal vaccination, suggesting that the vaccine may contribute to reductions in infant pneumonia,' said Samir Shah, MD, MSCE, senior author of the study and a pediatric infectious diseases physician at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • While we aren't sure why we are seeing higher rates of pneumonia hospitalizations in older children, we think the decrease in infection rates in younger children is due to the vaccine. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • The vaccine, known as PCV7, is administered to infants to prevent infection with the Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, the leading bacterial cause of pneumonia. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • The vaccine may also disproportionately benefit black children, shown in past studies to have a higher frequency of pneumococcal infections, including pneumonia. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Pneumococcal infection is a major cause of otitis media, pneumonia, sepsis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • By receiving the pneumococcal vaccine, these vulnerable populations can significantly reduce their risk of developing pneumonia. (total-health-care.com)
  • Pneumonia is a respiratory infection that can lead to severe complications, such as respiratory failure and even death. (total-health-care.com)
  • The pneumococcal vaccine helps prevent pneumonia by providing immunity against the most common strains of pneumococcus. (total-health-care.com)
  • The pneumococcal vaccine is especially important for infants and young children, as they are more susceptible to severe forms of pneumonia. (total-health-care.com)
  • Respiratory diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (including chronic bronchitis and emphysema), pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease, are a major cause of poor health and death for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • Pneumococcal Disease As the most common bacterial cause of otitis media in children and a major cause of bacterial pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis in adults, Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible each year for at least one-third of the 24 million outpatient visits for otitis media and for 500,000 cases of pneumonia and meningitis in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Pneumonia is a breathing (respiratory) condition in which there is an infection of the lung. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • It is a case of acute lower respiratory tract infection, probably lobar pneumonia. (microrao.com)
  • Pneumonia is a serious infection of the lungs. (healthywomen.org)
  • Influenza, known as the flu, is a specific viral infection of the respiratory tract , and it's one of the common causes of pneumonia. (healthywomen.org)
  • According to the CDC , pneumococcal pneumonia leads to about 150,000 hospitalizations per year. (healthywomen.org)
  • Pneumonia occurs when viruses or bacteria in the lungs cause an infection. (livescience.com)
  • The immunology laboratory is also involved in multi-centre clincal and laboratory based studies European and UK in patient with HIV-1 infection, CVID,complement deficiencies and ventilator associated pneumonia. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The term ALRI included: acute broncho-pneumonia for bacterial infections, bronchiolitis for viral infections, pneumonia and pleuro-pneumonia. (scirp.org)
  • Another study presented at the same conference found that vaccination against pneumococcal pneumonia reduced older adults' risk for AD by up to 40 percent, depending on their individual genetic profile. (prophetsreward.org)
  • The team examined links between AD and pneumococcal pneumonia vaccination, with or without an accompanying seasonal influenza shot, in more than 5,100 men and women ages 65 and older who were participating in the Cardiovascular Health Study. (prophetsreward.org)
  • Background: Pneumococcal disease is an infection caused by a bacterium called Streptococcus pneumonia which can lead to life-threatening invasive pneumococcal diseases. (peertechzpublications.org)
  • Advanced age enhances host susceptibility to secondary pneumococcal pneumonia and is associated with worsened disease outcomes. (lu.se)
  • This model can also serve as an important tool for identifying potential therapeutic targets against secondary pneumococcal pneumonia in susceptible hosts. (lu.se)
  • Pneumococcal disease causes a number of serious conditions, primarily pneumococcal pneumonia. (petrovax.com)
  • One of the factors in the severe course of pneumococcal infection is the aging of the immune system: according to experts, the mortality rate from pneumonia caused by this pathogen is 32% in people over 65 [ 6 ] [ 7 ] . (petrovax.com)
  • Pneumococcus can cause both invasive forms of infection: meningitis, pneumonia with bacteremia, sepsis, which often lead to death, and more common non-invasive forms: pneumonia without bacteremia, as well as otitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis. (petrovax.com)
  • And although there is a common misconception that influenza cannot seriously harm human health, such potential post infection complications as pneumonia, pulmonary tissue dysfunction, respiratory failure, present a particular danger. (petrovax.com)
  • This report updates the last recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) concerning pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MMWR 1989;38:64-8,73-6). (cdc.gov)
  • This report contains updated information regarding a) antimicrobial resistance among pneumococci, b) vaccine effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, c) indications for vaccination, d) guidelines for revaccination, e) strategies for improving delivery of vaccine, and f) development of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • The focus of this report is the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease (i.e., bacteremia, meningitis, or infection of other normally sterile sites) through the use of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • This vaccine protects against invasive bacteremic disease, although existing data suggest that it is less effective in protecting against other types of pneumococcal infections. (cdc.gov)
  • This report provides updated recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) (i.e., bacteremia, meningitis, or infection of other normally sterile sites [ 2 ]) through use of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) among all adults aged ≥65 years and those adults aged 19--64 years with underlying medical conditions that put them at greater risk for serious pneumococcal infection. (cdc.gov)
  • ACIP recommendations for prevention of pneumococcal disease among infants and youths aged ≤18 years using the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and PPSV23 are published separately ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Indirect vaccine effects (i.e., herd effects) have reduced pneumococcal infections among unvaccinated persons of all ages, including those aged ≥65 years, since introduction of the routine infant 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) immunization program in 2000 ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Before 2021, ACIP recommended 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) alone (up to 2 doses), or both a single dose of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in combination with 1-3 doses of PPSV23 in series (PCV13 followed by PPSV23), for use in U.S. adults depending on age and underlying risk for pneumococcal disease. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, ACIP recommends use of either a single dose of PCV20 or ≥1 dose of PPSV23 for adults who have started their pneumococcal vaccine series with PCV13 but have not received all recommended PPSV23 doses. (cdc.gov)
  • During 2018-2019, approximately 60%-75% of all IPD in adults was caused by the 24 pneumococcal serotypes that were included in the formulations of commercially available polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (PCV) or pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV) vaccines (i.e. (cdc.gov)
  • One of the most promising candidates is the Whole-Cell Pneumococcal Vaccine (WCV). (mdpi.com)
  • A recently licensed pneumococcal vaccine now protects against the 13 most common strains. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Before routine use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, infections caused more than 700 cases of meningitis, 13,000 blood infections and about 5 million ear infections each year in the U.S. The infection also contributed to about 200 deaths each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • At least 90% of the strains that cause invasive disease are present in the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine. (lookfordiagnosis.com)
  • Areas of medical therapeutics applicable to this work include pneumococcal vaccine design, intervention in gram-positive sepsis/meningitis, new antibiotic development strategies, and interruption of the spread of genetic elements responsible for antibiotic resistance. (stjude.org)
  • Who Needs the Pneumococcal Vaccine? (total-health-care.com)
  • The pneumococcal vaccine is a vital preventive measure that can protect individuals from these potentially life-threatening diseases. (total-health-care.com)
  • In this article, we will explore who needs the pneumococcal vaccine and why it is crucial for certain populations. (total-health-care.com)
  • The pneumococcal vaccine plays a critical role in protecting individuals, particularly those who are more susceptible to pneumococcal diseases. (total-health-care.com)
  • The pneumococcal vaccine can provide them with an added layer of protection against pneumococcal infections and potentially life-threatening complications. (total-health-care.com)
  • The pneumococcal vaccine helps protect individuals from pneumococcal meningitis by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against the bacterium. (total-health-care.com)
  • By ensuring that infants receive the recommended doses of the pneumococcal vaccine, parents can significantly reduce the risk of their child developing this life-threatening infection. (total-health-care.com)
  • The pneumococcal vaccine helps prevent bloodstream infections by strengthening the immune system's ability to recognize and fight off the pneumococcus bacterium. (total-health-care.com)
  • By receiving the pneumococcal vaccine, these individuals can protect themselves from the potential complications of bloodstream infections and improve their overall health outcomes. (total-health-care.com)
  • Who Should Receive the Pneumococcal Vaccine? (total-health-care.com)
  • The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) has been recommended to risk-groups and adults aged ≥65 years since 1996. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was introduced in the childhood immunization program in July 2006, and was replaced by the 13-valent vaccine (PCV13) in 2011. (biomedcentral.com)
  • So getting a flu vaccine each year can also help prevent ear infections. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Schaffner said that the vaccine program has virtually eliminated serious pneumococcal disease in young children. (healthywomen.org)
  • We also focus on defects in B cell memory may underlie the risks of invasive bacterial disease and impaired bacterial vaccine responses in HIV-1 infection. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • To promote vaccination in all settings, health-care providers should implement standing orders to identify adults recommended for hepatitis B vaccination and administer vaccination as part of routine clinical services, not require acknowledgment of an HBV infection risk factor for adults to receive vaccine, and use available reimbursement mechanisms to remove financial barriers to hepatitis B vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • Children with complete immunization coverage received at least three doses of pneumococcal and anti Haemophilus influenzae vaccine and two doses of measles vaccine. (scirp.org)
  • Failing to do so would "consign hundreds on thousands of infants to hospitalization and serious illness for semantic factors despite existence of an immunization that functionally performs just like a seasonal vaccine," Moore reported. (thechildrenshospitalhumc.net)
  • The CDC pays about $650 for the most highly-priced regimen vaccine, the four pictures against pneumococcal an infection. (thechildrenshospitalhumc.net)
  • Objective To describe the clinical presentation, risk factors, serotype distribution and outcomes of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) following the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in the UK. (bmj.com)
  • Conclusions Children with SCD remain at increased risk of IPD despite national newborn screening, early penicillin prophylaxis and high pneumococcal vaccine uptake. (bmj.com)
  • Vaccine-preventable disease control is continually strengthening in NSW with notable successes in invasive bacterial infections. (who.int)
  • The objectives of vaccine-preventable disease surveillance in NSW are, at an individual level, to identify events that may require immediate public health control measures and, at a population level, to identify risk factors such as age and geographic location that inform better targeted immunization efforts. (who.int)
  • Immunization with a conjugated pneumococcal vaccine builds resistance to infection and strengthens the immune system through a complex mechanism of action in which specific antibodies and memory T cells are formed for long-term protection. (petrovax.com)
  • According to Professor Mikhail Kostinov, an allergist and immunologist, an adjuvant azoximer bromide influenza vaccine and a polysaccharide conjugated pneumococcal vaccine activate innate immunity receptors that recognize viruses. (petrovax.com)
  • CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends a single dose of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for all people 65 years and older [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Optimized immune response elicited by a DNA vaccine expressing pneumococcal surface protein a is characterized by a balanced immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1)/IgG2a ratio and proinflammatory cytokine production. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Furthermore, we demonstrated that gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha were strongly induced after intraperitoneal pneumococcal challenge only in mice immunized with the DNA vaccine. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We therefore postulate that although both DNA and recombinant protein immunizations are able to protect mice against intraperitoneal pneumococcal challenge, an optimized response would be achieved by using a DNA vaccine and other strategies capable of inducing balanced Th1/Th2 responses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • citation needed] S. pneumoniae has several virulence factors, including the polysaccharide capsule mentioned earlier, that help it evade a host's immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pneumococci are classified into serotypes depending on their capsular polysaccharide, which is a main virulence factor for pneumococcus ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • When a suspension of pneumococcal colonies are treated with a loop of serum containing anitbodies to capsular polysaccharide and observed under microscope, the capsule appears swollen. (microrao.com)
  • Damage to the lining of the airways (respiratory epithelium) and upper respiratory system caused by influenza may facilitate pneumococcal entry and infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations decrease the incidence of lower respiratory tract infections. (medscape.com)
  • In this report, we show that infection with influenza A virus and treatment with the resulting host signals (febrile-range temperatures, norepinephrine, extracytoplasmic ATP, and. (lu.se)
  • In this report, we show that infection with influenza A virus and treatment with the resulting host signals (febrile-range temperatures, norepinephrine, extracytoplasmic ATP, and increased nutrient availability) induce the release of bacteria from biofilms in a newly developed biofilm model on live epithelial cells both in vitro and during in vivo colonization. (lu.se)
  • We show that these interkingdom signals are recognized by bacteria and are induced by influenza virus infection, which is epidemiologically strongly associated with transition to secondary pneumococcal disease. (lu.se)
  • In 2018, respiratory diseases caused an estimated 17,920 years of healthy life lost due to illness and or death (17,920 Disability-Adjusted Life Years or DALY) (excludes acute infections such as influenza) - accounting for 7.5% of the total burden of disease for Indigenous Australians. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • Because these are associated with viral upper respiratory infections, we typically see most ear infections in the fall and winter, when influenza and cold viruses are prevalent. (theconversation.com)
  • The strategy could be facilitated by associating pneumococcal vaccination with the influenza vaccination campaign (8.3/10). (ehesp.fr)
  • The need for vaccines is being driven by rising incidence of infectious diseases including influenza, Human Papillomavirus (HPV), meningitis, and pneumococcal infections. (reportsanddata.com)
  • The highly pathogenic avian influenza is a highly contagious disease affecting wild birds and poultry with occasional infections in human. (who.int)
  • During a pandemic, combined immunization, for example, against influenza and pneumococcal infection, results in an even stronger T cell immune response. (petrovax.com)
  • Vaccines can prevent pneumococcal infections. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In addition, younger children have been shown to have higher pneumococcal densities than older children, whereas children who had received pneumococcal conjugate vaccines or lived in vaccinated communities were reported to have lower pneumococcal densities ( 21 , 22 ). (cdc.gov)
  • This report compiles and summarizes all published recommendations from CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for use of pneumococcal vaccines in adults aged ≥19 years in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2021, two new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), a 15-valent and a 20-valent PCV (PCV15 and PCV20), were licensed for use in U.S. adults aged ≥18 years by the Food and Drug Administration. (cdc.gov)
  • Current pneumococcal vaccines use the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides as antigens to generate serotype-specific antibodies, which facilitate serotype-specific clearance of pneumococci through opsonophagocytosis ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Although Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs) are available and have significantly reduced the rate of invasive pneumococcal diseases, there is still a need for new vaccines with unlimited serotype coverage, long-lasting protection, and lower cost to be developed. (mdpi.com)
  • These vaccines have been extensively studied, are currently in human trial phase 1/2, and seem to be the best treatment choice for pneumococcal diseases, especially for developing countries. (mdpi.com)
  • Pneumococcal vaccines are particularly important. (theconversation.com)
  • A major branch effort is development and evaluation of vaccines, a key factor in preventing many diseases of both children and adults. (cdc.gov)
  • Genetic and immunologic studies have helped branch researchers evaluate specific disease-causing factors in organisms such as those causing Brazilian purpuric fever and bacterial meningitis and have paved the way for the development of vaccines to prevent these and other diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Pneumococcal vaccines are part of the childhood immunization schedule , which means that it is recommended that every child get vaccinated against the disease. (healthywomen.org)
  • Two kinds of pneumococcal vaccines are available in the U.S. (healthywomen.org)
  • Still, both vaccines are effective against most common pneumococcal bacteria. (healthywomen.org)
  • Vaccination with the flu, pneumococcal, pertussis measles, varicella and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines may help prevent infection, according to the CDC. (livescience.com)
  • In addition, in 2009, pneumococcal and haemophilus B vaccines were added in the Expanded Program on Immunization. (scirp.org)
  • However, currently very few vaccines are available against parasitic infection. (peertechzpublications.org)
  • Modern vaccines activate the body's natural defense mechanisms, forming resistance to infections and strengthening the immune system. (petrovax.com)
  • After PCV7 was licensed, the rate of invasive pneumococcal disease such as meningitis and blood infections decreased by 76 percent among children 5 years and younger, according to the CDC. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Protection Against Meningitis: Pneumococcal meningitis is a severe infection that affects the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. (total-health-care.com)
  • Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent pneumococcal meningitis and its devastating consequences. (total-health-care.com)
  • Pneumococcal meningitis is a specific type of meningitis caused by the pneumococcus bacterium. (total-health-care.com)
  • Vaccination is particularly important for infants, as they are at a higher risk of developing pneumococcal meningitis. (total-health-care.com)
  • Meningitis is an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • The pneumococcal bacteria is one kind of bacteria that causes meningitis. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • Pneumococcal meningitis is an important cause of fever in infants. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • In 2019, pneumococcal meningitis and bacteremia - bacteria in the blood - caused approximately 3,250 deaths in the United States. (healthywomen.org)
  • Around one in six elderly adults die from pneumococcal meningitis every year. (healthywomen.org)
  • Severe pneumococcal infections result from dissemination of bacteria to the bloodstream and the central nervous system. (cdc.gov)
  • Pneumococcal bacteria are dispersed in the air when infected people cough or sneeze. (msdmanuals.com)
  • may damage the lining of respiratory tract and thus make it easier for pneumococcal bacteria to cause infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • There are more than 90 types of pneumococcal bacteria and PCV7 protects against seven of the most common strains. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Upon cellular activation, the bacteria then adhere to chemokine receptors, particularly the platelet-activating factor receptor. (stjude.org)
  • These dispersed bacteria have distinct phenotypic properties different from those of both biofilm and broth-grown, planktonic bacteria, with the dispersed population showing differential virulence gene expression characteristics resulting in a significantly increased ability to disseminate and cause infection of otherwise sterile sites, such as the middle ear, lungs, and bloodstream. (lu.se)
  • The work importantly also identifies specific host factors responsible for the release of bacteria and their changed phenotype. (lu.se)
  • Pneumococcal disease is an umbrella term for illnesses caused by bacteria called pneumococcus. (healthywomen.org)
  • Pneumococcal bacteria mostly affect infants, toddlers and the elderly. (healthywomen.org)
  • When the specific bacteria are identified, doctors use an antibiotic that targets that bacteria to treat the infection. (healthywomen.org)
  • Pediatric sepsis is generally considered to comprise a spectrum of disorders that result from infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites or the toxic products of these microorganisms. (medscape.com)
  • Acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRIs) are common and frequent group of diseases caused by a wide range of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites) in which the possible anatomic site(s) extend from the trachea to the alveoli. (scirp.org)
  • This underlying chronic infection leaves COPD patients particularly vulnerable to acute viral infections, which further destabilize host immunity to bacteria. (frontiersin.org)
  • This report, the second of a two-part statement from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), provides updated recommendations to increase hepatitis B vaccination of adults at risk for HBV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Mass preventive immunization is a prerequisite for protecting the population from growing morbidity and eliminating potentially dangerous infections [ 2 ] . (petrovax.com)
  • We have previously shown that DNA immunization with PspA (pneumococcal surface protein A) DNA is able to elicit protection comparable to that elicited by immunization with PspA protein (with alum as adjuvant), even though the antibody levels elicited by DNA immunization are lower than those elicited by immunization with the protein. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We evaluated pneumococcal densities in nasopharyngeal samples from asymptomatic young children from Peru and their association with subsequent acute respiratory illness (ARI). (cdc.gov)
  • A recent cross-sectional study of children 4-7 years of age indicated similar pneumococcal densities in asymptomatic children who had respiratory viruses detected and in children with viral upper respiratory illness ( 27 ). (cdc.gov)
  • and c) upper respiratory tract infections, including otitis media and sinusitis. (cdc.gov)
  • It has pneumococcal surface proteins that inhibit complement-mediated opsonization, and it secretes IgA1 protease that will destroy secretory IgA produced by the body and mediates its attachment to respiratory mucosa. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pneumococcus can colonize the upper respiratory tract, most commonly in young children, and is transmitted to others through contact with respiratory droplets from a person with pneumococcal colonization in the upper respiratory tract ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Since invasive pneumococcal strains adhere to, and translocate across, respiratory tract epithelial cells, adhesion is a prerequisite for establishing pneumococcal disease [ 4 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Despite a low invasive disease rate, widespread carriage ensures that infection occurs often enough to make S. pneumoniae a leading bacterial cause of respiratory disease worldwide. (lu.se)
  • However, the mechanisms behind transition from asymptomatic colonization to dissemination and disease in otherwise sterile sites remain poorly understood but are epidemiologically strongly linked to infection with respiratory viruses. (lu.se)
  • However, with near-universal mask-wearing due to COVID-19 last winter and many children out of school, the number of viral upper respiratory infections dropped drastically . (theconversation.com)
  • This summer , with the lifting of COVID-19 restrictions, we have seen a return of many respiratory viruses , and with them, middle ear infections. (theconversation.com)
  • Children who are exposed to more viral upper respiratory infections are at increased risk for ear infections. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Compared to young children who grow up in rural areas, city kids are more prone to suffer respiratory infections due to environmental factors. (medindia.net)
  • Dr Kelleher holds honorary consultant positions with the HIV & Sexual Directorate at the Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust and the Department of Infection & Immunity at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • In order to contribute to reduction of morbidity and mortality due to low acute respiratory infections in pediatrics, the objective of this study was to determine the epidemiological profile and to identify the factors favoring and those associated with the risk of deceased. (scirp.org)
  • However, further studies are needed to explore the true importance of OM-85 in the prevention of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in children. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In otherwise healthy infants and young children, respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are extremely common. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pathological inflammation is worsened by chronic bacterial lung infections and susceptibility to recurrent acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), typically caused by viral and/or bacterial respiratory pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • Septicaemia (n=7) and lower respiratory tract infection (n=4) were the main clinical presentations, and serogroup 15 (not present in PCV13) was responsible for 73% (8/11) of cases. (bmj.com)
  • Interestingly, people with NAFLD had the same spectrum of infections as the general population -- with respiratory and urinary tract infections being the two most common sites of infection. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Among Alaska Native and American Indian adults, the majority of IPD cases occur in persons with underlying medical conditions or other risk factors (e.g., heavy alcohol use or smoking) that are associated with increased risk for IPD in the general population ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • ACIP recommendations specify the use of either PCV20 alone or PCV15 in series with PPSV23 for all adults aged ≥65 years and for adults aged 19-64 years with certain underlying medical conditions or other risk factors who have not received a PCV or whose vaccination history is unknown. (cdc.gov)
  • Adults with certain co-morbidities or immunocompromised states are eligible for vaccination, which leaves adults aged ≥65 years without comorbidities at-risk for pneumococcal infections. (ehesp.fr)
  • And older adults are more likely to die from an infection due to preexisting conditions. (healthywomen.org)
  • In adults, ongoing HBV transmission occurs primarily among unvaccinated persons with behavioral risks for HBV transmission (e.g., heterosexuals with multiple sex partners, injection-drug users [IDUs], and men who have sex with men [MSM]) and among household contacts and sex partners of persons with chronic HBV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • In settings in which a high proportion of adults have risks for HBV infection (e.g., sexually transmitted disease/human immunodeficiency virus testing and treatment facilities, drug-abuse treatment and prevention settings, health-care settings targeting services to IDUs, health-care settings targeting services to MSM, and correctional facilities), ACIP recommends universal hepatitis B vaccination for all unvaccinated adults. (cdc.gov)
  • In other primary care and specialty medical settings in which adults at risk for HBV infection receive care, health-care providers should inform all patients about the health benefits of vaccination, including risks for HBV infection and persons for whom vaccination is recommended, and vaccinate adults who report risks for HBV infection and any adults requesting protection from HBV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Healthy People 2010 Objectives call for ≥ 90% of adults aged ≥ 65 to have had a pneumococcal vaccination [ 3 ], and pneumococcal vaccination of adults in this age group has been made a performance measure for the 2004 Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) sponsored by the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recently, pneumococcus has shown increasing resistance to penicillin, the preferred drug for treating infection with this organism. (cdc.gov)
  • Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization is common in young children and represents a critical initial step in the progression to invasive disease ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Rates of invasive pneumococcal disease are exceptionally high among Alaskan Natives and American Indians. (cdc.gov)
  • In particular, the absence of a functional spleen, through congenital asplenia, surgical removal of the spleen, or sickle-cell disease predisposes one to a more severe course of infection (overwhelming post-splenectomy infection) and prevention measures are indicated. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] People with a compromised immune system, such as those living with HIV, are also at higher risk of pneumococcal disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • The presence of certain underlying medical conditions increases the risk for pneumococcal disease and its complications ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The risk for IPD is greatest among persons who have congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, abnormal innate immune response, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, or functional or anatomic asplenia (e.g., sickle cell disease or congenital or surgical asplenia) ( Table ). (cdc.gov)
  • Certain persons with pneumococcal colonization might develop invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Clinical signs and symptoms and physical examination findings alone cannot distinguish S pneumoniae disease from infections caused by other pathogens. (medscape.com)
  • By using these systems, a model of pneumococcal disease has been assembled. (stjude.org)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides recommendations regarding pneumococcal vaccination for different age groups and high-risk individuals. (total-health-care.com)
  • Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is responsible for significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Older age and higher severity of disease were important risk factors for death in IPD. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and sepsis are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide with about 2 million deaths each year [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 65 year age groups and in the older population, chronic comorbid disease is a risk factor for acquiring IPD [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Host factors such as diabetes, liver disease and COPD are associated with increased case fatality rate among immunocompetent patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • IMPORTANCE: This report addresses the mechanisms involved in transition from pneumococcal asymptomatic colonization to disease. (lu.se)
  • As virus infection is a common inducer of transition to disease among species occupying the nasopharynx, the results of this study may provide a basis for better understanding of the signals involved in the transition from colonization to disease in the human nasopharynx. (lu.se)
  • After PCV7 licensure, pneumococcal infection rates in children aged 5+ with sickle cell disease significantly decreased. (medindia.net)
  • What are the common symptoms of pneumococcal disease? (healthywomen.org)
  • What Is Pneumococcal Disease? (healthywomen.org)
  • Who can get pneumococcal disease, and how? (healthywomen.org)
  • How serious is pneumococcal disease? (healthywomen.org)
  • Although there are many different kinds of pneumococcal disease, there are some shared symptoms. (healthywomen.org)
  • How is pneumococcal disease treated? (healthywomen.org)
  • Pneumococcal disease can often be found by testing blood, urine, or the fluid around your brain and spinal cord ( cerebrospinal fluid ). (healthywomen.org)
  • Risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, diabetes, being overweight or obese, drinking excessive amounts of alcohol and smoking. (livescience.com)
  • Genetic factors involved in S. epidermidis' ability to cause disease. (bolton.ac.uk)
  • It has been documented that smokers incur a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of invasive pneumococcal lung disease, a disease associated with high mortality. (who.int)
  • In the UK, pneumococcal vaccination is targeted at those most at risk of serious disease: infants, older people and those with risk factors. (peertechzpublications.org)
  • The host factors driving those processes are not well defined, in part due to a lack of animal models that reproduce the transition from asymptomatic colonization to severe clinical disease. (lu.se)
  • This paper describes a novel mouse model that recreates the transition of pneumococci from asymptomatic carriage to disease upon viral infection. (lu.se)
  • The degree of disease is dependent on the bacterial strain and host factors. (lu.se)
  • By separating carriage and disease into distinct steps and providing the opportunity to analyze the genetic variants of both the pathogen and the host, this S. pneumoniae/IAV co-infection model permits the detailed examination of the interactions of an important pathobiont with the host at different phases of disease progression. (lu.se)
  • Another major consequence of susceptibility to infection is that people with underlying severe disease frequently develop acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD). (frontiersin.org)
  • This report describes case notification data for measles, pertussis, rubella, Haemophilus influenzae type b invasive infection, invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), mumps, tetanus and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in NSW, Australia, in 2012 and provides comparison with recent trends. (who.int)
  • One of these «all-season» infections is pneumococcal disease, which is especially dangerous for children, the elderly, and people with chronic conditions [ 5 ] . (petrovax.com)
  • NAFLD is now viewed as a multifaceted disease impacting multiple organ systems, and one of its consequences appears to be a heightened risk of severe infections. (medpagetoday.com)
  • We were intrigued by experimental studies showing that in NAFLD many of these key immune cells become dysfunctional at various levels, which may affect disease progression and at the same time increase susceptibility to various viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Alcoholic liver disease has also been associated with increased susceptibility to infection, especially in cases with evidence of advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Sepsis is a lethal syndrome induced by infection, which has a reported annual death of 200,000 in the United States ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • How the diagnosis is made depends upon where the infection is. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Dr Kelleher research interests are in the immunology of HIV-1 infection and primary antibody deficiency and the application of novel immunological technologies to the diagnosis of patients with infectious diseases and immune based disorders. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The absolute risk difference at 20 years after NAFLD diagnosis was 17.3 -- equivalent to one additional severe infection for every six patients with NAFLD. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Ear pain is one of the most common reasons that young children go to the doctor, and acute otitis media - which means "middle ear infection" - is the most frequent cause for the use of antibiotics in children under 5 years of age. (theconversation.com)
  • Acute otitis media is typically treated with antibiotics, which are generally recommended for ear infections in children younger than age 2. (theconversation.com)
  • This differs from treatment for outer ear infections - otitis externa, or "swimmer's ear" - which can be treated directly with antibiotic ear drops. (theconversation.com)
  • This branch is the focus of the division's child care-related activities and works closely with CDC's Child Day Care Health and Safety Program to develop programs focused on prevention and control of infections in child care centers, especially otitis media. (cdc.gov)
  • Unlike pneumococcal diseases, the flu cannot be treated by antibiotics. (healthywomen.org)
  • Fungal infections have also been reported to be waterpipes transmitted diseases when a patient with acute myeloid leukemia showed invasive infection with Aspergillus sp. (who.int)
  • It is reasonable to speculate that both diseases may share common immunological mechanisms that lead to this increased infection risk. (medpagetoday.com)
  • In A549 and BEAS-2B cells MS-WF increased pneumococcal adhesion and infection and PAFR protein expression. (cdc.gov)
  • Nicotine-containing and nicotine-free E-cigarette vapour increased pneumococcal adhesion to airway cells in vitro . (ersjournals.com)
  • Tonsillopharyngitis Tonsillopharyngitis is acute infection of the pharynx, palatine tonsils, or both. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Lymphangitis Lymphangitis is acute bacterial infection (usually streptococcal) of peripheral lymphatic channels. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Current research interests include studies evaluating the contribution of HIV-1 specific antibody responses in acquistion of HIV-1 and control of acute HIV infection in high risk men who have sex with men. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Also, older people, even if healthy, tend to have more severe symptoms and complications when they get a pneumococcal infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It works by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against the bacterium, reducing the risk of infection and its associated complications. (total-health-care.com)
  • Enterococcal Infections Enterococci are gram-positive, facultative anaerobic organisms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • His postdoctoral work at Yale University related to the identification of pneumococcal genetic factors involved in host tissue-specific infections, while at UMMC Dr Thomas' study was directed towards the detection of signatures of balancing selection throughout Gram-positive bacterial genomes. (bolton.ac.uk)
  • Intestinal colonization is a key factor in developing infection. (medworm.com)
  • However, factors associated with persistent colonization by CRE are unknown. (medworm.com)
  • The aim of the study was to identify factors associated with persistent CRE gut colonization. (medworm.com)
  • Pneumococcal infections can be mild or severe. (medlineplus.gov)
  • AbstractTo better understand the progression of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), identify early predictors of mortality, and improve the cure rate, the present study aimed to analyze the demographic feature, clinical characteristics, and laboratory parameters of patients with SFTS and to explore the risk factors associated with fatal outcome. (medworm.com)
  • A significantly increased risk of severe infection was already present in patients with simple steatosis, and we observed that the risk increased with the severity of NAFLD. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The decreases resulted from reductions of 87% to 92% in cases of infection with serotypes covered in PCV7 ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • At least 100 pneumococcal serotypes were documented as of 2020 ( 5 - 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • A few strains release exotoxins that activate certain T cells, triggering release of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukins, and other immunomodulators. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Concern about the rising prevalence of resistant pneumococcal strains is increasing, but the clinical relevance is uncertain. (lookfordiagnosis.com)
  • The most common risk factor for HUS is an E. coli bacterial infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Epidemiological studies suggest that inhalation of toxins increases the risk of airway bacterial infection. (ersjournals.com)
  • Toll-like receptors are transmembrane glycoproteins, which recognize many PAMPs with extracellular domains and aggravate the exaggerated inflammatory response to bacterial infection through activating nuclear factor (NF)-κB ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • COPD should be considered in any patient with dyspnea, chronic cough or sputum production, and/or a history of exposure to risk factors. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we review emerging mechanisms into why COPD patients are susceptible to chronic bacterial infections and highlight dysregulated inflammation and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as central causes. (frontiersin.org)
  • This study suggests that E-cigarette vapour has the potential to increase susceptibility to pneumococcal infection. (ersjournals.com)
  • The mechanism of increased susceptibility to infections in smokers is multifactorial and includes alteration of the structural and immunologic host defenses. (who.int)
  • S. pneumoniae expresses different virulence factors on its cell surface and inside the organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • These virulence factors contribute to some of the clinical manifestations during infection with S. pneumoniae. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many streptococci elaborate virulence factors, including streptolysins, DNAases, and hyaluronidase , which contribute to tissue destruction and spread of infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Therefore, since it is a global public health problem involving several sectors, it also requires a global solution in the context of the One Health approach to achieve adequate control through the prevention, reduction, and mitigation of drug-resistant infections. (who.int)
  • MS-WF increased mouse lung PAFR mRNA expression and increased BALF and lung pneumococcal CFU values. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite ongoing efforts to reduce AECOPD rates with inhaled corticosteroids, COPD patients remain at heightened risk of developing serious lung infections/AECOPD, frequently leading to hospitalization and infection-dependent delirium. (frontiersin.org)
  • Pneumococcal infections usually cause fever and a general feeling of illness, with other symptoms depending on which part of the body is infected. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Symptoms of pneumococcal infections vary depending on the site of the infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Symptoms of infection in humans include cough, muscle aches, runny nose and sore throat. (who.int)
  • However, whether viral detection or duration of viral carriage during asymptomatic periods is associated with increases in nasopharyngeal pneumococcal density or subsequent ARI risk is unclear. (cdc.gov)
  • Nicotine-containing E-cigarette vapour increased mouse nasal PAFR expression, and nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonisation. (ersjournals.com)
  • citation needed] The risk of pneumococcal infection is much increased in persons with impaired IgG synthesis, impaired phagocytosis, or defective clearance of pneumococci. (wikipedia.org)
  • Young children are routinely vaccinated against these infections, and vaccination is also recommended for all people 65 years of age and older and all people at high risk. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rheumatoid arthritis is the most commonly reported host-related risk factor for septic arthritis . (lookfordiagnosis.com)
  • 2 Testing with the fourth-generation combination HIV antigen-antibody immunoassay is widely available and is recommended for screening people 15 to 65 years of age and for testing people with risk factors 11 - 14 ( Table 1 ) . (aafp.org)
  • Retest people who are at increased risk of infection. (aafp.org)
  • Elderly people are at high risk for pneumococcal infections. (ehesp.fr)
  • Risk factors include obesity, old age, a family history of diabetes and not exercising, according to the CDC. (livescience.com)
  • Smoking increases the risk of both bacterial and viral infections. (who.int)
  • [i] In the case of tuberculosis smokers also have a twofold increased risk of contracting the infection and a 4-fold increased mortality. (who.int)
  • This was the strongest risk factor among those examined. (who.int)
  • Inform the public about the high risk of infection of COVID-19 when using waterpipe. (who.int)
  • Inform the public about the increased risk of COVID 19 infection in smokers versus non-smokers. (who.int)
  • The frequency and severity of ALRIs necessitates a strengthened program of integrated management of childhood illnesses, and public health actions targeting the factors that promote and contribute to the risk of death. (scirp.org)
  • In order to contribute to the reduction of the morbidity and the mortality relative to the ALRIs of children in Brazzaville, this study set itself the objective of determining their epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary profiles and to identify the favoring factors and those associated with the risk of death. (scirp.org)
  • Here's a closer look at these potentially lifesaving discoveries, who should get these shots, and why they may help safeguard heart health and memory while also lowering your risk for debilitating or potentially lethal infections. (prophetsreward.org)
  • The researchers also took into account a strong genetic risk factor for AD: carrying a variant called the G allele of rs2075650 in the TOMM40 gene. (prophetsreward.org)
  • Risk factor and vaccination status data were collected by public health units for cases following notification under the NSW Public Health Act 2010. (who.int)
  • 3 Risk factor and vaccination status data were collected for cases through public health unit follow-up with general practitioners and other sources such as case or caregiver reports. (who.int)
  • What was previously known or suspected about the increased risk of serious infections in NAFLD patients? (medpagetoday.com)
  • While there is a large body of evidence on individuals with cirrhosis and their risk of infection and associated adverse outcomes, studies on NAFLD have been scarce. (medpagetoday.com)
  • A small number of single-center studies suggested that individuals with NAFLD may be at increased risk for bacterial infections and that this risk is independent of known risk factors, such as features of the metabolic syndrome. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Over a median follow-up of 14.1 years, individuals with NAFLD had a 71% increased relative risk of being hospitalized with an infection. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)) and national (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One-half of the estimated 1.1 million people in the United States with HIV infection are not receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) or are receiving ART that is not sufficiently effective to achieve key clinical outcomes. (aafp.org)
  • Candidemia accounted for 8% of all hospital-acquired bloodstream infections, and Candida species were the fourth most common cause of septicemia. (cdc.gov)
  • In this model, mice are first intranasally inoculated with biofilm-grown pneumococci to establish asymptomatic carriage, followed by IAV infection of both the nasopharynx and lungs. (lu.se)
  • This work aims at characterizing the ability of sera to bind to the pneumococcal surface and to mediate complement deposition, using BALB/c wild-type and interleukin-4 knockout mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We observed that higher anti-PspA levels correlated with intense antibody binding to the pneumococcal surface, while elevated complement deposition was observed with sera that presented balanced immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1)/IgG2a ratios, such as those from DNA-immunized mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a viral infection that progressively destroys certain white blood cells and is treated with antiretroviral medications. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Current recommendations for pneumococcal vaccination are poorly understood by participants (mean score: 5.8/10). (ehesp.fr)
  • Urine may also be collected for demonstration of pneumococcal antigens. (microrao.com)
  • AbstractNowadays, fungal infections affect millions of people across the world.Candida auris, a new emergent yeast, is a worrisome pathogen because it associates with a high rate of incidence and prevalence, including in the nosocomial environment. (medworm.com)
  • When you have a bacterial, viral or fungal infection, mucus or pus can build up in the air sacs in the lungs. (healthywomen.org)
  • The capacity of pneumococci to adhere to and infect lower airway cells is mediated by host-expressed platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR). (cdc.gov)
  • Since oxidative stress in airway cells increases platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) expression, and PAFR is co-opted by pneumococci to adhere to host cells, we hypothesised that E-cigarette vapour increases pneumococcal adhesion to airway cells. (ersjournals.com)
  • To establish firm adhesion, pneumococci co-opt host-expressed platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR), and then use the receptor as a Trojan horse to enter airway cells as the receptor is internalised [ 7 ]. (ersjournals.com)